8. paradigm shift tg 2012
Post on 24-Oct-2014
121 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Oleh:
Dr. Ir. Eko Widianto, MT
Jurusan Teknik GeologiFakultas Teknologi Kebumian dan Energi Universitas TRISAKTI
2012
LECTURE MATERIALS
1. INTRODUCTION (1X) a. Definitionb. Geophysical Methods and their main applicationsc. Level of Petroleum Investigation
2. REFLECTION SEISMIC (5X) a. Fundamental of Seismic Reflection Methodb. Acquisitionc. Processingd. Interpretatione. Exercise
1. GRAVITY (3X) a. Introduction and general application of gravity datab. Paradigm Shift in Gravity data utilizationc. Gravity and Petroleum Systemd. Time-Lapse Microgravity Technology for Reservoir Monitoring
2. MAGNETIC (1X) a. General Application of Magnetic Data
LECTURE MATERIALS
1. INTRODUCTION (1X) a. Definitionb. Geophysical Methods and their main applicationsc. Level of Petroleum Investigation
2. REFLECTION SEISMIC (5X) a. Fundamental of Seismic Reflection Methodb. Acquisitionc. Processingd. Interpretatione. Exercise
1. GRAVITY (3X) a. Introduction and general application of gravity datab. Gravity data analysis for Oil and Gas Explorationc. Paradigm Shift in Gravity data utilizationd. Gravity data analysis for Oil and Gas Reservoir Monitoring (Time lapse)
2. MAGNETIC (1X) a. General Application of Magnetic Data
EXPLORATION PHASE
DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION
PHASE
Frequently used Frequently used of of geophysical methods geophysical methods for surface recording and typical applicationfor surface recording and typical applicationGeophysical method
Physical property measured
Typical applications Comment on applicability
Seismology Seismic wave velocity, seismic impedance contrast, attenuation, anisotropy
Delineation of stratigraphy and structures in petroleum exploration
Exploration seismology is the most widely used geophysical method in petroleum exploration.
Gravity Surveys Rock density contrast Reconnaissance of large-scale density anomalies in petroleum and mineral exploration
Gravity survey are generally less expensive but have less resolving power than seismic exploration.
Magnetic Surveys Magnetic susceptibility or the rock’s intrinsic magnetization
Reconnaissance of the crustal magnetic properties, especially for determination of basement features
Aeromagnetic surveys are widely used in both petroleum and mining application for determining large, deep structure.
Electrical and electromagnetic surveys
Rock resistivity, capacitance, and inductance properties
Mineral exploration These methods are used most frequently in mining exploration and well logging (resistivity, SP, and induction log)
(Lines and Newrick, 2004)
7
GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC ANALYSIS CAN ADDRESS VARIOUS PETROLEUM ISSUES (1)
ISSUE GRAVITY & MAGNETIC TASK INTEGRATED WITH
Source Rock Deposition Where were the source rocks deposited? How deep are the source rocks?
Depth to magnetic basementRegional basin enhancements
Seismic dataRegional geology
Source Maturation Where are the “cooking pots” and fetch
areas? What is the present-day heat influx into
the basin and how much dose it vary? What is the thickness of the crust? What is the overburden?
Depth to magnetic basementIsostatic residualSediment thicknessDepth versus density modelingRegional structural modelingCurie point (regional heat flow)Delineation of volcanic
Seismic dataWell dataDensity and Velocity dataHeat-flow data
Hydrocarbon Migration How much relief is there on the
basement? What are the “shape” of the “cooking
pots”? Are major vertical conduits near surface
areas? Are major lineations present and how do
they relate with more recent geologic features?
Magnetic inversionDepth to magnetic basementVertical fault identificationGradient analysisRegional depocenter and sediment path enhancement
Well and outcrop dataTopographyRemote sensingSeismic dataSequence stratigraphic analysisSeismicity
8
GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC ANALYSIS CAN ADDRESS VARIOUS PETROLEUM ISSUES (2)
ISSUE GRAVITY & MAGNETIC TASK INTEGRATED WITH
Reservoir PredictionWhere are the thickest sediment?Where are the highest sand probability?Where was the sources of sedimentation?What is the influence of tectonic on deposition?Have the sediment depocenters shifted over time?What is the compaction history of the sediments?Do the sands have lateral continuity and connectivity?
Depocenter and sediment path enhancement.Integrated basin modelingDensity inversionProvenance (magnetic lithology) determinationSedimentary magnetic analysisPaleomagnetic analysisIntegrated velocity analysis (2-D and 3-D)
Seismic data
Lithology data (outcrop and well)Sequence stratigraphic analysisBiostratigraphic data
TrapWhere are the major structures?What is the structural grain?Are faults in the sedimentary section?Are lateral porosity changes present?
Residuals and enhancements2-D/3-D structural/stratigraphic modelingFault identification – gradient analysisStructural inversionDensity inversion
Seismic dataOutcrop informationTopographyRemote sensingSeismicity
Development and Production Phases:Problem statement
1. How we can build reservoir model accurately?
2. How we can monitor and image the dynamic properties of reservoir until field termination?
3. How we can optimize production?4. How we can improve the Recovery
Factor?
What reservoir properties do we want to predict?
