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5G Wireless Networks: Small-Cells, Massive MIMOand New Spectrum Opportunities
Stephen Hanly
Macquarie UniversityNorth Ryde, NSW 2109
Thursday, April 9, 2015
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 1 / 30
Talk Summary
1 The Spectrum Crunch and Possible SolutionsSmall CellsMassive MIMOMore SpectrumBetter Utilization of Spectrum
2 The Economics of future wireless networks
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 2 / 30
Talk Summary
1 The Spectrum Crunch and Possible SolutionsSmall CellsMassive MIMOMore SpectrumBetter Utilization of Spectrum
2 The Economics of future wireless networks
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 2 / 30
5G and the Spectrum Crunch
Massive growth in datarequirements on network
Driven by massivepopularity of mobile data
Smart-phones, tablets,mobile video!
New applications: D2D,tactile internet, virtualreality
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 3 / 30
5G Specifications
Aggregate data rateincrease of 1000×
Per-link and Edge rate:increase by 100×Latency: reduce by an orderof magnitude
Energy: cost/bit decreaseby 100×new control plane to handlethousands of devices per cell
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 4 / 30
5G Specifications
Aggregate data rateincrease of 1000×Per-link and Edge rate:increase by 100×
Latency: reduce by an orderof magnitude
Energy: cost/bit decreaseby 100×new control plane to handlethousands of devices per cell
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 4 / 30
5G Specifications
Aggregate data rateincrease of 1000×Per-link and Edge rate:increase by 100×Latency: reduce by an orderof magnitude
Energy: cost/bit decreaseby 100×new control plane to handlethousands of devices per cell
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 4 / 30
5G Specifications
Aggregate data rateincrease of 1000×Per-link and Edge rate:increase by 100×Latency: reduce by an orderof magnitude
Energy: cost/bit decreaseby 100×
new control plane to handlethousands of devices per cell
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 4 / 30
5G Specifications
Aggregate data rateincrease of 1000×Per-link and Edge rate:increase by 100×Latency: reduce by an orderof magnitude
Energy: cost/bit decreaseby 100×new control plane to handlethousands of devices per cell
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 4 / 30
How on earth?
The big three:
Cell densification and offloading
Massive MIMO
More spectrum
Also important:
Better spectrum utilization
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 5 / 30
How on earth?The big three:
Cell densification and offloading
Massive MIMO
More spectrum
Also important:
Better spectrum utilization
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 5 / 30
How on earth?The big three:
Cell densification and offloading
Massive MIMO
More spectrum
Also important:
Better spectrum utilization
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 5 / 30
Cell densification and Offloading
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 6 / 30
Small Cells
Re-use spectrum: make cells smaller
Offload traffic from macro-cells onto pico and femto-cells or evenWiFi
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 7 / 30
Massive MIMO
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 8 / 30
Massive MIMO
Multiple antennas allow beamforming
With massive antenna arrays, channelsalmost orthogonal
Negligible interference: can supportvery high data rates
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 9 / 30
Massive MIMO: Challenges
Conjugate beamforming: base station needs an estimate of thechannel vector to each mobile k
In massive MIMO, a huge number of parameters
In a time division duplex system pilots sequences can be used
However, in multi-cell systems, the same pilot sequences are re-usedin multiple cells ⇒ pilot contamination.
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 10 / 30
Massive MIMO: Challenges
Conjugate beamforming: base station needs an estimate of thechannel vector to each mobile k
In massive MIMO, a huge number of parameters
In a time division duplex system pilots sequences can be used
However, in multi-cell systems, the same pilot sequences are re-usedin multiple cells ⇒ pilot contamination.
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 10 / 30
Massive MIMO: Challenges
Conjugate beamforming: base station needs an estimate of thechannel vector to each mobile k
In massive MIMO, a huge number of parameters
In a time division duplex system pilots sequences can be used
However, in multi-cell systems, the same pilot sequences are re-usedin multiple cells ⇒ pilot contamination.
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 10 / 30
Massive MIMO: Challenges
Conjugate beamforming: base station needs an estimate of thechannel vector to each mobile k
In massive MIMO, a huge number of parameters
In a time division duplex system pilots sequences can be used
However, in multi-cell systems, the same pilot sequences are re-usedin multiple cells
⇒ pilot contamination.
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 10 / 30
Massive MIMO: Challenges
Conjugate beamforming: base station needs an estimate of thechannel vector to each mobile k
In massive MIMO, a huge number of parameters
In a time division duplex system pilots sequences can be used
However, in multi-cell systems, the same pilot sequences are re-usedin multiple cells ⇒ pilot contamination.
