a two-phase model based on unified formulation for...

A two-phase model based on unified formulation for continuum mechanics applied to sediment transport in geophysical flows: Application to sedimentation, consolidation and erosion. Study case- the Gironde Estuary (France)

K.D. NguyenLaboratory Saint-Venant for Hydraulics, Université PARIS-EST, 78400 CHATOU , FRANCE

Thanks to my co-workers

Sylvain Guillou(1993-present)- University of Caen

Damien Pham-Van-Bang (2008-present), Lab Saint-Venant, Université Paris-Est

Nataly Barbry (Ph.D., 1996-2000, University of Caen)

Julien Chauchat (Ph.D., 2003-2007, Post-Doc, 2008 in University of Caen)

Duc Hau Nguyen (Ph.D. 2008-2011, University of Caen)

Miguel Uh-Zapata, Post-Doc, 2011-present)

Shafuil Islam (Ph.D., 2012-present, Université Paris-Est)

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 2

CONTEXT

Requirement from a lot of applications of sediment transport modelling: Turbidity maximum in estuaries, Dredging operation, silting and scouring process, ....

Scientific Challenges: Physical challenges: Rheology of

sediments, very dense flows, fluid-bed interaction, liquid-like and solid-like of solid fraction, and turbulence ..

Numerical challenges & parallelisation (MPI-CPU, CUDA-GPU)

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013

FORMATION OF TURBIDITY MAXIMUM IN ESTUARIES

3

PROCESSING OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 4

Fictive bed concept

Extr

a m

od

el

CONTENTSREMARKS ON THE SIGNLE- and TWO-PHASE MODELS

TWO-PHASE MODELLING

Description

CFD Techniques for Advection and Poisson ‘s Equation

Test-cases:

• Sedimentation-Consolidation-

• Dredged sediment release in open sea water

• Water & Sediment Interfaces: Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities

Vertical Erosion Test: Unified formulation for continuum mechanics

Gironde Application

DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 5

REMARKS ON SINGLE- AND TWO-PHASE MODEL

Single-phase Models“Passive scalar” hypothesisNo fluid-particles

interactions. Fluid-bed interaction by empiric formulas for deposit and erosion fluxes

Fictive-bed conceptionExtra models for

consolidation of solid particles

Two-phase ModelsNo “passive scalar”

hypothesisFluid-particles interaction.

Fluid-bed interaction by the models

No fictive-bed conceptionConsolidation process

included in the models

Unphysical description for very dense flows (?) -Small computing costAcceptable to engineering problems

All interactions consideredCorrect physical descriptionHigh computing cost

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 6

OBJECTIVES of THIS WORK

To develop a two-phase model that is able to simulate the main processes of sediment transport in estuarine and coastal zones, such as suspension, sedimentation, consolidation and erosion. (The computing domain should cover from non-erodible beds

to free water surfaces).

To propose efficient CFD and HPC techniques, which provide the high accuracy and the reduction of computing cost.

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 7

DESCRIPTION FOR TWO-PHASE MODEL

Two-phase (fluid & solid particles) model with unified formulation for continuum mechanics (Navier-Stokes and Navier Equations)

Non hydrostatic pressure

k-ε turbulence model (Kf, f, Ks and Ksf) , K-Ω and LES (in progress)

Adaptative Eulerian mesh in Z and unstructured in (x,y)

Projection method + Finite volume method

2-D Vertical Version completed (parallelised by MPI-CPU, CUDA-GPU)

3-D version development in progress (Summer 2014)

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 8

GOVERNING EQUATIONS

- Averaged equations

Effective Stress for solid phase

- Closure Laws

Transfer laws

2

4

1

'-

sffffi

pifisi

kkkikkik

uupp

Hpp

MpM

( ( ) )

'

' '

si fi f

Tf f f f

s D vm L F B

f s

u u

M F F F F F

M M

. 0

k kk k k

Bu B

t

. .

k k kk k k k k k k k k k k

uu u p I g M

t

ss

gel

ssees withpp

max50~

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 9

For

Constitutive laws

Viscous Stresses

Particles Pressure

1. . .

