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Journal of Korean Nature Vol. 5, No. 4 287-292, 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.7229/jkn.2012.5.4.287
A Study on the Plants for Phenology of the Mt. PalgongsanProvincial Park
Byung Do Kim1, Sung Tae Yu1, Hyun tak Shin2, Myung hoon Yi3, Jung won Yoon3,
Gi song Kim3 and Jung won Sung3*1Daegu Arboretum, Daegu, 711-832, Korea2Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, 487-821, Korea3Department of Landscape Architecture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Korea
Abstract: The study performed monitoring on seasonal changes of a total of 13 plants including 10 woody plantsand 3 herbaceous plants vulnerable to the climate change around the Mt. Palgongsan Provincial Park from April 10to November 30, 2010. The plants were divided with 5 features including leaf unfolding, flowering, falling blossom,fall foliage and fallen leaves. The meteorological data were measured from early January, 2010 to late December,2011 and the maximum and minimum monthly average temperatures were 25.3oC and −4.7oC and the maximumand minimum monthly average relative humidity was 96% and 28.3%, respectively. The study analyzed indicatorspecies which may be compared as a result of monitoring indicator plants. The flowering period delayed from 2 to 10days. In contrast, the flowers fell 3 to 25 days earlier. The leaf unfolded earlier than the previous year except sometrees. No clear pattern changes were observed in the leaf foliage, time of leaf falling and growth duration comparedto the previous year. It is required to perform long-term climate monitoring, observe phenology of plants and compareand analysis depending on vegetation, soils and slopes for each individual entity.
Keywords: Climate Change, Flowering, Aestivation, Mt. Palgongsan
Introduction
Changing the biotic seasonal phenomena is the clearest
reaction to the recent climate change (Post and Strenseth,
1999; Hughes, 2000; Penuelas and Felella, 2001; Walther et
al., 2002; Menzel, 2003; Gordo and sanz, 2005; Menzel et
al., 2006; Doi and Katano, 2008). Despite some contradict
results, the results of the phenomena observed for a long
time indicate outstanding evidence that times were moved
forward in various biological phenomena (Parmesan and
Yohe 2003; Root et al., 2003). These consistent patterns
may be observed from the fact that the growth and dates of
flowering became faster from the aspect of the plant
phenology (Menzel and Fabian, 1999; Fitter and Fitter,
2002; Penuelas et al., 2002). Generally, these reactions are
the most outstanding in the spring (Walter et al., 2002).
Song (2008) analyzed the correlation between the annual
average temperature and the flowering dates of Prunus
serrulata var. spontanea (Maxim.) E.H.Wilson blossoms
from 1922 to 2008 for major cities in Korea and reported
that the flowering dates moved forward to about 3 days
when the annual average temperature increased by 1oC and
this was due to the climate change and the temperature
increase due to the heat island phenomena in the cities
shortened the flowering dates. Recently, studies are
continuously performed to protect and manage protected
species in the forest through long-term monitoring of
climate changes on the regional basis in Korea (Shin et al.,
2011; Sung and Shin, 2011; Yu et al., 2011; Kim, et al.,
2011; Shin and Sung, 2011; Kim et al., 2012). The
investigation site, Mt. Palgongsan Provincial Park, is
located 20 km on the northeast direction from the center of
Daegu City and affected by the continental climate. Also,
the park has a high value of preservation for nature
preservation, primeval forest, wild animals and plants but
the endangered species including Aconitum austrokoreense
Koidz. and Iris odaesanesis Y. N Lee are affected by
climate change (Kim, 2009).
The purpose of the study is to perform monitoring for
bioclimatology in the Mt. Palgongsan Provincial Park,
analyze the results, establish biogeographic long-term and
management system, predict and manage changes in
growing environment for plants and provide fundamental
data to preserve plants vulnerable to the climate change in
the mountain.
