a design support system for effective planning of the integrated workplace performance

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Building and Environment 43 (2008) 1286–1300

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A design support system for effective planning of the integratedworkplace performance

Ji-Hyun Kima, Sun-Sook Kima, In-Ho Yangb, Kwang-Woo Kima,�

aDepartment of Architecture, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shillim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South KoreabDepartment of Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University, 26-3, Pil-dong, Chung-gu, Seoul 100-715, South Korea

Received 29 May 2006; received in revised form 2 March 2007; accepted 22 March 2007

Abstract

The objective of this study is to develop a design support system for effective planning of the integrated workplace performance. The

current workplace planning process was analyzed, and lighting fixture and diffuser types were categorized by surveying several office

buildings. The concept of an integrated workplace planning module is proposed, and its development procedure is based on the current

planning process. Various lighting planning modules and mechanical planning modules are developed by visual and thermal environment

simulation. After considering the layout of other mechanical equipments, an integrated workplace planning module, which satisfies the

visual and thermal comfort criteria, was developed for various architectural modules. By using this integrated workplace planning

module, workplace planners can easily evaluate how their architectural planning decisions will affect the visual and thermal environment

in the early stage of architectural design to achieve the more efficient design work.

Keywords: Design support system; Integrated workplace planning module; Environmental performance; Architectural module; Lighting planning module;

Mechanical planning module

1. Introduction

Recently, workplace performance has received muchattention, as more people have recognized that it directlyaffects work productivity and effectiveness. Workplaceperformance is a measure of the effectiveness of a work-place in meeting the occupant’s needs. Workplace designshould consider environmental performance as well asspatial performance. Workplace performance can bedetermined by main factors such as architectural planning,office layout and characteristics of building service systems.Two former factors are mainly related with workplacespatial performance, while the latter is related withenvironmental performance, which supports the occupant’shealth and comfort. All of these factors influence work-place environment interactively and the occupant ‘‘experi-ences’’ the environment in which these factors worktogether.

ildenv.2007.03.015

ing author. Tel.: +822 880 7065; fax: +82 2 871 5518.

ess: snukkw@snu.ac.kr (K.-W. Kim).

Because of the importance of spatial and environmentalperformances, researchers have tried to improve theseperformances in each field. For example, with the respectto the special performance, the office layout supportingvarious task types and organization characteristics havebeen studied extensively, and with respect to the environ-mental performance, lighting and mechanical planninghave been studied to provide the optimal visual andthermal environment. However, the advanced studies onthese two types of performances have primarily focused onthe performance maximization.Workplace planners are responsible for ensuring the

proper integration of the various workplace componentfactors, but it is impractical for workplace planners to haveknowledge and skill for all of these factors. The inadequatecoordination of various factors causes inconsistencies inevery workplace environment, and workplace performancedeficiencies are often the result of poor coordinationamong the different designers and engineers. In addition,each factor is usually decided and judged on its individualadvantages and performance, although the occupant

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experiences the environment as a whole. Therefore, it isnecessary to adopt more integrated approach.

Office workplace design is a process that optimizesworkplace planning and relevant building systems andthus, trades off the advantages of various design alter-natives. Once construction is completed, it is impracticaland costly to change the trade-offs. It would be far lesscostly to modify the design alternative during the designprocess than to correct deficiencies after construction.Therefore, workplace planners should evaluate the effec-tiveness of their design and the coordination of workplaceenvironment at the design stage. In relation, this study aimsto develop a design support system for effective planning ofthe integrated workplace performance in the early stage ofarchitectural design for an open-plan office.

2. Backgrounds

The workplace planning factors influence workplaceenvironment individually and interactively. However,previous studies on planning factors focused primarilyon the performance maximization of these factors, andthe studies on integration of these factors to optimizeperformance have been few. Therefore, an integrated studyto consider the combined effect of these factors as well asthe individual study on the planning factors is necessary.

Coordination problems commonly occur where differentsystems or equipments come together in a limited space.For example, various building systems may all be placed inthe ceiling, such as lighting fixtures, diffusers, fire sensors,sprinklers, speakers and other mechanical equipments.These systems are usually selected and installed by differentdesigners and engineers on the basis of their individualperformance or advantages. It would be difficult anddissipated work for each designer or engineer to coordinateand readjust their systems.