1. . .

1

2

f f ff f fs s

s s sf f ss s

T

k k k

D DB

D DB

D u B u B

ff

fsfs

ffff

2

fss

ffssf

fsss

sdhdhdhdh

1

)/21(

1

)/21(

1

)/2(

1

/1

1

4

9

2

52

)C(

0

B

,

,,

*

21

G )(

10 )(

)( )(

)()()()(

f

f

eG

G

Gp

pppp

f

B

f

sfcollss

fscollsscinssss

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 10

CFD Techniques: Advection terms

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 11

Advection equation

Numerical Scheme: ULSS+LED (Nguyen et al., C&F, 2013)Test-case:The computational domain is [-1; 1] x [-1; 1]x[ -1; 1] The initial condition is an sphere of radius 0.25 withThe velocity field is a solid-body rotation flow field

CFD Techniques: Poisson Equation

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 12

CFD Techniques: Poisson Equation (2/3)

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 13

CFD Techniques: Poisson Equation (3/3)Errors & Accuracy

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 14

15

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,60

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350

1

2

3

4

5

beginning of MRI's records

Vdown

Vup

experiment

simulation

11 profiles (t=2 min)

z (c

m)

solid volume fraction

No consolidation

Vdown

Vup

characteristic lines

t (min)

z (

cm)

Sedimentation of

granular

(cohesionless)

suspension by MRIPham Van Bang et al. 2008

Settling column

tests on cohesive

suspension

(Gironde mud)Villaret et al. 2010

Sedimentation and Consolidation

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 15

Sedimentation and Consolidation of non-cohesive particles

Evolution of the water-sediment interface

Profile de volume fraction of the solid phase

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013

(Nguyen et al., Advances in Water Res., 2009, p 1187-1196)

16

Sedimentation and Consolidation of cohesive particles (Kaolin)

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013

(Chauchat et al., JHR, 2003, 2013.768798 )

17

Comparison of two-phase model results with experiments for initial concentrations αs = 1.2, 2.2 and 5.2%. ime evolution of the mud–clear water interface position (symbols: experiments; lines: model) and (b) solid volume fraction profiles (dashed blue lines :experiments; solid red lines: model)

Dredged Sediment Release in Open Sea

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013

(Nguyen et al., Advances in Water Res., 2012)

Fig. 1: Definition sketch: (upper) location of Optical Probes

(OP) for turbidity measurements; (lower) sediment release

(Boutin, 2000).

Isocontour map of the vertical-velocity lag between the fluid and

solid phases (ws-wf= -wsett).

18

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013

Comparison between single- and two-phase modelsCase of sediment release in open sea

Two-phaseSingle-phase

19

Dredged sediment release in open sea

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 20

Water-Sediment Interface: Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability (1/3)

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013

Non-cohesive cohesive

21

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 22

Caulfield and Peltier, JFM 2000

Compartmentalization of the flow into core (dotted rectangle), eyelid (dashed rectangle) and braid regions (dot-dashed rectangle)

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 23

Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability: Solid and Fluid velocity and voticity differences (3/3)

24

A two-phase, soil and liquid, model based on a unified formulation for continuum

mechanics: application to a dredging jet

CETMEF

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 24

25

Overview

Part 1: Experimental investigation (Prof. P. Gondret, FAST)

Part 2: Numerical modelling (NSMP, two-phase model)

2.1 Governing equations

2.2 Specific Treatment for stress analysis of soil

Part 3: Simulation results

3.1 Numerical and physical parameters

3.2 Preliminary results

Conclusions

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 25

26

Part 1 : Experimental investigation

Jet

Fluidization

H=

49

.5cm

Hb

W=20cm

L

D

H

L

S. Badr,

G.