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 10 / 30
Massive MIMO: Challenges
If each antenna is connected to a power amplifier then massiveMIMO will be very expensive.
Reduce the cost by reducing the number of RF chains
⇒ Hybrid Beamforming.
Hybrid Beamforming: mix of analog and digital beamforming.
The performance of hybrid beamforming is not yet well understood.
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 11 / 30
Massive MIMO: Challenges
If each antenna is connected to a power amplifier then massiveMIMO will be very expensive.
Reduce the cost by reducing the number of RF chains
⇒ Hybrid Beamforming.
Hybrid Beamforming: mix of analog and digital beamforming.
The performance of hybrid beamforming is not yet well understood.
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 11 / 30
Massive MIMO: Challenges
If each antenna is connected to a power amplifier then massiveMIMO will be very expensive.
Reduce the cost by reducing the number of RF chains
⇒ Hybrid Beamforming.
Hybrid Beamforming: mix of analog and digital beamforming.
The performance of hybrid beamforming is not yet well understood.
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 11 / 30
Massive MIMO: Challenges
If each antenna is connected to a power amplifier then massiveMIMO will be very expensive.
Reduce the cost by reducing the number of RF chains
⇒ Hybrid Beamforming.
Hybrid Beamforming: mix of analog and digital beamforming.
The performance of hybrid beamforming is not yet well understood.
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 11 / 30
Massive MIMO: Challenges
If each antenna is connected to a power amplifier then massiveMIMO will be very expensive.
Reduce the cost by reducing the number of RF chains
⇒ Hybrid Beamforming.
Hybrid Beamforming: mix of analog and digital beamforming.
The performance of hybrid beamforming is not yet well understood.
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 11 / 30
More spectrum
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 12 / 30
mmWave communications
30-300 GHz largely idle
Hostile propagation conditions
Tiny antennas: large propagation losses
Exorbitant equipment costs
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 13 / 30
mmWave communications: Challenges
Totally different propagation compared to traditional cellular
mmWave more like light beams
Massive difference between LOS and NLOS
Links “good” or in outage
Channels vary much faster, and there will be high channel variabilityacross space
Typical communication will be over a couple of 100 metres at most
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 14 / 30
mmWave communications: Challenges
Totally different propagation compared to traditional cellular
mmWave more like light beams
Massive difference between LOS and NLOS
Links “good” or in outage
Channels vary much faster, and there will be high channel variabilityacross space
Typical communication will be over a couple of 100 metres at most
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 14 / 30
mmWave communications: Challenges
Totally different propagation compared to traditional cellular
mmWave more like light beams
Massive difference between LOS and NLOS
Links “good” or in outage
Channels vary much faster, and there will be high channel variabilityacross space
Typical communication will be over a couple of 100 metres at most
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 14 / 30
mmWave communications: Challenges
Totally different propagation compared to traditional cellular
mmWave more like light beams
Massive difference between LOS and NLOS
Links “good” or in outage
Channels vary much faster, and there will be high channel variabilityacross space
Typical communication will be over a couple of 100 metres at most
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 14 / 30
mmWave communications: Challenges
Totally different propagation compared to traditional cellular
mmWave more like light beams
Massive difference between LOS and NLOS
Links “good” or in outage
Channels vary much faster, and there will be high channel variabilityacross space
Typical communication will be over a couple of 100 metres at most
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 14 / 30
mmWave communications: Challenges
Totally different propagation compared to traditional cellular
mmWave more like light beams
Massive difference between LOS and NLOS
Links “good” or in outage
Channels vary much faster, and there will be high channel variabilityacross space
Typical communication will be over a couple of 100 metres at most
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 14 / 30
mmWave communications: Challenges and Opportunities
Blockage is a major problem, even the user’s own body
Sparse channels (few paths) requires beamforming at both endsFinding and focusing beams is a major challengeDistance is no longer the main determining factor for signal strengthCell-association with closest base station may be highly suboptimalNeed to rethink cellular architecture!
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 15 / 30
mmWave communications: Challenges and Opportunities
Blockage is a major problem, even the user’s own bodySparse channels (few paths) requires beamforming at both ends
Finding and focusing beams is a major challengeDistance is no longer the main determining factor for signal strengthCell-association with closest base station may be highly suboptimalNeed to rethink cellular architecture!
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 15 / 30
mmWave communications: Challenges and Opportunities
Blockage is a major problem, even the user’s own bodySparse channels (few paths) requires beamforming at both endsFinding and focusing beams is a major challenge
Distance is no longer the main determining factor for signal strengthCell-association with closest base station may be highly suboptimalNeed to rethink cellular architecture!