Especially, lighting planning and mechanical planningare usually limited by the architectural design that followsthe architectural modules determined in the architecturaldesign stage. Therefore, a process for readjusting thearchitectural design and building systems is necessary todevelop a reasonable plan for ensuring environmentalperformance. Inadequate coordination and readjustmentcause spatial performance and environmental performanceinconsistencies in the workplace. Although a coordinatedapproach for the design and development of a buildingsystem would be the ideal, it is not easy to implementbecause several professional groups would have to adjusttheir skills and attitudes. Therefore, a more immediate andfeasible approach is required.

One of these approaches is the ‘‘The COPE project:building a better workstation’’ by National ResearchCouncil Canada [1–4]. This approach provides the toolsto enable designers and facility managers to compare open-plan office design alternatives on the basis of quantitativeindicators, including cost, indoor environment factors and

occupant environmental satisfaction. By literature review,simulation, experiments in mock-up offices and a fieldstudy, the effects of office design factors on physical officeconditions are defined. A design tool to evaluate environ-mental satisfaction with open-plan offices is also created.Another approach is the ‘whole building’ concept,

proposed in the research of ‘‘High performance commer-cial building systems’’ by Lawrence Berkeley NationalLaboratory [5]. The fundamental goal of the ‘‘wholebuilding’’ approach is to optimize a building’s performancein terms of comfort, functionality, energy efficiency andlifecycle value. It also requires the integration of planning,design, equipment and material selection, and so on. Theirvision is to make whole-building design tools and smart,integrated building controls that enable optimal interac-tions among systems as lighting, HVAC and other buildingsystems. These approaches focus on the maximization andevaluation of the workplace performance considered theinteractions of various factors.If specific integrated plan alternatives with performance

data, which can be reviewed ‘‘easily’’ and ‘‘visually’’ andapplied ‘‘repeatedly’’ with the same modules by theworkplace planners, are developed and added to theseapproaches, a design work would be more efficient.Additionally, workplace planners can compare and evalu-ate the alternatives without help from other designers andengineers in the early stage of architectural design.Eventually, the coordination and readjustment betweenworkplace planners and other specialty workers could beminimized.In Korea, office building construction has increased

recently, but there is no design support system that canpredict and evaluate the effect of workplace planning onindoor environment. Therefore, architects need tools whichcan help them examine selectable alternatives and the effectof their architectural planning decisions on the lighting andmechanical planning in the early stage of architecturaldesign.For this purpose, an integrated workplace planning

module is proposed, in which architectural modules areintegrated with the arrangement of lighting fixture, diffuserand other fixtures. In this research, the concept of theintegrated workplace planning module is proposed, whichconsiders environmental and spatial performances. Be-cause this method organizes the workplace by repeating thesame modules, it can be applied to workplaces of varioussizes and types.

3. Concept and development procedure of the integrated

workplace planning module

3.1. Concept of the integrated workplace planning module

Integrated workplace planning module can be definedas a three-dimensional planning unit for open-plan offices,in which the layout of lighting fixtures, diffusers, other

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mechanical equipments and workstations are integratedwith architectural modules. The concept of the integratedworkplace planning module is as shown in Fig. 1. Thelayout or type of each equipment and workstationwould be varied according to factors, including theuse of the workplace, architectural module, and thetarget level of environmental performance. The purposeof the integrated workplace planning module is to helpworkplace planners in decision-making for planning theworkplace with consideration of these various factors inadvance.

An integrated workplace planning module may consistof several components: architectural module, lightingplanning module, mechanical planning module, work-station layout module and other mechanical equipments.An architectural module is a unit of measure affecting theworkplace layout as well as the building plan and elevation,and other components are developed on the basis of thearchitectural modules. A lighting planning module can alsobe defined as a unit of measure used for planning the layoutand type of lighting fixtures. A mechanical planningmodule can be defined as a unit of measure used forplanning the layout and type of mechanical equipmentslike the diffuser. These two planning modules are closelyrelated to each other, since the layout of diffusers is usuallyinfluenced by the layout of lighting fixtures. Workstationlayout module is a unit of measure used for planning thelayout and type of workstations. In addition, othermechanical systems such as sprinklers, sensors and speakersystems can be the components of an integrated workplaceplanning module.

