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1
A Socio-legal Study of Crimes Against Women:
A Critical Review of Protective Laws
THE THESIS
SUBMITTED TO
KUMAUN UNIVERSITY, NAINITAL
FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF
Ph.D IN LAW
SUPERVISOR RESEARCHER
Prof. P.C. JOSHI S.K. KHANDELWAL
Head & Dean
Faculty of Law
S.S.J. Campus, Almora
2012
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Supervisor‟s Certificate
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “A Socio-legal Study of Crimes
Against Women: A Critical Review of Protective Laws” submitted by S.K.
Khandelwal embodies the work of the candidate himself. In my opinion the thesis
fulfils the requirements of the ordinance relating to Ph.D Degree of the University.
Date:
Place: Dr. P.C. Joshi
Supervisor
Professor
Head and Dean
Faculty of Law
S.S.J. Campus,
Almora
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Declaration
I, S.K. Khandelwal declare that this thesis represents entirely my original
work except for materials culled from scholarly writing and guidance received
from my supervisor acknowledged appropriately herein and that this has not been
submitted to this or any other university for the award of any degree.
S.K. Khandelwal
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Acknowledgement
Having finish this thesis I feel delighted to express my gratitude to all those
who have inspired, encouraged, guided and blessed me in preparation and
presenting this Ph.D. research work.
I take the opportunity to express my deep respect and indebtness to my
guide, preceptor and supervisor Dr. P.C. Joshi Head and Dean, Faculty of Law,
Kumaun University S.S.J. Campus, Almora, whose enlightening guidance helped
me throughout the tenure of this work.
I am thankful to the my colleagues and library staff in the department of
Faculty of Law, S.S.J. Campus, Almora, National Crime Records Bureau, New
Delhi, Library Indian Law Institute, New Delhi, National Commission for Women
New Delhi, Crime (Women) Cell, New Delhi for helping for my work.
In the last, I would like to express my thanks to Mr. Santosh Pathak for
transforming the manuscript into the present form.
S.K. Khandelwal
Faculty of Law
S.S.J. Campus
Almora
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CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
List of cases I – VII
Abbreviation VIII-IX
CHAPTER- I 1- 61
INTRODUCTION
(A) Nature. Definition and Etymology of Crime (with special reference to
women)
(B) Constitutional Protection to Weaker Sections of Society particularly to
women
CHAPTER- II 62-82
CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN; CAUSES AND COMPULSION
(A) Social Causes
(i) Male dominated society
(ii) Moral and psychological environment
(B) Personal and Psychological
(i) Unemployment and poverty
(ii) Alcoholism
(iii) Religion
(iv) Marital maladjustment
(C) Legal Causes
(i) Inefficiency of legal machinery
(ii) Legal Compulsions
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CHAPTER-III 83-135
OFFENSES AGAINST WOMEN: SENSITIVITY,
MODESTY, AND SEX
(A ) Offenses against sensitivity,
(i) Obscenity
(ii) Indecent representation of women
(B) Offenses against modesty
(i) Insult to modesty
(ii) Outraging the modesty
(C) Sexual offenses
(i) Rape
(ii) Custodial rape
CHAPTER-IV 136-182
OFFENSES AGAINST CUSTODY AND SECURITY
(A) Kidnapping and Abduction
(i) Kidnapping from India
(ii) Kidnapping from Lawful Guardianship
(iii) Abduction
(iv) Kidnapping and abduction inducing women to compel her marriage
etc.
(B) Trafficking for Immoral Purposes
(i) Procuration of minor girl
(ii) Importation of girl from foreign country
(iii) Selling minor for purpose of prostitution etc.
(iv) Buying minor for purpose of prostitution
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CHAPTER-V 183-234
OFFENSES RELATING TO LIFE AND HEALTH
(A) Dowry Deaths
(B) Cruelty
CHAPTER-VI 235-271
MATRIMONIAL OFFENSES
(A) Cohabitation by fraud and inducement
(B) Bigamy
(C) Fraudulent (unlawful) marriage
(D) Adultery
(E) Enticing, taking away or detaining with criminal intent to married women
CHAPTER-VII 272-284
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY 285-288
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LIST OF CASES
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Abdul Aziz V. State of Bombay 1954 Cr.L.J. 886
Abdul Rehman V. Emperor 1935, 39 CWN 1055
Adik V. Emperor AIR 1947
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Air India V. Nargish Meerza(1981) 4.SCC335
Apparel Export Promation Council V. A.K. Chopra AIR 1999 SC 625
Aman Kumar V. State of Haryana(2004) 1 NSC 83
Amarnath V. H.S. Amarnath(1946) 49 PLR 147
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Aruna Pramod Singh V. Union of India (2008) 68 AIC 313(Del.)