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 15 / 30
mmWave communications: Challenges and Opportunities
Blockage is a major problem, even the user’s own bodySparse channels (few paths) requires beamforming at both endsFinding and focusing beams is a major challengeDistance is no longer the main determining factor for signal strength
Cell-association with closest base station may be highly suboptimalNeed to rethink cellular architecture!
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 15 / 30
mmWave communications: Challenges and Opportunities
Blockage is a major problem, even the user’s own bodySparse channels (few paths) requires beamforming at both endsFinding and focusing beams is a major challengeDistance is no longer the main determining factor for signal strengthCell-association with closest base station may be highly suboptimal
Need to rethink cellular architecture!
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 15 / 30
mmWave communications: Challenges and Opportunities
Blockage is a major problem, even the user’s own bodySparse channels (few paths) requires beamforming at both endsFinding and focusing beams is a major challengeDistance is no longer the main determining factor for signal strengthCell-association with closest base station may be highly suboptimalNeed to rethink cellular architecture!
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 15 / 30
Better utilization of Spectrum
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 16 / 30
Spectrum Allocation
Radio Spectrum has for many years been allocated in a static,centralized way
But allocations can become outdated as applications and technologychange - an engineering and economic problem!
THIS CHART WAS CREATED BY DELMON C. MORRISONJUNE 1, 2011
UNITEDSTATES
THE RADIO SPECTRUM
NON-GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE
GOVERNMENT/NON-GOVERNMENT SHAREDGOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE
RADIO SERVICES COLOR LEGEND
ACTIVITY CODE
PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPECTRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNT OF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.
ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATIONSERVICE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Primary FIXED Capital LettersSecondary Mobile 1st Capital with lower case letters
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENational Telecommunications and Information AdministrationOffice of Spectrum Management
August 2011
* EXCEPT AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)
** EXCEPT AERONAUTICAL MOBILE
ALLOCATIONSFREQUENCY
STAN
DARD
FRE
QUEN
CY A
ND T
IME
SIGN
AL (2
0 kHz
)
FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
Radiolocation
FIXED
MARITIMEMOBILE
FIXED
MARITIMEMOBILE
MARITIMEMOBILE
FIXED AER
ON
AUTI
CAL
R
ADIO
NAV
IGAT
ION Aeronautical
Mobile
AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION
Mariti
meRa
diona
vigati
on(ra
diobe
acon
s)Ae
rona
utica
l Mo
bile
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RA
DION
AVIG
ATIO
N
Aero
nauti
cal R
adion
aviga
tion
(radio
beac
ons)
NOT ALLOCATED RADIONAVIGATION
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED
Fixed
FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
3 kHz
MARI
TIME
RAD
IONA
VIGA
TION
(radio
beac
ons)
3 9 14 19.9
5
20.0
5
59 61 70 90 110
130
160
190
200
275
285
300
Radiolocation
300 kHz
FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
STAN
DARD
FRE
QUEN
CY A
ND T
IME
SIGN
AL (6
0 kHz
)
AeronauticalRadionavigation(radiobeacons)
MARITIMERADIONAVIGATION
(radiobeacons)
Aero
naut
ical
Mobil
eMa
ritime
Radio
navig
ation
(radio
beac
ons) Aeronautical
Mobile
Aero
naut
ical M
obile
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
AER
ONAU
TICA
LRA
DION
AVIG
ATIO
NM
ARIT
IME
MOB
ILE
AeronauticalRadionavigation
MAR
ITIM
E M
OBIL
E
MOB
ILE
BROADCASTING(AM RADIO)
MARI
TIME
MOB
ILE
(telep
hony
) MOBILE
FIXED STAN
DARD
FRE
Q. A
ND T
IME
SIGN
AL (2
500k
Hz)
FIXED
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOBI
LE (R
)
RADIO-LOCATION
FIXED
MOBILE
AMAT
EUR
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
MOBI
LEFI
XED
MARI
TIME
MOBI
LE
MARI
TIME
MOB
ILE
FIXED
MOBI
LEBR
OADC
ASTI
NG
AER
ONAU
TICA
LRA
DION
AVIG
ATIO
N(ra
diobe
acon
s)
MOBI
LE (d
istre
ss a
nd c
alling
)
MAR
ITIM
E M
OBIL
E(s
hips o
nly)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
(radio
beac
ons)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
MARI
TIME
MOB
ILE
(telep
hony
)
MOBILEexcept aeronautical mobile
MOBI
LEex
cept
aeron
autic
al mo
bile
MOBILE
MOBI
LE
MARI
TIME
MOB
ILE
MOBI
LE (d
istre
ss a
nd ca
lling)
MARI
TIME
MOB
ILE
MOBILEexcept aeronautical mobile
BROADCASTING
AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION
(radiobeacons)