A productive workplace should satisfy environmentalperformance as well as spatial performance. Environmentalperformance is mainly influenced by architectural modules,lighting planning modules and mechanical planningmodules, whereas spatial performance are influenced byarchitectural modules and workstation layout modules. Inthis study, integrated workplace planning modules aredeveloped, focusing on environmental performance pri-marily. A workplace can be divided into the perimeter zone

IntegratedWorkplacePlanningModule

Mechanica

Planning M

Other Mechanical

Equipments

Architectural

Module

Lighting

Planning Module

Fig. 1. Concept of the integrated workplace planning module.

and interior zone. Integrated workplace planning modulesfor the interior zone are developed in this study, consider-ing the relatively large portion of the interior zone andsimilar environmental condition with time.This design support system will enable workplace

planners to evaluate and compare their workplace planningalternatives based on quantitative environmental perfor-mance data, when they are planning new offices orremodeling existing offices, and to use the informationobtained to create a more feasible design.

3.2. Development procedure of the integrated workplace

planning module

To develop the integrated workplace planning modulefor efficient workplace design, it is necessary to analyzethe present status of workplace planning and to find outthe correlation among the architectural, the lighting andthe mechanical planning. Practical and applicable alter-natives can be suggested from the development processbased on the general workplace planning process. Therelationship among the planning factors should be reflectedon the development of the integrated workplace planningmodules.Selection of lighting fixture type and performance is

subject to more limitation than selection of other mechan-ical equipments with more various types and performances.The types and layouts of lighting fixture have moreinfluence on the aesthetic aspects of the workplace thanthose of mechanical equipment. Therefore, the layout oflighting fixtures should precede the layout of diffusers andother mechanical equipments according to general work-place planning process [6]. The development procedure ofthe integrated workplace planning module was alsoestablished by considering the above-mentioned facts, asshown in Fig. 2.

tural module, lighting and mechanical planningfactors and equipments.� Analysis of lighting and mechanical planning factors

and classification of equipments.

with architectural module.� Determination of visual performance criteria and

evaluation tool.� Establishment of simulation cases by integrating the

lighting fixtures with architectural modules.� Development of lighting planning modules by visual

environment simulation.

grated with lighting planning modules.� Determination of thermal performance criteria and

evaluation tool.

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Survey of the lighting andmechanical planning

Diffuser type

Diffuser performance

Design criteria

Consideration of theevaluation method for visual

and thermal environment

Selection of the evaluation tool

Selection of the evaluation criteria

Classification of the mechanical equipment

Integration of the mechanical equipmentwith the lighting planning module

Luminaire type

Lighting layout

Survey ofarchitectural module

Classification of the lighting equipment

Simulation case set up

Visual environment simulation

Development of thelighting planning module

Integration of the luminairewith architectural module

Simulation case set up

Thermal environment simulation

Performance comparison

Development of the mechanical planning moduleintegrated with the lighting planning module

Lighting planningmodule

Architectural module

Lighting layout

Integrated workplace planning module

Luminaire type

People/Equipmentdensity

Diffuser type

Mechanical planningmodule

Workstation layoutmodule

Workstation layout

Structural module

Other mechanicalequipment

Fig. 2. Development procedure of the integrated workplace planning module.

J.-H. Kim et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 1286–1300 1289

� Establishment of simulation cases by integratingmechanical equipments with lighting planning mod-ules.� Development of mechanical planning modules by

thermal environment simulation.

ules.� Consideration of other mechanical equipment lay-

out.� Development of integrated workplace planning

modules.

4. Present status of the workplace planning

For practical and applicable design support system, thepresent status of the workplace planning should beanalyzed and considered in developing integrated work-place planning modules. Fifteen domestic office buildingsand five Japanese office buildings were investigated by on-the-spot survey as well as literature review. The investiga-tion results are summarized in Table 1 [7]. Based on theseresults, lighting and mechanical planning factors wereselected and categorized.

Architectural planning is generally started from theconceptual design by specialties such as space, structure,mechanical and electrical system, fire safety etc. At thisstage, the floor plan and the structure type are consideredby architectural and structural specialties, and thenmechanical and electrical engineers select the equipment

types and set the performance targets. After the schematicdrawing process, engineers develop the schematic alter-natives into a more detailed plan, and finally the lightingand the mechanical planning process are completed [8].