Gauthier,

P. Gondret

THESIS’13

Craters and dunes resulting

from a dynamic equilibrium

• Formation of crater by jet induced

erosion

• Eroded grains create a dense

suspension

• Deposition of particles at preferential

locations

• Granular avalanches produced at the

sandpile’s surface

REGIME 1

« Cratère circulaire »

REGIME 2

« Double cratère »

REGIME 3

« Cratères imbriqués »

Porous flow within the

granular bed

Flow conditions at the

bottom boundary (previous

configuration)

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 26

Geometry of craters (vertical submerged jet) as controlled by the Erosion parameter, Ec (U0 mean velocity at the nozzle outlet; b dimension of the nozzle, L distance to the initial bed, d sediment grain size, s density ratio

between solid and liquid). Depending on Ec value, the jet could be either weakly (a, b) or strongly (c,d) deflected:

redrawn from Aderibigbe & Rajaratnam [16]; figures c) and d) from Giez & Souiler [17].

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013

Strongly

deflectedWeakly

deflected

0.2 0.35cE 0.35 2.0cE a)

b)

c)

d)

0( / ) ( 1)cE U b L gd s

27

28

Two fluid pathology

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013

S. Badr,

G.

Gauthier,

P. Gondret

THESIS’13

Part 2 : Numerical modelling (NSMP, two-phase model)

28

Part 2 : Numerical modelling (NSMP, two-phase model)

Non-Newtonian,

(concentration)

Momentum

exchange

between

Phases

(drag,lift, vmf)

Governing equations [Nguyen et al (2009)]

. 0k k k kk k k

Du

Dt t

.k k kk k k k k

D uT g M

Dt

Modeling strategy:

An unified formulation for fluid

and solid phase (liquid-like and

solid-like) based on continuum

mechanics (no coupling)

The FLUID and the SOLID

phase are calculated by using

the FV method in the SAME

computational grid

Extension of the two-fluid

approach into a fluid-soil model Deviation in rheological behavior

between granular flow and quasi-static

sandpile

Newtonian or Non-Newtonian

Viscosity for the granular flow

(Liquid-like)

Elasticity and/or Plasticity (friction’s

law) for the sand heap

(Solid-like)

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 29

Implementation in NSMP

C.J. Greenshields

& H.G. Weller :

Int. J. Numer. Meth.

Engng 2005; Vol. 64,

pp1575-1593

Generalised Hooke’s law

2

1

2

SL

ij s

t

T p I µ

D D

.s s ss s s s s

D ug M

DT

t

2 ( )

1

2

LL

ij s s

t

T p I

U U

iiU D

For small strain

0

t

2 dev dt

dev +

ntSL

ij s

t

s SL

T p I

p I U U

(1 )(1 2 )

2(1 )

E

Eµ G

1 ( ) ( )L SL

ss

L

s s sf f TT T

1t

0

where

dev +

: integration coefficient

SL n

n

kk

k

k

w

w U U

w

( ) ( )s f s

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 30

Smooth transition between Liquid-Like and Solid-Like behavior

f(s)

s

s,up=0.555

s,down=0.37

Dense suspension Loose bed

Solid LikeLiquid-Like

s,cri=0.465

=0.5

d=d-=0.05

[Komatsu et al. (2001)]

Liquid-Like

Tra

ns

itio

n z

on

e

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013

f(αs)=f(αs,sh,shc)

Shc – Critical Shields number

31

Parameters

Grid: 251x101 (dz=2 mm,dx=1-2 mm)

Initial conditions

• Granular bed (s=0.55, h=10cm)

• Quiet water (s=0.0) otherwise

Boundary conditions

• impermeable : left, right of domain

and jet outlet

• Impermeable : top of the domain

• Permeable : bottom of the domain

• Poiseuille profile (jet outlet)

Time step dt=2.10-5s

MPI version is used on IBM BlueGene P

GPU-CUDA version is under development

Elastic parameters:

Young Modulus (E) =6MPa

Poisson coefficient () = 0.5

Shear Modulus (G) =2MPa

‘pseudo-viscosity’

(2Gdt)=80Pa.s

‘effective pseudo-viscosity’

=80.10-3 m2/s

Part 3 : Simulation Results

5 points

jet width: 10mm

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 32

33

Fluid – Soil unified model

L=2cm, Maximum velocity =0.5m/s, Average velocity =0.425m/s

• We obtain a dynamic equilibrium of the solutuion.