A.Gounden (In re) AIR 1959 MAD. 276
Ayshabai (1904) 6 BOM LR 536
Bankey V. State of UP AIR 1961,131
Bodhistava V. Ms. Subhadra Chakrobarty(1996) SCC. 490
Bhupender Singh V. State of MP (2003) 8 SCC 217
Balwant Singh V. State of Panjab (1987) 2 SCC 27
Bhanchan Singh V. State of Panjab (1980) 2 SCC 684
Bharwada Bhoginbhai Hirjibhai V. State of Gujrat(1983) 3 SCC 753
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Bhulamia V. State Air 1969 CAL. 416
Bhagwati Prasad V. Emperor AIR 1929All. 709
Brij Lal V. Prem Chandra (1989) Supp. (2) SCC 680
Balkishan Moghal V. State 1998 Cr. L.J. 4496
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B.R. Mehta V. Atma Devi (1987) 4 SCC 183
Bindu V. Kaushalya (1982) 13 All 126
Bhuklabai V. Gangu Ram 1988 1 SCC 53
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Bibi V. Jayanti Mahadeo(1981) Cr. L.J. 614
C.B. Muthumma V. Union of India(1979) 4 SCC 260
Chandrakant Kalyandas Kakodkar case AIR 1970 SC 1390
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Cluragh (1929) 30 Cr. L.J. 376
Dimple Singla V. Union of India (2002) 2 AISLJ 161
D.G. Doordarshan V. Anand Patwardhan AIR 2006 SC 3346
Director of Public Prosecution V. Morgan (1976) AC 182
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Dinesh V. State of Rajasthan AIR 2006 SC 207
Dhanjoy Chatterjee V. State of West Bengal (1994) 2 SCC 220
Delhi Domestic Working Women’s Forum V. Union of India (1995) 1 SCC 14
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Dutta Pradhan V. State of Orissa (1985) Cr. L.J. 842
Dilip Kumar V. State (decided on May 13, 2011)
Davis V. Johnson (1978) 2 WLR 182
Dalip Singh V. State of UP AIR 1949 All. 237
D. Velusamy V. D. Patchaiammal (Decided on 21-10-2010)
Empress V. Pemantle ILR(1882) 8 Cal. 971
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Gaurav Jain V. Union of India AIR 1997 SC 3021
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Inder Raj Malik V. Sunita Malik (1986) Cr. L.J. 1510
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Kailash Singh V. Priti Parihar 1982 Cr.LJ 1005(RAJ)
Kambi Karsan Nanan V. Kambi Karsan Nanan AIR 1951 1 Kutch. 17
Laiq Singh V. State (1970) 2 SCC 561
Lalita Prasad V. State of MP 1979Cr.LJ 867
Lashwin Nanubhai AIR 1907 SC 983
Lily Thomas V. Union of India AIR 2000 SC 1650
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Lata Singh V. State of UP AIR 2006 SC 2522
Madhu Keshav V. State of Bihar (1966) 5 SCC 148
Menka Gandhi V. Union of India AIR 1978 SC 597
Madan Lal V. State of J&K (1997) 7 SCC 677
Mohd. Zuber Noor Mohammad Changwadia V. State of Gujrat AIR 1995 SC 2472
Mohd. Chaman V. State (NCT Delhi) (2001) 2 SCC 28
Macchi Singh V. State of Panjab (1983) 3 SCC 470
Moni Ram Hazarika V. State of Assam (2004) Cr.LJ 2553
Mamackachari, In re1970 Cr LJ 1590
Madhuri. M. Chitnis V. Mukund. M. Chitnis 1992 Cr.LJ III
Mohd. Hussain V. State of A.P. (2002) 7 SCC 714
Molvi Hussain Hazi Abrahan Umarji V. State of Gujrat 2004 (6 SCC 672)
M. Palni V. Meenakshi AIR 2008 MAD 162
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Promilla Kapoor V. Yash Bhasin 1989 Cr.LJ 1241(Del.)
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Rekhal Lal V. King Emperor (1927) ILR 6 Pat. 47
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Shanti Devi V. State of Haryana 1991 1 SCC 371
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Vikram Deo Singh V. State of Bihar 1995 1 SCC 14
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Abbreviations
AIR =All India Reporter
All =Allahabad
AP = Andhara Pradesh
ART = Assisted Reproductive Technology
ASLI = Annual Survey of Indian Law
All E.R. = All England Report
AWAG = Ahemadabad Women’s Association Group
BOM = Bombay
Cr.L.J = Criminal Law Journal
Cr.L.R. =Criminal Law Reporter
CWN = Calcutta weekly notes
Del = Delhi
DLR = Dominion Law Reporter (Nagpur)
FIR = First Information Report
F.C = Federal Court
FCR =Federal Court Reports
FSL = Forensic Science Laboratory
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GCD = Gujrat Current Decisions
GLH = Gujrat Law Herald
GLR = Gujrat Law Reports
HC = High Court
IA = Indian Appeals
IBR = Indian Bar Review
ILR = Indian Law Reports
ICCPR = International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ILD = Indian Law Decision
ILO = International Labour Organization
IPC = Indian Penal Code
IRD (P) A = Indecent Representation of Women ( Prohibition) Act, 1986
ITPA = Immoral Trafficking (Prevention) Act
JBCI = Journal of Bar Council of India
JILI = Journal of Indian Law Institute
JJACT = Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act
Kel = Kerala
Kash. L.J. = Kashmir Law Journal
Mah = Maharastra
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MP = Madhya Pradesh
MPLJ = Madhya Pradesh Law Journal
NCW = National Commission for Women
NHRC = National Human Rights Commission
P&H = Punjab and Haryana
PC =Privy Council
RI = Rigorous Imprisonment
RMP = Registered Medical Practitioner
SAARC = South Asia Association of Regional Countries
SC = Supreme Court
SCJ =Supreme Court Journal
SCC = Supreme Court Cases
The Code = The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
UDHR = Universal Declaration of Human Rights
UP = Uttar Pradesh.
WLR =Weekly Law Reporter
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