4.1. Architectural module

Architectural module is the basic measure of floor plan,lighting plan, and mechanical plan; essentially, it is themost fundamental planning factor in workplace design.According to the results of the survey, the most commonly

used module is 3m� 3m (6 buildings, 30%). In domesticbuildings, the architectural modules of 3M multiples such as1.5 1.8, 2.7, 3, and 3.9m are mainly applied, following theKorean Industrial Standards (KS) (Fig. 3).

4.2. Lighting planning

Recessed type lighting fixtures with 32W fluorescentlamps were widely used in the investigated workplaces. Oneto three lamps were used, depending on the type of lampsand the span of lighting fixtures. Ambient and direct lightingsystems were mainly applied in domestic workplaces, andmost lighting fixtures were parabolic louvers because theyreduce the reflection glare at the computer monitor.Based on the survey results, the layout type of lighting

fixtures could be classified into the line, spot and squaretypes, as listed in Table 2. Most lighting fixtures wereequipped with parabolic louvers and lighting fixture’sdimensions were 1.2m or 0.6m in length and 0.6m or

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Table 1

Summary of survey results

country

Ceiling

height(m)

Architectural

module(m)

Lighting

planning

module(m)

Mechanical

planning

module(m)

Lighting

layout

Lighting fixture HVAC system Diffuser

typeSource Dimension(m)