Non-Federal Travelers Information Stations (TIS), a mobile service, are authorized in the 535-1705 kHz band. Federal TIS operates at 1610 kHz.300 kHz 3 MHz
MaritimeMobile
3MHz 30 MHz
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOBI
LE (O
R)
FIXE
DM
OBIL
Eex
cept
aer
onau
tical
mob
ile (R
)
FIXED
MOBILEexcept aeronautical
mobile
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOBI
LE (R
)
AMATEUR MAR
ITIM
E M
OBIL
EFI
XED
MARITIMEMOBILE
FIXE
DM
OBIL
Eex
cept
aer
onau
tical
mob
ile (R
)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE (R
)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE (O
R)
MOB
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exce
pt a
eron
autic
al m
obile
(R)
FIXE
D
STAN
DARD
FRE
QUEN
CY A
ND TI
ME S
IGNA
L (5 M
Hz)
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E
FIXE
D
FIXED
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
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(R)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
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R) FIXE
DM
OBIL
Eex
cept
aer
onau
tical
mob
ile (R
)
MAR
ITIM
E M
OBIL
E
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
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(R)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
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R) FIXE
D
AMAT
EUR
SATE
LLIT
EAM
ATEU
R
AMAT
EUR
BR
OA
DC
AS
TIN
G
FIXED
MOBILEexcept aeronautical
mobile (R)
MAR
ITIM
E M
OBIL
EFI
XE
D
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
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(R)
AERO
NAUT
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MOB
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BR
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DST
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REQU
ENCY
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NAL (
10 M
Hz)
AERO
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MOB
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)AM
ATEU
R
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Mobileexcept
aeronautical mobile (R)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
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R)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
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(R)
FIXE
D
BROA
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TING
FIXE
D
MAR
ITIM
EM
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E
AERO
NAUT
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MOB
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R)
AERO
NAUT
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MOB
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(R)
RADI
O AS
TRON
OMY
F
IXE
DM
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exce
pt a
eron
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(R)
BROA
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TING
F
IXE
DM
obile
exce
pt a
eron
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obile
(R)
AMAT
EUR
Mob
ileex
cept
aer
onau
tical
mob
ile (R
)
FIX
ED
STAN
DARD
FRE
QUEN
CY A
ND TI
ME S
IGNA
L (15
MHz
)AE
RONA
UTIC
AL M
OBIL
E (O
R)
BROA
DCAS
TING
MAR
ITIM
EM
OBIL
E
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE
(R)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
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R)
FIX
EDAM
ATEU
R SA
TELL
ITE
AMAT
EUR
SATE
LLIT
E
FIX
ED
3.0
3.155
3.2
3 3.4
3.5
4.0
4.0
63
4.438
4.6
5 4.7
4.7
5 4.8
5 4.9
95
5.005
5.0
6 5.4
5 5.6
8 5.7
3 5.5
9 6.2
6.5
25
6.85
6.765
7.0
7.1
7.3
7.4
8.1
8.1
95
8.815
8.9
65
9.04
9.4
9.9
9.995
1.0
05
1.01
10.15
11
.175
11.27
5 11
.4 11
.6 12
.1 12
.23
13.2
13.26
13
.36
13.41
13
.57
13.87
14
.0 14
.25
14.35
14
.99
15.01
15
.1 15
.8 16
.36
17.41
17
.48
17.9
17.97
18
.03
18.06
8 18
.168
18.78
18
.9 19
.02
19.68
19
.8 19
.99
20.01
21
.0 21
.45
21.85
21
.924
22.0
22.85
5 23
.0 23
.2 23
.35
24.89
24
.99
25.01
25
.07
25.21
25
.33
25.55
25
.67
26.1
26.17
5 26
.48
26.95
26
.96
27.23
27
.41
27.54
28
.0 29
.7 29
.8 29
.89
29.91
30
.0
BROA
DCAS
TING
MAR
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E M
OBIL
E
BROA
DCAS
TING
F
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D
F
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D
MAR
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F
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D
STAN
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QUEN
CY A
ND TI
ME S
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ile
F
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TING
F
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D
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FIX
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AERO
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F
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REQ.