• Bottom of the crater has nearly the same position than that of

Shields number field .

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013

Above black line F=0 and below F=1 Initial Condition at t=0.5 sec Shields Number Map

33

Evolution of the crater

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 34

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

0 5 10 15 20

h (cm

)

L (cm)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 5 10 15 20

D (cm

)

L (cm)

Average velocity(m/s)

Discharge(m3/s)

Maximum velocity(m/s)

Jet Reynolds number(-)

0.283 2.94E-5 0.425 1133

0.425 4.42E-5 0.637 1700

0.566 5.89E-5 0.849 2267

0.708 7.36E-5 1.062 2834

0.779 8.10E-5 1.168 3117

0.850 8.84E-5 1.275 3400

Comparison with experimental data

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

0 5 10 15 20

h (cm

)

L (cm)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 5 10 15 20

D (cm

)

L (cm)

Average velocity(m/s)

Discharge(m3/s)

Maximum velocity(m/s)

Jet Reynolds number(-)

0.283 2.94E-5 0.425 1133

0.425 4.42E-5 0.637 1700

0.566 5.89E-5 0.849 2267

0.708 7.36E-5 1.062 2834

0.779 8.10E-5 1.168 3117

0.850 8.84E-5 1.275 3400

[Giez & Soulier (2011)]

*

*

Numerical results

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 35

Numerical Results

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013

y = 0,6083ln(x) + 1,1047R² = 0,719

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3

D/L

Ec

y = 0,8389x - 0,1858R² = 0,9605

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3

H/L

Ec

a) b)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 5 10 15 20

D (cm

)

L (cm)

V=0.283m/s V=0.425m/s V=0.566m/s

V=0.708m/s V=0.779m/s V=0.850m/s

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

0 1 2 3

D/L

Ec

-0,5

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

0 1 2 3

H/L

Ec

a) b)

Non-dimensional characteristics of crater geometry : a)

crater depth-Ec; b) crater diameter-Ec

Measurements

Calculations

36

37

CONCLUSIONS

Introduction of the proposed unified formulation gives

promising results:

• Solid-like behaviour for solid bed is obtained.

• Stabilised shape of the crater is obtained.

• Quantitatively, the dimensions (H,D) of crater in good

agreement with experimental observation.

Perspectives:

• More studies required on the f-function and its parameters.

• Extension for other configurations (inclined, horizontal jet).

• 3D (massively parallelized ) version, application to

scouring around structures, dike break.

CETMEF

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 37

APPLICATION TO THE GIRONDE ESTUARY

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 38

Coupling technique

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013

1 confluence zone (node)/3 branches

Continuity and momentum equations

integrated over the jth layer of the

confluence area:

SFFdz

F jj

n

k

n

k

1

3,1

1 11

Equations Φ Fi Fj S

Continuity 0

Momentum

nok ,

kkuB noknok

w,,

nokw , dtBx

w

x

wwup

f

kfs

kskkkk

k

k

dt

z

w

z

wwwp

j

nof

kf

nos

ksnoknokknok

k

k

,

,

,,,

gM kkz

k

1

39

Contour map of turbidity in spring tide from the two-phase model

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013

at LW+2 at HW+2

40

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 41

CONCLUSION

Needing of two-phase approach

- interactions fluid-particles, particles-particles ignored in the single phase model

- interaction fluid-bed only one domain

Good behavior of the models to simulate free

surface and non-hydrostatic flows and different

processes of sediment transport

New generation for modeling sediment transport ?

Fluid-Mediated Particle Transport in Geophysical

Flows, KITP, October 31, 2013 42

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

11th ISRS, Cap-Town, South-Africa, September 2010