9.2 the homfront

9.2The Home

FrontMobilizing not an army, but a nation.

This was America’s first major modern war after being

isolationists for so long. We were not ready for a major war, so Wilson created organizations

to organize the economy, workforce, and the military. “Mobilize not an army, but a

nation.”

Building the Military• When the U.S. first went to war in April of

1917, it had about 300,000 soldiers.• The government decided that conscription

was the only way to build numbers.• About 2 million men volunteered• The Selective Service Act of 1917 required

all males between 21 and 30 to sign up for the draft.

• 2.8 million were drafted

Draftees Lining Up

On July 9, 1917, Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman were sentenced to two-year prison terms for

violating the Selective Service Act of 1917.

Propaganda for Enlistment

U.S. Citizens Involved

• 400,000 African Americans served in the war effort.

• 11,000 women served in the armed forces. Their jobs included:

1. Nurses 4. Pharmacists 2. Radio operators 5. Chemists3. Electricians 6. Torpedo builders

Think about what this meant:

Black soldiers are being asked to fight for global democracy when they aren’t even allowed many basic liberties in the US.

369th Infantry Regiment• US had black soldiers, but didn’t generally

let them fight (cooks, cleaners, etc)• The 369th was based out of Brooklyn, and

was “given” to the French, and send to the trenches immediately

• 191 days in trenches…1,500 causalities• Nicknamed the “Harlem Hellfighters” and

the “Black Rattlers” for the fighting• French awarded them the Croix de Guerre

(“war cross”) for their bravery in battle

Women in the War…Remember they still can’t vote

Funding The War• The War Industries Board (WIB) was created to supervise

the construction of war materials like tanks, guns, etc. • The Food Administration (FA) was responsible for

increasing production but reducing public consumption. People were placed on food stamps so you wouldn’t over spend.

• The FA also wanted you to observe wheatless Mondays, meatless Tuesdays, and porkless Thursdays.

• The FA encouraged people to plant “victory gardens” to grow their own crops which would make more available for the troops.

Funding The War• The Fuel Administration encouraged people to save

on oil, gas, and coal. They also introduced daylight savings time and shortened workweeks for non war factories. Also wanted you to practice heatless Mondays.

• Congress raised taxes and sold Liberty Bonds to help fund the war. These bonds were loans people would make to the government and they would be paid back with interest.

Women enter a “man’s” workforce

The Great Migration Begins

Congress Takes ActionCommittee on Public Information

(CPI)- This was formed to “sell” the war to the people. They made movies, posters, and hired movie stars, artists, and authors to speak to the public.

• “4 minute men” were trained to travel to different cities and give speeches to churches, schools, etc

Famous actor Douglas Fairbanks raising money for the war

Congress Takes Action…See ya later civil liberties

• The Espionage Act of 1917- This was established to punish those people who gave secrets away to aid the enemy. It also punished anyone who interfere with the draft or the war.

• Does not allow "communication of national defense information to persons not entitled to receive it."

• provided penalties of 20 years imprisonment and fines up to $10,000 for those convicted of interfering with military recruitment.

Congress Takes Action part 2• The Sedition Act of 1918- This made it illegal to

express opposition to the war. You could not criticize the President or Congress about the war.

• An amendment to the espionage act and was to be only valid in times of war

• "the nation's most extreme antispeech legislation”• one historian reports that "some fifteen hundred

prosecutions were carried out under the Espionage and Sedition Acts, resulting in more than a thousand convictions."

• Whereas the espionage act was against action, this legislated words

Congress takes action part 3

Supreme Court Case Schenck v. the United States • Charles Schenck mailed draftees pamphlets telling

them that the draft was wrong and to write letters of protest.

(1919) This went against the First Amendment of free speech but the court said that an individuals freedom was curbed when the words instituted a clear and present danger.

* This decision is the famous “fire in a theatre” where you can’t lie and hinder everyone’s right to safety.

Eugene Debs was arrested in Ohio for giving an anti-war speech

• Watch the video that got Eugene V. Debs arrested

This stuff is happening again with Wikileaks and US Patriot Act

Worldwide Flu

• Influenza spread throughout the world from 1918-1919.

• This disease affected 25% of the U.S. population.

• It killed about 500,000 Americans.• It killed about 25-50 million people all over

the world.