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25 M
Hz)
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LAN
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F
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MAR
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LAN
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MOB
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t aero
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F
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F
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AMAT
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F
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DBROA
DCAS
TING
MAR
ITIM
E M
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E
MOBILEexcept aeronautical
mobile
300
325
335
405
415
435
495
505
510
525
535
1605
16
15
1705
18
00
1900
20
00
2065
21
07
2170
21
73.5
2190
.5 21
94
2495
25
05
2850
30
00
30 MHz 300 MHz
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E
LAND
MOB
ILE
MOB
ILE
MOB
ILE
MOB
ILE
LAND
MOB
ILE
LAND
MOB
ILE
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
LAND
MOB
ILE LA
ND M
OBIL
ERa
dio a
stron
omy
FIXE
DM
OBIL
EFI
XED
MOB
ILE
LAND
MOB
ILE
MOB
ILE
FIXE
D
FIXE
DLA
ND M
OBIL
E
LAND
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E
LAND
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E
AMATEUR BROADCASTING(TV CHANNELS 2-4)
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E
RADIO
ASTRO
NOMY M
OBIL
EFI
XED
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RAD
IONA
VIGA
TION
MOB
ILE
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DFI
XED
BROADCASTING(TV CHANNELS 5-6)
BROADCASTING(FM RADIO)
AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE
(R)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE
(R)
AERON
AUTIC
AL MO
BILE
AERON
AUTIC
AL MO
BILE
AERON
AUTIC
AL MO
BILE (R
)AER
ONAU
TICAL
MOBIL
E (R)
MOBIL
E-SAT
ELLIT
E(sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h)
MOBIL
E-SAT
ELLIT
E(sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h)
Mobile
-satel
lite(sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h)
Mobile
-satel
lite(sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h)
SPAC
E RES
EARC
H(sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h)SP
ACE R
ESEA
RCH
(spac
e-to-E
arth)
SPAC
E RES
EARC
H(sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h)SP
ACE R
ESEA
RCH
(spac
e-to-E
arth)
SPAC
E OPE
RATIO
N(sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h)SP
ACE O
PERA
TION
(spac
e-to-E
arth)
SPAC
E OPE
RATIO
N(sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h)SP
ACE O
PERA
TION
(spac
e-to-E
arth)
MET.
SATE
LLITE
(spac
e-to-E
arth)
MET.
SATE
LLITE
(spac
e-to-E
arth)
MET.
SATE
LLITE
(spac
e-to-E
arth)
MET.
SATE
LLITE
(spac
e-to-E
arth)
FIXE
DM
OBIL
EAM
ATEU
R- S
ATEL
LITE
AMAT
EUR
AMAT
EUR
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E
MOBIL
E-SAT
ELLIT
E(Ea
rth-to
-spac
e)
FIXE
DM
OBIL
EFI
XED
LAND
MOB
ILE
FIXE
D LA
ND M
OBILE
RA
DIO
NAV
-SAT
ELL
ITE
MAR
ITIME
MOB
ILE
MAR
ITIME
MOB
ILE M
ARITI
ME M
OBILE
MOB
ILE
exce
pt a
eron
autic
al m
obile
FIXE
D LA
ND M
OBILE
MAR
ITIME
MOB
ILE
MOB
ILE
exce
pt a
eron
autic
al m
obile
MAR
ITIME
MOB
ILE (A
IS)
MOB
ILE
exce
pt a
eron
autic
al m
obile
FIXE
D
FIXE
DLa
nd m
obile
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E FIXE
DM
OBIL
E ex
cept
ae
rona
utica
l mob
ile
Mob
ileFI
XED
MOB
ILE
exce
pt a