1 1999 Seoul,

2.70 3.0� 3.0 3.0� 3.0 9.0� 12.0 Line FL32W� 3 1.2� 0.6 VAV+Convector T-line

2 2001 Seoul,

2.70 1.5� 1.5 2.5� 2.5 10.5� 15.0 Line FL32W� 3 1.2� 0.6 VAV+Convector T-line

3 2000 Seoul,

2.60 2.5� 2.5 2.25� 2 11.0� 12.0 Line FL32W� 2 1.2� 0.3 VAV+Convector T-line

4 1999 Seoul,

2.56 1.5� 1.8 1.5� 1.8 18.0� 11.7 Line FL32W� 1 1.2� 0.3 VAV+FPU with

Heating coil

T-line

5 1987 Seoul,

2.56 3.0� 3.0 1.5� 3.0 15.0� 4.5 Line FL40W� 3 1.2� 0.6 VAV+FPU with

Heating coil

T-line

6 1995 Seoul,

2.75 3.0� 3.0 3.0� 3.0 3.0� 3.0 Square FL32W� 1 1.2� 0.3 VAV+FCU T-line

7 2000 Seoul,

2.70 3.0� 3.0 3.0� 3.0 N.A. Line FL32W� 2 1.2� 0.3 FTU+Electric

heater

Square,

T-line

8 2001 Seoul,

2.70 1.5� 2.1 1.5� 2.1 N.A. Line FL32W� 2 1.2� 0.3 VAV+FPU with

Heating coil

T-line

9 2002 Seoul,

2.60 3.9� 3.9 3.9� 3.9 N.A. Square FL32W� 2 1.2� 0.3 VAV+FCU T-line

10 2001 Suwon,

2.80 4.2� 4.2 3.0� 2.4 N.A. Line FL28W� 3 1.2� 0.6 VAV+FCU T-line

11 1995 Seoul,

2.70 3.0� 3.0 3.0� 3.0 9.0� 6.0 Square FL32W� 1 1.2� 0.3 VAV+Convector Round,

Square

12 1995 Seoul,

2.65 3.0� 2.4 3.0� 2.4 34.2� 15.0 Line FL40W� 2 1.2� 0.6 CAV+FCU T-line

13 1999 Seoul,

2.70 1.8� 1.8 2.4� 2.4 11.6� 10.8 Line FL32W� 3 1.2� 0.6 VAV+CHU T-line

14 2001 Seoul,

2.65 2.7� 2.7 2.7� 1.5 12.0� 5.4 Line FL32W� 2 1.2� 0.3 VAV+FCU T-line

15 1999 Kwacheon,

2.65 2.7� 2.7 2.7� 2.7 9.0� 12.0 Square FL32W� 1 1.2� 0.15 VAV T-line

16 1986 Tokyo,

2.60 3.0� 3.0 2.4� 2.4 N.A. Line FL32W� 2 1.2� 0.3 Heat pump T-line

17 1987 Osaka,

2.60 3.2� 3.2 3.2� 3.2 3.2� 3.2 Square FL32W� 1 1.2� 0.3 CAV+FCU T-line

18 2003 Tokyo,

2.70 3.2� 3.2 3.2� 3.2 N.A. Spot FL32W� 3 0.64� 0.64 VAV T-line

19 1987 Tokyo,

2.55 3.1� 3.6 1.8� 3.1 3.1� 7.2 Line FL40W� 2 1.2� 0.3 VAV+FCU Grille,

T-line

20 1985 Tokyo,

2.60 3.6� 2.7 1.5� 2.4 3.6� 5.4 Line FL32W� 2 1.2� 0.6 VAV+FCU Square,

Grille

N.A.: not available, the concept of module is not observed; FL: fluorescent lamp, FPU: fan powered unit, FCU: fan coil unit; CAV: constant air volume,

VAV: variable air volume.

J.-H. Kim et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 1286–13001290

0.3m in width. In most buildings, high-efficiency fluor-escent lamps were widely used, and target light levels weregenerally 500�600 lux.

4.3. Mechanical planning

In the investigated workplace, line type diffusers werethe most frequently used; this means that the line typelayout was usually adopted. Diffusers were not exposedprominently because they were generally integrated withthe lighting fixtures. Round type or square type diffuserswere not frequently used as past, but in some cases, insquare type layout, they were utilized. According to the in-situ survey results and additional review of productcatalogues, diffusers could be classified into round, squareand line types, as listed in Table 3.

In addition to the diffusers, other mechanical equip-ments were also installed in the ceiling, such as fire sensors,sprinklers, speakers and so on. Though these equipmentsdid not have great influence on the environmentalperformance, unlike the lighting fixtures or diffusers, theirrequired regulations were met and were well balanced withthe lighting fixtures and diffusers, aesthetically.

5. Development of the integrated workplace planning module

5.1. Development of the lighting planning module integrated

with the architectural module

Because the architectural module is the basic measureof the lighting and mechanical planning modules, it isimportant in developing integrated workplace planning

modules. According to the KS, values which are multiplesof 3M(M ¼ 100mm) are mostly used for architecturalmodules [9].

To develop the lighting planning module that harmo-nizes with the architectural modules and satisfies theevaluation standard of the visual environment, the lightingplanning module integrated with the architectural moduleshould be organized. Therefore, the modules for thelighting layout should be planned as multiples of 3M,and their range can be restricted up to 3.9m, becausearchitectural modules larger than 4.2m are multiples of thesmaller modules.

1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.51.2

No.of Building

Module Width (m)

Fig. 3. Architectural module of survey buildings.

Table 2

Classification of the lighting fixtures

MW: module width, MD: module depth.

Accordingly, the candidates for the lighting planningmodule are organized by the combinations of the numberof lighting sources, the size of lighting fixture for the line,spot and square type layout. Also according to their layouttype and lighting fixture, the width(UW) and depth(UD)of the lighting planning module are determined as a unitof 3M.The standard of average illuminance at a work plane is

commonly applied to evaluate the visual environment.Additionally, consideration of uniformity is necessary.The common Korean standard for visual environment is

the desired illuminance level presented in KS A 3011 [10].This level is compared with various standards and thedesired illuminance levels of the case buildings. Theresults are as shown in Table 4. Considering the increasinglevel of desired illuminance in recent times, the rangefrom 500 to 700l x is selected as the standard illuminancelevel.Uniformity is important for flexible application of the

lighting planning module to various workstations. Forthe workplace, the Illuminating Engineering Institute ofJapan recommends uniformity higher than 0.6, and theCIE guide higher than 0.8 [13]. Uniformity of higherthan 0.8 is adopted to ensure a high level of uniformilluminance.To obtain lighting planning modules which satisfy the

evaluation standard of visual environment, the visualenvironment of those modules should be evaluated andthe modules which satisfy the standard should be selected.For this selection, visual environment simulations wereperformed for the cases with various values of the factorsof the lighting planning module.Radiance program is used as the evaluation tool of the

visual environment. The influence of wall is eliminated forthe illuminance obtained in the simulation to representthat of the interior workplace. For this goal, preliminary

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Table 3

Classification of the diffusers

Slot width of T-line diffuser (mm) : 15, 20, 25.