The critical reservoir characteristicThe critical reservoir characteristic
Static properties:1. Fluid phase (oil and gas
percent)2. Areal extent of the trap3. Depth4. Thickness5. Compartmentalization6. Reservoir net to gross7. Porosity
Dynamic properties:
1. Well deliverability2. Reservoir
connectivity3. Permeability4. Pressure change5. Phase change6. Reservoir
compaction
GeologicalModel
GeophysicalModel
GeochemicalModel
Petrophysical
Model
GeomechanicalModel
FluidModel
ProductionLoggingModel
TracerModel
Well testModel
RESERVOIRMODEL
RESERVOIRMODEL Tracer
Data
ProductionLogging
Data
FluidData
GeomechanicalData
PetrophysicalData
GeochemicalData
GeophysicalData
Well testData
Geological Data
Multi-diciplin approach for reservoir model
13
Project Project phasephase
Critical subsurface Critical subsurface informationinformation
Technology Technology IInvolvementnvolvement
1) Exploration Proven Petroleum System and Play Resources information
Geophysics Geology Concept Drilling
2) Delineation Total hydrocarbon volume Areal limits of petroleum reservoir Deliverability
Geophysics Geology Concept Drilling Reservoir
3) Development
Compartmentalization Exact locations of development wells
Geophysics Development Geology Drilling Reservoir
4) Production Hydrocarbon saturation and pressure changes Flow restrictions and channeling
Production Reservoir Geophysics
Some aspects which drive gravity utilization
Improve Recovery FactorHardware / InstrumentationMulti Dicipline ApproachEfficient Time Lapse Technology for Reservoir MonitoringProblems in Geophysical Acquisition due to Geological conditionsSocial Problem
http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/4d4/what-is.html
http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/4d4/what-is.html
TACTICS Regional reconnaissance
Petroleum system analysis
Play analysis
Establishing exploration focus and G&G expenditure
Prospect identification and risk assessment
Lease and G&G acquisition
Tectono- stratigraphic framework
Basin Modeling
Prospect Risk reduction
Drill-site decision (less complex prospect)
Asset delineation and development
Drill-site decision ( complex imaging)
Reservoir performance monitoring
Enhance recovery
Gibson, R.I. & Millegan, P.S.; 1998
Gibson, R.I. & Millegan, P.S.; 1998
USE HIGHER RESOLUTION MAGNETIC DATA USE HIGHER RESOLUTION MAGNETIC DATA
MAGNETIC UTILIZATION
Regional depth to magnetic basementRegional tectonic analysisEuler deconvolutionCurie point analysis
Detailed basement interpretationDetailed fault and lineament analysisDelineation of volcanics, salt, and shale
Detailed, integrated 2D/3D modeling- faulting, basement structure, volcanic, salt edges, and sediment timing “Depth slicing” and lineament analysisSedimentary magnetic analysis
Detailed 2D / 3D modeling inversionIntegrated depth migration (pre- or postack) Magneto- startigraphy
None published
MAGNETICRESOLUTION REQUIRED *
20 km spacing5 – 8 km grid1 – 5 nTContinental grids, older surveys
2 – 5 km spacing1 - 2 km grid0.5 – 2 nTModern digital surveys, marine surveys, digitized older analog surveys
0.5 - 1 km spacing0.1 – 0.5 nTHigh-resolution, low- altitude surveys
0.25 – 0.5 km spacing0.1 – 0.5 nTHigh-resolution, low-altitude surveysBorehole magnetometer
* Typical required resolution; needs to be tailored to source depth and signal strength
20Modified from Gibson, R.I. & Millegan, P.S.; 1998
THE PARADIGM SHIFT IN GRAVITY DATA UTILIZATION THE PARADIGM SHIFT IN GRAVITY DATA UTILIZATION BY USING THEBY USING THE HIGHER RESOLUTION HIGHER RESOLUTION OF OF GRAVITY DATA GRAVITY DATA
GRAVITY UTILIZATION
Isostatic residual Regional tectonic analisisBasin and depocenter enhancementRegional modelingDigital data integration (with remote sensing, etc)
Semiregional structural / stratiigraphic modelingTarget-spesific enhancementsLayer stripping for improved delineation of exploration targetsSensitivity studies tied to density and lithology
Detailed, integrated 2D / 3D modeling (with seismic horizons, density, and velocity information)Porosity / pressure predictionSalt edge / base determinationEnhanced velocity analysis
Integrated 3D rock properties and velocity modelingIntegrated depth migration (pre-or poststack)Borehole gravity- remote porosity detectionDetection of shallow hazards
Integrated reservoir characterization
Borehole gravity
Time-lapse precision gravity , including for Carbon Storage Monitoring
GRAVITY RESOLUTION REQUIRED *
1 – 5 mGal2 – 20 km wavelengthContinental grids, satelite gravity, airborne gravity
0.2 – 1 mGal1 – 5 km wavelengthConventional marine and land surveys
0.1 – 0.5 mGal0.5 – 2 km wavelengthHigh-resolution land and marine surveys
0.1 – 0.5 mGal0.2 – 1 km wavelength0.01 – 0.005 mGal (borehole)High-resolution land, marine, and gradiometer surveys
0.02 – 0.1 mGal1 – 5 years
21
top related