eron
autic
al m
obile
FIXED
MOBILE
LAND
MOB
ILE
MAR
ITIM
E M
OBIL
E (d
istre
ss, u
rgen
cy, s
afet
y and
callin
g)
MAR
ITIME
MOB
ILE (A
IS)
MOB
ILE
exc
ept a
eron
autic
al m
obile
FIXE
D
Amate
ur
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE
(R)
MOBIL
E-SAT
ELLIT
E(Ea
rth-to
-spac
e)
BROADCASTING(TV CHANNELS 7 - 13)
FIXE
DAM
ATEU
R
Land m
obile
Fixe
d
30.6
30.56
32
.0 33
.0 34
.0 35
.0 36
.0 37
.0 37
.5 38
.0 38
.25
39.0
40.0
42.0
43.69
46
.6 47
.0 49
.6 50
.0 54
.0 72
.0 73
.0 74
.6 74
.8 75
.2 75
.4 76
.0 88
.0 10
8.0
117.9
75
121.9
375
123.0
875
123.5
875
128.8
125
132.0
125
136.0
13
7.0
137.0
25
137.1
75
137.8
25
138.0
14
4.0
146.0
14
8.0
149.9
15
0.05
150.8
15
2.855
15
4.0
156.2
475
156.7
25
156.8
375
157.0
375
157.1
875
157.4
5 16
1.575
16
1.625
16
1.775
16
1.962
5 16
1.987
5 16
2.012
5 16
3.037
5 17
3.2
173.4
17
4.0
216.0
21
7.0
219.0
22
0.0
222.0
22
5.0
300.0
FIXE
D
Fixe
dLan
d mobil
e
LAND
MOB
ILE
LAND
MOB
ILE
300.0
32
8.6
335.4
39
9.9
400.0
5 40
0.15
401.0
40
2.0
403.0
40
6.0
406.1
41
0.0
420.0
45
0.0
454.0
45
5.0
456.0
46
0.0
462.5
375
462.7
375
467.5
375
467.7
375
470.0
51
2.0
608.0
61
4.0
698.0
76
3.0
775.0
79
3.0
805.0
80
6.0
809.0
84
9.0
851.0
85
4.0
894.0
89
6.0
901.0
90
2.0
928.0
92
9.0
930.0
93
1.0
932.0
93
5.0
940.0
94
1.0
944.0
96
0.0
1164
.0 12
15.0
1240
.0 13
00.0
1350
.0 13
90.0
1392
.0 13
95.0
1400
.0 14
27.0
1429
.5 14
30.0
1432
.0 14
35.0
1525
.0 15
59.0
1610
.0 16
10.6
1613
.8 16
26.5
1660
.0 16
60.5
1668
.4 16
70.0
1675
.0 17
00.0
1710
.0 17
55.0
1850
.0 20
00.0
2020
.0 20
25.0
2110
.0 21
80.0
2200
.0 22
90.0
2300
.0 23
05.0
2310
.0 23
20.0
2345
.0 23
60.0
2390
.0 23
95.0
2417
.0 24
50.0
2483
.5 24
95.0
2500
.0 26
55.0
2690
.0 27
00.0
2900
.0 30
00.0
300 MHz
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RAD
IONA
VIGA
TION
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E
RAD
IONA
VIGA
TION
SATE
LLITE
MOBI
LE S
ATEL
LITE
(Eart
h-to-s
pace
)
STAN
DARD
FRE
QUEC
Y AN
D TI
ME S
IGNA
L - S
ATEL
LITE
(400
.1 MH
z)ME
T. AIDS
(Radio
sonde
)MO
BILE
SAT
(S-E)
SPAC
E RES
.(S-
E)Sp
ace Op
n. (S
-E)ME
T. SAT
.(S-
E)
MET. A
IDS(Ra
dioson
de)
SPAC
E OPN
. (S
-E)ME
T-SAT
. (E
-S)EA
RTH
EXPL
SAT. (
E-S)
Earth
Expl S
at(E-
S)
Earth
Expl S
at(E-
S)EA
RTH
EXPL
SA
T. (E-S
)ME
T-SAT
. (E
-S)ME
T. AIDS
(Radio
sonde
)
Met-S
atellite
(E-S)
Met-S
atellite
(E-S)
MET
EORO
LOGI
CAL A
IDS
(RAD
IOSO
NDE)
MOB
ILE
SATE
LLIT
E (E
arth
-to-s
pace
)RA
DIO
ASTR
ONOM
YFI
XED
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DM
OBIL
ESP
ACE
RES
EARC
H (s
pace
-to-sp
ace)
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
NAm
ateu
r
LAND
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DLA
ND M
OBIL
ELA
ND M
OBIL
EFI
XED
LAND
MOB
ILE
MeteorologicalSatellite
(space-to-Earth)
LAND
MOB
ILEFI
XED
LAND
MOB
ILE
FIXE
D LA
ND M
OBILE
LAND
MOB
ILE
LAND
MOB
ILEFI
XED
BROADCASTING(TV CHANNELS 14 - 20)
FIXEDBROADCASTING
(TV CHANNELS 21-36)
LAN
D M
OB
ILE
(med
ical
tele
met
ry a
ndm
edic
al te
leco
mm
and)
RADI
O AS
TRON
OMY
BROADCASTING(TV CHANNELS 38-51)
BRO
ADCA
STIN
G(T
V CH
ANNE
LS 5
2-61
)M
OBIL
E
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E
LAND
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DLA
ND M
OBIL
EAE
RONA
UTIC
AL M
OBILE
LA
ND M
OBIL
E
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DLA
ND M
OBIL
E
FIXE
DLA
ND M
OBIL
EFI
XED
MOB
ILE
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
FIXE
DFI
XED
LAND