Table 4

Standard illuminance level of workplace

KS-A-3011 iesna [11] Japan Ministry of

Health, Labour and Welfare [12]

Case buildings

300–40––6001x 500–750–1000 1x 300–1000 1x 500–600 lx

IESNA: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.

simulations were performed for the spaces with a variouslighting planning modules. The distribution of illuminanceon the section in accordance with the length side ofthe lighting fixture is shown in Fig. 4(a). The figureshows that the distribution of illuminance in the

center area is almost steady in the spaces in which thelighting planning modules are arranged as 7� 7 ormore. Fig. 4(b) shows the variation of average illuminanceunder a lighting planning module located in the centerarea as the number of lighting planning modules isincreased. It also shows that the illuminance in thecenter area does not increase in the spaces in the caseof having 7� 7 or more lighting planning modules.Therefore, it is reasonable to choose the space in which7� 7 lighting planning modules are arranged for efficientsimulation [14]. The ceiling height of the object spacewas established as 2.7m and the height of the workplane as 0.75m based on the results of the workplacesurvey. The reflectance of interior surface was set to 0.8 forthe ceiling surface, 0.5 for the wall surface, and 0.2 for thefloor surface according to the recommendation of theIESNA [11].

The illuminances on the grid points at intervals of 0.3mwere calculated and the average illuminance and unifor-mity were derived from these values. The illuminances

derived from the simulation were corrected based on thereduction of illuminance on the work plane by partitions inthe workplace. From the simulation results, illuminanceand uniformity were derived for the candidates of thelighting planning module. Based on these results, thelighting planning modules which satisfy the illuminance of500�700 lx and the uniformity of higher than 0.8 wereobtained. The organized simulation cases and obtainedlighting planning modules are as shown in Tables 5 and 6,respectively (Fig. 5).For the line type layout, lighting planning modules

of more various sizes can be organized than for thespot or square type, because the width and depth of the linetype can be changed independently but not those of thespot or square type. As a result, there are more lightingplanning modules which satisfy the standard of visualenvironment for the line type than for the spot or squaretypes.In determining lighting layout type, the fact that the

range of lighting planning modules which satisfy thestandard of visual environment is limited for the spot andsquare types should be considered carefully. Because spottype lighting planning modules are somewhat small, theycan also be used in the architectural modules that aremultiples of the lighting planning module size. But the

square type can be used in only large lighting planningmodules of more than 3.0m depth, so it lacks flexibility incombining with architectural modules.

Table 5

Organized simulation case

0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.5 4.8

MW, MD (m)Lightinglayout

Spot (1)

Spot (2)

Square(1)

Square(2)

FL32W×1FL32W×2FL32W×3

FL20W×2FL20W×3

FL32W×1FL32W×2

FL32W×2 3.0(MW)× 1.8(MD)

9 × 9Module

7 × 7Module

5 × 5Module

FL32W×11.5(MW)×1.8(MD)

FL32W×23.0(MW)×1.8(MD)

FL32W×33.0(MW)×3.0(MD)

Wall Center Wall

Number of module (N× N)

3×3 5×5 7×7 9× 9 11 ×11

Fig. 4. Distribution of the illuminance by visual environment simulation.

5.2. Development of the mechanical planning module

integrated with the lighting planning module

The span of a diffuser is determined by consideringthermal load, shape, flow rate, throw of the diffuser and soon. The diffuser’s flow rate and throw, especially covers avery wide range and the types and performances of thediffuser is more diverse than those of lighting fixtures.Therefore, generally, the diffuser is arranged with thelighting fixture after the lighting layout is determined.In developing the mechanical planning module, the

practical planning process must be reflected and alsoorganic combination with the lighting planning modulemust be considered. Therefore, the diffuser should bearranged to organically integrate with the lightingplanning module. Mechanical planning modules whichsatisfy the standard are developed by evaluation of thethermal performance of the organic integration of themechanical planning module with the lighting planningmodule. The span of the diffuser is determined based on itscharacteristics (throw: the maximum distance between theplane of a supply diffuser and a plane which is tangentialto the jet envelope and perpendicular to the initial jetdirection), so that the service area of each diffuser does notoverlap.To prevent a short circuit, the outlet is arranged

regularly among the inlets and examples of the inlet andoutlet positions are as shown in Fig. 6 [15].Considering above mentioned and the aesthetic aspect,

the diffuser was integrated with the developed lightingplanning module.From the analysis of the relationship between the shape

of the layout and the size of the lighting planning module,the line type was categorized to 10(4 for round and squarediffuser, 6 for line diffuser), spot type to 3 and square typeto 2. The results are shown in Fig. 7.