*To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Tel: +82-53-810-3807
E-mail: onsulove2036@hanmail.net
J. KOREAN NATURE
288 Byung Do Kim, Sung Tae Yu, Hyun tak Shin, Myung hoon Yi, Jung won Yoon, Gi song Kim and Jung won Sung
Material and Method
Install Micrometeorologic Equipment
The trends in temperature changes were observed for spots
where the plants vulnerable to climate change by installing
micrometeorologic equipment. The equipment was installed
in Baekandong (N35o57'14.21'' E128o41'37.07'') and measured
climate data from early January, 2000 to late December,
2011. Among Hobo sensors in the micrometerologic
equipment, the temperature and the humidity were observed
by TMB-M006 in the simplified instrument screen (RS3)
and the U23 series, temperature and humidity sensor, was
used as auxiliary equipment.
Monitoring Indicator Plants
The GPS (GPS60CS) was used to mark coordinates on
each indicator plant, granted distinct number tags and
recorded times of flowering, flower falling, leaf unfolding
and fall foliages and changing growth period (Figure 1).
More than 3 entities were observed for the identical species
to reduce errors in the nearby same species with the
investigation and the data were measured considering the
averages. The investigation was performed once a week
from April 10, 2010 to November 30, 2011 and every 2
weeks in July and August due to not showing changes of
the phenology (Korea National Arboretum, 2010).
The plants under biometeorologic investigation were
selected in accordance with the investigation manual of the
Korea Forest Service (2010) focusing on rare plants, local
plants in the site out of special plants and common plants
evenly distributed nationwide. A total of 13 entities
including 10 wood species of wild Prunus sargentii Rehder,
Rhododendron mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai,
Lindera obtusiloba Blume and Acer pseudosieboldianum
(Pax) Kom and 3 herbs like Eranthis stellata Maxim. and
Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. were under investigation (Table
Fig. 1. Study area of Mt. Palgongsan
Table 1. Survey plant List of Mt. Palgongsan
No. Korean Name Scientific NameGPS Coordinate Altitude
(m)N S
1 산벚나무 Prunus sargentii Rehder 36o01'38.90" 128o37'44.78" 518
2 진달래 Rhododendron mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai 36o01'40.61" 128o37'46.75" 520
3 생강나무 Lindera obtusiloba Blume 36o01'39.29" 128o37'44.01" 522
4 당단풍나무 Acer pseudosieboldianum (Pax) Kom. 36o01'41.01" 128o37'50.21" 525
5 졸참나무 Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray 36o01'40.77" 128o37'51.48" 523
6 신갈나무 Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. 36o01'40.81" 128o37'51.70" 523
7 물박달나무 Betula davurica Pall. 36o01'39.56" 128o08'53.29" 517
8 철쭉 Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim. 36o01'40.33" 128o08'57.31" 523
9 소나무 Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. 36o01'39.08" 128o08'44.23" 519
10 일본잎갈나무 Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carriere 36o01'41.05" 128o08'47.52" 522
11 너도바람꽃 Eranthis stellata Maxim. 36o01'41.92" 128o07'50.54" 519
12 원추리 Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. 36o01v41.16" 128o08'50.65" 525
13 나도개감채 Lloydia triflora (Ledeb.) Baker 36o01'41.92" 128o07'50.54" 519
J. KOREAN NATURE
A Study on the Plants for Phenology of the Mt. Palgongsan Provincial Park 289
1). The periods of starting flowering were measured when
the inflorescenes of male flowers were completely open for
at least 3 spots or pollen flew by slightly shaking for
needleleaf trees and blossomed flowers were observed from
at least 3 spots for deciduous broadleaf tress. Here, the
blossomed flower means flower leaves completely opened.
The falling blossom period was observed by percentage for
blossomed flower and considered the fallen period when
90-100% of the flower was fallen. The leaf unfolding was
considered as unfolded herb with more than 3 spots looking
like leaves and the fall foliage was considered with more
than 3 foliage spots on the total leaves. The leaf starts
falling when fallen leaves were observed from more than 3
spots. All the data were recorded as percentage. For herbs,
the plant started blossoming when the flower bud was
ruptured and the flower blossomed and the blossom was
considered when the flower leaves were completely open.