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DM
OBIL
EFI
XED
LAND
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DFI
XED
LAND
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DM
OBIL
EFI
XED
FIXE
D AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION-
SATE
LLIT
E(s
pace
-to-E
arth
)(spa
ce-to
-spa
ce)
EARTHEXPLORATION-
SATELLITE(active)
RADIO-LOCATION
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION-
SATE
LLIT
E(s
pace
-to-E
arth
)(s
pace
-to-s
pace
)
SPACERESEARCH
(active)
Space research(active)
Earthexploration-
satellite (active)
RADIO-LOCATION
SPACERESEARCH
(active)
AERONAUTICALRADIO -
NAVIGATION
Amateur
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RAD
IONA
VIGA
TION
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E RA
DIOL
OCAT
ION
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E **
Fixe
d-sa
tellit
e (E
arth
-to-s
pace
)
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E **
LAND
MOB
ILE
(med
ical te
lemet
ry a
nd m
edica
l telec
omm
and)
SPAC
E RES
EARC
H(pa
ssive)
RADI
O AS
TRON
OMY
EART
H EXP
LORA
TION -
SATE
LLITE
(passi
ve)
LAND
MOB
ILE
(telem
etry
and
telec
omm
and)
LAND
MOB
ILE
(med
ical te
lemet
ry a
nd
med
ical te
lecom
man
d
Fixe
d-sa
tellit
e(s
pace
-to-E
arth
)FI
XED
(telem
etry
and
telec
omm
and)
LAND
MOB
ILE
(telem
etry
& te
lecom
man
d)
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E **
MOB
ILE
(aer
onau
tical
telem
etry
)
MOBIL
E SAT
ELLIT
E (sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION-
SATE
LLIT
E(s
pace
-to-E
arth
)(spa
ce-to
-spa
ce)
MOBIL
E SAT
ELLIT
E(E
arth-t
o-spa
ce)
RADI
ODET
ERMI
NATIO
N-SA
TELL
ITE (E
arth-t
o-spa
ce)
MOBIL
E SAT
ELLIT
E(E
arth-t
o-spa
ce)
RADI
ODET
ERMI
NATIO
N-SA
TELL
ITE (E
arth-t
o-spa
ce)
RADI
O AS
TRON
OMY
MOBIL
E SAT
ELLIT
E(E
arth-t
o-spa
ce)
RADI
ODET
ERMI
NATIO
N-SA
TELL
ITE (E
arth-t
o-spa
ce)
Mobil
e-sate
llite(sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h) MOBIL
E SAT
ELLIT
E(Ea
rth-to
-spac
e)
MOBIL
E SAT
ELLIT
E(E
arth-t
o-spa
ce)
RADI
O AS
TRON
OMY
RADI
O AS
TRON
OMY
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E **
METE
OROL
OGIC
AL AI
DS(ra
dioso
nde)
MET
EORO
LOGI
CAL
SATE
LLIT
E (s
pace
-to-E
arth
)
MET
EORO
LOGI
CAL
SATE
LLIT
E (s
pace
-to-E
arth
)
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E SP
ACE
OPER
ATIO
N (E
arth
-to-s
pace
)
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E
MOBIL
E SAT
ELLIT
E(E
arth-t
o-spa
ce)
FIXE
D
MOB
ILE
SPAC
E RES
EARC
H (pa
ssive)
RADI
O AS
TRON
OMY
METE
OROL
OGIC
AL AI
DS(ra
dioso
nde)
SPACERSEARCH
(Earth-to-space)(space-to-space)
EARTHEXPLORATION-
SATELLITE(Earth-to-space)(space-to-space)
FIXED
MOBILE
SPAC
E OPE
RATIO
N(E
arth-t
o-spa
ce)
(spac
e-to-s
pace
)
MOB
ILE
FIXE
D
SPACERESEARCH
(space-to-Earth)(space-to-space)
EARTHEXPLORATION-
SATELLITE(space-to-Earth)(space-to-space)
SPAC
E OPE
RATIO
N(sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h)(sp
ace-t
o-spa
ce)
MOBILE(line of sight only)
FIXED (line of sight only)
FIXE
DSP
ACE R
ESEA
RCH
(spac
e-to-E
arth)
(deep
spac
e)M
OBIL
E**
Amat
eur
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E**
Amat
eur
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
NM
OBIL
EFI
XED
Radio
-loc
ation
Mob
ileFi
xed
BROA
DCAS
TING
- SA
TELL
ITE
Fixe
dRa
dioloc
ation
Fixe
dM
obile
Radio
-loc
ation
BROA
DCAS
TING
SATE
LLIT
EFI
XED
MOB
ILE
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
RADI
OLOC
ATI
ON
MOB
ILE
MOB