5.1 5.4

Number ofcandidates

(9×10)×3

FL20W×2FL20W×3

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Table 6

Developed lighting planning module

1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9

Line type;

spot(1)type; spot(2) type;

square(2) type;square(1) type;

FL32W× 1; FL32W× 2, FL20W× 2;

FL32W× 3,FL20W× 3.

Lighting layout type Resultof the visual environment simulation

1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9MD (m)

Illuminance (lx)

1.2×0.3m5,800lm

MW (m)

1.51.82.12.42.73.03.33.63.9

Under 0.8

0.8 -0.9

More than 0.9

Uniformity

Developed lighting planning module (MW×MD)

1.5×2.71.5×3.01.5×3.3

1.8×2.11.8×2.41.8×2.71.8×3.0

2.1×1.82.1×2.12.1×2.4

2.4×1.82.4×2.12.7×1.52.7×1.8

3.0×1.53.0×1.83.3×1.23.3×1.5

3.6×1.23.6×1.53.9×1.2

Fig. 5. Example of the developed lighting planning module(line type,

FL32W� 2).

The mechanical planning module might affect workplacethermal environment, and it should meet the standardsof thermal environment. To obtain the mechanical plan-ning modules integrated with the lighting planning moduleswhich satisfy the evaluation standard of thermal environ-ment, the thermal environment of those modules should beevaluated and the modules which satisfy the standardshould be selected. For this selection, CFD simulationswere performed using Airpak. From the survey results, theinternal heat gain was determined, and the heat of thelighting planning module was used in simulation.Commonly, the standard of �0.5oPMVo0.5(ISO

Standard 7730) is applied to evaluate the thermal environ-ment, and so it was selected as an evaluation standard inour study. Additionally, to compare with the alternatives,ADPI (air distribution performance index) and mean ageof air were evaluated.Based on these simulations, the mechanical planning

modules integrated with the lighting planning moduleswere obtained. Thirty mechanical planning modules weredeveloped for the line type layout, 10 for the spot type andfour for the square type. Lighting heat, ADPI and meanage of air were analyzed for these 44 mechanical planningmodules, and the result is as shown in Table 7.Table 7 shows the developed mechanical planning

module integrated with the lighting planning module.Additionally, the performance comparison data wereprovided for workplace planners in the early stage ofarchitectural design. Using this, workplace planners easilyfound how their decisions on the architectural planning

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Return

Throw / 2

Return

Service Area

Throw / 2

Round or Square type diffuser Line type diffuser

Return slot for plenumreturn Service area for air-conditioning

Fig. 6. Example of the inlet and outlet position.

Luminaire ReturnDiffuser

Fig. 7. Layout classification of the mechanical planning module integrated with the lighting planning module.

will affect the lighting and mechanical planning. Also theycould review various alternatives and select the ones thatbest reflect their design intentions.

5.3. Development of the integrated workplace planning

module

Lighting planning modules and mechanical planningmodules reflect the planning strategy of lighting fixturesand diffusers, which are installed on the ceiling. Sprinklersystems and speaker systems can also be integrated withthese planning modules to satisfy functional and aestheticrequirements. Sprinkler systems are arranged less than2.3m apart according to Korean fire code(in case fireproofconstruction), as well as considering the position of lightingfixtures and diffusers. Speaker systems are arrangedconsidering the position of lighting fixtures, diffusers, and

sprinklers without legal restriction, because there is noofficial regulation concerning their layout [16].By integrating the sprinkler and speaker systems with

lighting and mechanical planning modules, 44 integratedworkplace planning modules were developed. Informationon each integrated workplace planning module was alsoprovided, including its dimension and shape, type oflighting fixtures and diffusers, and visual and thermalperformance data, as shown in Table 8. With thisinformation, workplace planners can predict and estimatethe environmental performance and the features ofequipments in the workplace. Workplace planners canselect the optimum integrated workplace planning moduleamong various alternatives by considering aesthetic aspectssuch as the type and layout of equipments as well as thequality of visual and thermal environments, and the use ofthe workplace. For example, an integrated workplaceplanning module ensuring better visual environment can