The falling period is when 90-100% of the flower was
withered or dead. The growth started when the buds were
observed above the soil surface and the unfolding started
when leaves completely open was observed for the leaf
unfolding period. The fallen blossom was considered and
observed when 90-100% of leaves were withered or dead.
Result and Consideration
Climatic Overview
Monthly average temperature, monthly average relative
humidity, daily highest and lowest temperatures and daily
highest and lowest relative humidity were observed from
early January 2010 to late December 2011 based on the
micrometeorologic data of Baekandong (N35o57'14.21''
E128o41'37.07''). The highest daily average temperature
was 27.6oC on July 28, 2011 and the lowest was 10.2oC on
January 16, 2011. The highest and lowest monthly average
temperatures were 25.3oC in August 2010 and −4.7oC in
January 2011, respectively (Figure 2). In addition, it was
found out that the average temperature between January
and March of 2011 was 0.02oC higher than that of 2010 and
the number of days below 0oC was 49 in 2010 and 47 in
2011. The highest and lowest monthly average relative
humidity were 87% in August 2010 and 55% in January
2011, respectively (Figure 3). The highest and lowest daily
average relative humidity was 96% on October 22, 2011
and 28.3% in September 10, 2010.
Monitoring Indicator Plants
The physiologic cycle of the indicator plan consists of 5
stages including blossoming, fallen blossom, leaf unfolding,
fall foliage and fallen leaves and the times of starting
physiologic changes of each indicator plant were recorded.
The starting points for each physiologic features were
categorized for 2010 and 2011 and the cycle trends in
climate change were analyzed (Table 2). The Acer
pseudosieboldianum (Pax) Kom, Quercus mongolica Fisch.
ex Ledeb, Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim. and
Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. did not show the blossom and
Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray, Betula davurica Pall,
Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carriere and Lloydia triflora
(Ledeb.) Baker failed comparing because they did not
blossom in 2011. The flowering period delayed from 2 to
10 days for tree species under comparison.
It was observed that the blossoms started falling 3 to 25
days earlier. It was found out that the leaves unfolded 4 to
33 days earlier than 2010 except Lindera obtusiloba
Blume, Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray, Rhododendron
schlippenbachii Maxim and Lloydia triflora (Ledeb.) Baker
out of total indicator tree species. Fall foliages were
observed 2 to 10 days earlier for Prunus sargentii Rehder,
Lindera obtusiloba Blume, Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex
Ledeb, Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carriere and Eranthis
stellata Maxim. and 2 to 18 days for other species. Prunus
sargentii Rehder, Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb,
Betula davurica Pall, Rhododendron schlippenbachii
Maxim and Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carriere showed
fallen leaves 4 to 18 days later than before but other tree
species showed 1 to 13 days earlier. No constant pattern
changes were observed for the growth period.
Fig. 2. Average of temperature.
Fig. 3. Average of relative humidity.
J. KOREAN NATURE
290 Byung Do Kim, Sung Tae Yu, Hyun tak Shin, Myung hoon Yi, Jung won Yoon, Gi song Kim and Jung won Sung
Blossom
Plants except Prunus sargentii Rehder, Rhododendron
mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai, Lindera obtusiloba
Blume, Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. and Eranthis
stellata Maxim. failed comparing blossom period as a
result of analyzing blossom periods. Eranthis stellata
Maxim. observed 11 days earlier than before and other
species showed 2 to 10 days later than that of 2010 (Figure
4). The blossom period depended on sunshine duration,
temperature, humidity, precipitation and light intensity and
was particularly sensitive to climate element, temperature
(Vegis A, 1964). It was considered due to physiologic stress
by abnormal climate in the spring which affected the
blossom in 2011 and the blossom in 2011 started later than
2010. Therefore, comparison studies through long-term
climate monitoring are required.
Fallen Blossom
The fallen blossom analysis results were opposite to those
of the flowering period. Eranthis stellata Maxim.. showed
flowering and fallen blossom simultaneously in 2011 and it
was observed that the growth period increased than the
previous year because the flowering was observed early but
the fallen was observed late in 2011. Other tree species
showed later to 3 to 25 days compared to 2010 (Figure 5).
