a. a. definition b. b. history 1. 1. microscopes cytology i. i. introduction
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A. DefinitionB. History1.
Microscopes
Cytology
I. Introduction
a. In the 16th century, Galileo used simple pieces of glass to visualize and describe the eye of an insect.b. In the 17th century, Van Leeuwenhoek ground glass to visualize the structure of cells like bacteria and sperm.c. Robert Hooke used ground glass to visualize cork structure and coined the term “cellulae” or cell.
The advantage of a microscope magnification and resolution; Magnification to enlarge; Resolution to clearly distinguish two objects or clarity
2. Cell Theory
In the 19th century Schleiden and Schwann said a. Cells are the smallest functional units
of life andb. All living things are made up of cells.
Later in the 19th century Virchow and Pasteur added
c. Cells only arise from pre-existing cells.
A. Microscopes1. Light
II. Cytological Tools
a. Bright Field
b. Dark Field
c. Phase Contrast
d. Confocal
2. Electron
a. Transmission
b. Scanning
c. Environmental TEM/SEM
B. Stains
a. Vital Stains are mainly from various plant pigments.
for Contrast
b. Antibody stains are more specific and are made by exposing antigen to some host animal.
More Contrast
A. Strategies1.
Prokaryotes
III. Basic Cell Design
a. Cell Size Limits Surface to Volume Ratio
Figure 4.2
b. Characteristics
Figure 4.4
2. Eukaryotes
Representative Animal Cell
Figure 4.7
Representative Plant Cell
Figure 4.8
B. Parts1. Cell Membranea. Molecular
Structure
Figure 4.5
Which molecule would act as an impermeable barrier?Which molecule would act as an cellular label or antenna?Which molecule(s) would act as a transporter?
Which molecule(s) would act to stiffen the membrane?
b. Functions
Membrane Protein Functions
i. Passive Transport
Requirements = With a Concentration Gradient, Small Molecules, Requires No Energy Expenditure, and Relatively Non-polarMechanisms = Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis
Page 82
Osmosis movement of a solvent (usually H2O) across a semi-permeable membrane
Figure 5.13
ii. Active Transport
Requirements = Uses Energy, Protein Channel, Large Molecules, and Goes against the Concentration GradientMechanisms = Molecular
Figure 5.14
Mechanisms = Bulk
Figure 5.15
If the arrowheads were reversed could you tell the difference?
Mechanisms = Cell-Mediated
Once inside the vesicle is the material really inside the cell?
Figure 5.16
2. Cytosol = Cell Sapa.
Consistencyb. Molecular Make-up
a. Cytosol consistency like thickening Jell-Ob. Molecular make-up 92% is water, 7% protein, and the rest is gases, salts, lipids, and the like dissolved in the water
3. Organelles = Cell Machinerya. Membrane Bound
Nucleus = the keeper of the plans
Figure 4.9
Chromatin, nucleolus envelope, and pores,
Endomembrane System = rER, sER, and Golgi
Figure 4.12
House cleaners -> Lysosome or Peroxisome
Energy Transformers = the Chloroplast and the Mitochondria
Figure 4.14
Figure 4.15
Vacuoles = Cell storage sites
Animal Types = Food (sugars, lipids, etc), or Contractile (water storage)Plant Types = Central (water storage), Amyloplasts (store starch), and Chromoplasts (store Pigments)
b. Non-Membrane Bound
Cytoskeleton
Figure 4.17
Ribosome and CentriolesFigure 4.19
C. Cellular Specializations1. Microvilli
Microvilli = short non-moving membrane extensions (orange area) to increase cell’s overall surface area
3. Flagella
2. Cilia
Flagella = longer cellular extensions to move the entire cell
Cilia = long, moving internal cellular extensions to move something across the cell surface.
Figure 4.20
4. Intercellular Junctions
i. Plants
ii. Animals
Figure 4.11
Figure 4.21
Figure 4.23
Always think function?
5. Extracellular Interactions
Always think function?
Focus on the goal.
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