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Table 7

Developed mechanical planning modules integrated with the lighting planning modules and the performance comparison of those modules

MWL: Lighting planning module width; MDL: lighting planning module depth; MWM: mechanical planning module width; MDM: mechanical planning

module depth.

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Table 8

Examples for integrated workplace planning modules and their performance data

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Table 8 (continued )

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In tegrat ed workplac e planning modul e

Genera l Design Pr ocess Design Suppo rt System Pr ocess

Workpl aceplanne r

Floor pla nning

In teriorDesigner

Determ inat ion of theceiling layou t

Electr icalEngineer

Determ inat ion of theillum inan ce criteria

Selection of th e luminair eand lighting pla nning

Mechan icalEngineer

Load calculat ion an ddeterm inat ion of th e

HVAC system

Selection of th e diffuserand mechan ical planni ng

Review of th e related lawand other mechan ical

equipm ent ar ra ngement

Workpl aceplanner

Floor planning

Selection of the light inglayout , luminair e an d

diffuser ty pe

Review and selection ofth e al tern at ive

Specification and advan cement ofth e al tern at ives indi vidually

In teriorDesigner

Electr icalEngineer

Mech anicalEngineer

Coor dina tion and read ju stmentbetween th e work plac e plann er an dother designer or engineer could beminimi zed

Efficient workpla ce plan ning wouldbe enab led

In tegrat ed work place planni ng modul e

Fig. 8. Comparison of the general design process and the design support system process.

be selected for a studio design among various integratedworkplace planning modules.

6. Conclusion

The objective of this study is to develop a design supportsystem for effective planning of the integrated workplaceperformance. For this, the concept of the integratedworkplace planning module was proposed. To obtainintegrated workplace planning modules, by which one canconsider the environmental performance prior to architec-tural design, firstly the status of the workplace planningand its equipment was analyzed. Secondly, the lighting andmechanical equipments were organized and through thevisual and thermal environment simulation, environmentalperformance of the workplace was evaluated. Finally,integrated workplace planning modules were developed byintegrating other mechanical equipments.

This design support system can help architects toevaluate and compare their workplace planning alterna-tives on the basis of quantitative environmental perfor-mance data, when they are planning new offices orremodeling existing offices. Eventually, workplace plannerscan use this information to create a more reasonable andadvanced design.

Through the design support system, the workplaceplanners can easily examine how their decisions onarchitectural planning will affect the lighting and mechan-ical planning in the early stage of architectural designto achieve the more efficient design work. The generaldesign process and the design support system process arecompared in Fig. 8.

An integrated workplace planning module can beselected and adjusted to the needs of the user in the earlystage of architectural design, and through this process, anefficient workplace planning, which pre-considers theenvironmental aspects as well as shape, dimension andmodular planning, can be achieved.A workplace applied with ambient and direct lighting

and overhead air supply was studied. But there have beenmany examples of the application of TAL(task andambient lighting) and underfloor air-conditioning system,recently. Therefore, integrated workplace planning mod-ules applying TAL and underfloor air-conditioning systemshould be developed.In this study, an interior space unaffected by external

disturbances such as outdoor air temperature, solarradiation, and so on were evaluated; thus, the perimeterzone should also be studied. Additionally, OA (officeautomation) and workstations related with the spatialperformance of a workplace should be considered at thestage of architectural design. Therefore, further studies areneeded to develop integrated workplace planning modulesconsidering these aspects based on the results of this study.

Acknowledgments

This work was carried out in the framework of the‘Research and development of technologies for environ-ment-friendly smart building systems’ research project,supported by the Korea Ministry of Construction andTransportation. The authors would like to appreciate theseinstitutions for their support in this research.

ARTICLE IN PRESSJ.-H. Kim et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 1286–13001300

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a design support system for effective planning of the integrated workplace performance

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