This is due to the fact that the temperatures of March and
April which affect the falling period continued longer than
2010 and the timing delayed. Management plans and
promotion are required to preserve plant species in the Mt.
Palgongsan for Lloydia triflora (Ledeb.) Baker which has
been lost in 2011 due to hikers and wildlife animals.
Leaf Unfolding
There was no clear pattern difference in that Lindera
obtusiloba Blume, Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray,
Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb and Rhododendron
schlippenbachii Maxim. were 2 days later and other plants
were 4 to 33 days later than before (Figure 6). It is known
that there are various environmental factors like soil,
temperature and humidity which affect the leaf unfolding.
Table 2. Comparison of plant phenological cycle (2010-2011)
No. Scientific NameBlossom Fallen blossom Leaf unfolding Fall foliage Fallen leaves Growth period
2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011
1 Prunus sargentii Rehder 4/6 4/16 4/27 4/24 5/4 4/27 10/8 10/18 10/15 10/28 192 195
2 Rhododendron mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai 4/6 4/16 4/27 4/24 5/4 4/27 10/8 9/29 11/10 11/9 218 207
3 Lindera obtusiloba Blume 4/6 4/8 5/11 4/16 5/4 5/6 10/8 10/18 11/10 10/28 218 203
4 Acer pseudosieboldianum (Pax) Kom. - - - - 5/4 4/27 - 10/28 - 11/2 - 169
5 Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray 5/11 - 5/18 - 5/4 5/6 10/15 10/13 11/10 10/28 190 175
6 Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. - - - - 5/4 5/6 10/8 10/13 10/22 11/9 171 187
7 Betula davurica Pall. 4/20 - 4/27 - 5/4 4/27 10/15 10/13 10/22 10/28 185 184
8 Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim. - - - - 5/4 5/6 10/22 10/18 10/27 11/2 176 -
9 Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. 5/4 5/13 - - 5/11 4/16 - - - - - -
10 Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carriere 5/11 - 5/18 - 4/27 4/16 9/17 9/23 10/8 10/5 149 172
11 Eranthis stellata Maxim. 4/6 3/26 4/6 4/8 5/11 4/8 5/18 5/20 6/1 5/28 56 63
12 Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. - - - - 4/20 4/16 11/5 10/18 11/10 11/2 204 200
13 Lloydia triflora (Ledeb.) Baker 4/6 - 4/20 - 4/6 4/16 5/11 - 6/8 - 63 -
Fig. 5. Comparison of fallen blossoms time (1. Prunus sargentiiRehder, 2. Rhododendron mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai, 3.Lindera obtusiloba Blume, 4. Eranthis stellata Maxim.)
Fig. 4. Comparison of flowering time (1. Prunus sargentii Rehder, 2.Rhododendron mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai, 3. Linderaobtusiloba Blume, 4. Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc., 5. Eranthisstellata Maxim.)
J. KOREAN NATURE
A Study on the Plants for Phenology of the Mt. Palgongsan Provincial Park 291
In addition, it is reported that the temperatures in the winter
and spring are the most sensitive factor in seasonal changes
of spring plants and the spring plants are affected by
temperature after the hibernation (Lechowicz, 1995;
Chmielewski and Rotzer, 2001). However, comparison and
analysis are required through long-term monitoring depending
on physiologic features, altitude above sea level, soils and
slope directions because the monitoring period is short to
mention the phenology.
Fall Foliage
No clear pattern changes were observed from the period of
fall foliages compared to 2010. Prunus sargentii Rehder,
Lindera obtusiloba Blume, Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex
Ledeb, Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb and Eranthis
stellata Maxim. observed 2 to 10 days later (Figure 7). It is
considered that the autumnal temperature which affects the
foliages remained higher than 2010 and delayed the period.
On the contrary, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. latifolium
Nakai, Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray, Betula davurica
Pall, Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim and Hemerocallis
fulva (L.) L were observed 2 to 18 days earlier than before.
Fallen Leaves
Like the foliage period, no clear pattern differences were
observed for the fallen leaves. Rhododendron mucronulatum
var. latifolium Nakai, Lindera obtusiloba Blume, Quercus
serrata Thunb. ex Murray, Eranthis stellata Maxim. and
Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. observed 1 to 13 days later
(Figure 8). It is considered that this is due to fallen leaves
before leaves got colored from sudden temperature drop
and more rainy days. Prunus sargentii Rehder, Quercus
mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb, Betula davurica Pall,
Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim and Larix kaempferi
(Lamb.) Carriere showed 4 to 13 days later than before,
meaning that the trees were well-adapted to the surrounding
environment and had fallen leaves.
Fig. 8. Comparison of leaf falling time (1. Prunus sargentii Rehder, 2.Rhododendron mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai, 3. Linderaobtusiloba Blume, 4. Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray, 5. Quercusmongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb, 6. Betula davurica Pall, 7.Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim, 8. Larix kaempferi (Lamb.)Carriere, 9. Eranthis stellata Maxim, 10. Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L.,
Fig. 9. Comparison of growing period (1. Prunus sargentii Rehder, 2.Rhododendron mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai, 3. Linderaobtusiloba Blume, 4. Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray, 5. Quercusmongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb, 6. Betula davurica Pall, 7.Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim, 8. Larix kaempferi (Lamb.)Carriere, 9. Eranthis stellata Maxim, 10. Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L.,
Fig. 6. Comparison of leaf unfolding time (1. Prunus sargentiiRehder, 2. Rhododendron mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai, 3.Lindera obtusiloba Blume, 4. Acer pseudosieboldianum (Pax) Kom,5. Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray, 6. Quercus mongolica Fisch.ex Ledeb, 7. Betula davurica Pall, 8. Rhododendron schlippenbachiiMaxim, 9. Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc, 10. Larix kaempferi(Lamb.) Carriere, 11. Eranthis stellata Maxim, 12. Hemerocallis fulva(L.) L., 13. Lloydia triflora (Ledeb.) Baker.
Fig. 7. Comparison of leaf colouring time (1. Prunus sargentiiRehder, 2. Rhododendron mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai, 3.Lindera obtusiloba Blume, 4. Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray, 5.Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb, 6. Betula davurica Pall, 7.Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim, 8. Larix kaempferi (Lamb.)Carriere, 9. Eranthis stellata Maxim, 10. Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L.,
J. KOREAN NATURE
292 Byung Do Kim, Sung Tae Yu, Hyun tak Shin, Myung hoon Yi, Jung won Yoon, Gi song Kim and Jung won Sung
Conclusion
The purpose of the study is to predict and manage changes
in the growth environment of plants by monitoring for
phenologic researches in the Mt. Palgongsan Provincial
Park and analyzing the data. The study analyzed indicator
species which may be compared as a result of monitoring
indicator plants. The flowering period delayed from 2 to 10
days. It is judged that the flowering date is highly related to
the temperature and humidity between February and March
and largely affected by the daily average temperature and
the daily average relative humidity before flowering because
the flowering is done between March and April. In
addition, the phenology of plants under current climate
change shows that the flowering of Rhododendron
mucronulatum var. latifolium Nakai and Rhododendron
schlippenbachii Maxim, flowering in the spring, delayed
but the phenology for other plants showed 3 to 25 days
earlier than before. The leaves unfolded earlier than the
previous year except some trees. It is difficult to investigate
accurate tendency in fall foliage and fallen leaves due to a
short period of investigation and shows that the period was
earlier or later than the previous year. The growth period
shows no constant pattern changes and the periods of
Prunus sargentii Rehder, Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex
Ledeb, Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carriere and Eranthis
stellata Maxim. extended to 3 to 23 days. Opposed to the
prediction that the growth period was extended due to
earlier flowering and later foliages by increasing the
temperature in the spring, no changes were observed and
future long-term climate monitoring, observing plant
phenology, comparing and analyzing vegetation, soils and
slopes for each entity are required.
Acknowledgment
The study was performed thank to the research fund for
preserving and adapting forest plants vulnerable to the
climate change in 2012.
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Received: 29. Oct. 2012
Revised: 16. Nov. 2012 / 28. Nov. 2012
Accepted: 29. Nov. 2012
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