ILE
AMAT
EUR
AMAT
EUR
Radio
locat
ionM
OBIL
EFI
XED
Fixe
d
Amat
eur
Radio
locat
ionMO
BILE S
ATEL
LITE
(spac
e-to-E
arth)
RADI
ODET
ERMI
NATIO
N-SA
TELL
ITE (s
pace
-to-E
arth)
MOBIL
E SAT
ELLIT
E(sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h)RA
DIOD
ETER
MINA
TION-
SATE
LLITE
(spa
ce-to
-Eart
h)FI
XED
MOB
ILE*
*
MOB
ILE*
*FI
XED
Earth exploration-satellite
(passive)
Space research(passive)
Radioastronomy
MOBILE**
FIXEDEARTH
EXPLORATION-SATELLITE
(passive)
RADIOASTRONOMY
SPAC
E RES
EARC
H(pa
ssive
)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
MET
EORO
LOGI
CAL
AIDS
Ra
dioloc
ation
Radiolocation
RADIOLOCATION
MARITIMERADIO-
NAVIGATION
MOB
ILE
FIXE
D
BROA
DCAS
TING
BROA
DCAS
TING
Radio
locati
on
Fixe
d(te
lemet
ry)
FIXE
D (te
lemet
ry a
ndte
lecom
man
d)LA
ND M
OBIL
E (t
elem
etry
& te
lecom
man
d)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
Space research(active)
Earthexploration-
satellite (active)
EARTHEXPLORATION-
SATELLITE(active)
Fixe
d
FIXE
D
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E
ISM – 24.125 ± 0.125 ISM – 5.8 ± .075 GHz3GHz
Radio
locat
ionAm
ateu
r
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
(grou
nd ba
sed)
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
NRa
dioloc
ation
FIXED
-SAT
ELLIT
E (s
pace
-to-E
arth)
Radio
locati
on
FIXED
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RAD
IONA
VIGA
TION M
OBIL
E
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E
RADI
O AS
TRON
OMY
Spac
e Res
earch
(Pas
sive)
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
NMETE
OROL
OGIC
AL
AIDS
Amat
eur
FIXED SP
ACE
RESE
ARCH
(dee
p spa
ce)(E
arth-
to-sp
ace)
Fixed
FIXED
-SAT
ELLIT
E (sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RAD
IONA
VIGA
TION
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
NRa
dioloc
ation
MAR
ITIM
E RA
DION
AVIG
ATIO
N
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
Amat
eur
FIXE
D
RADI
O AS
TRON
OMY
BROA
DCAS
TING
-SAT
ELLI
TE
Fixed
Mobil
e Fixed
Mobil
eFI
XED
MOBI
LE
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH(pa
ssive
)RA
DIO
ASTR
ONOM
YEA
RTH
EXPL
ORAT
ION
-SA
TELL
ITE (p
assiv
e)
FIXE
D
FIXE
DMO
BILE
FIXED
-SAT
ELLIT
E (s
pace
-to-E
arth)
FIXED
MOBILE MOBI
LE
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RAD
IONA
VIGA
TION
Standard frequencyand time signal
satellite(Earth-to-space)
FIXED
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E** FIXE
DM
OBIL
E**
FIXE
D SA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)
Amat
eur
MOBI
LE
BROA
DCAS
TING
-SAT
ELLIT
E
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(spac
e-to-
Earth
)
MOBI
LE
FIXE
DMO
BILE
INTE
R-SA
TELL
ITE
AMAT
EUR
AMAT
EUR-
SATE
LLIT
E
Radio
-loc
ation
Amat
eur
RADI
O-LO
CATI
ON
FIXE
DIN
TER-
SATE
LLITE
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
RADIO
LOCA
TION-S
ATEL
LITE (
Earth
-to-sp
ace)
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)
MOBI
LE-S
ATEL
LITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)MOBILE
INTE
R-SA
TELL
ITE
30 GHz
Earthexploration-
satellite(active)
Space resea
rch(activ
e)RA
DIOL
OCAT
ION
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
NAE
RONA
UTIC
ALRA
DION
AVIG
ATIO
N(gr
ound
base
d)
FIXED-SATELLITE(space-to-Earth)
FIXE
D
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION-
SATE
LLITE
(Eart
h-to-s
pace
)AE
RONA
UTIC
AL R
ADIO
NAVI
GATI
ON
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RAD
IONA
VIGA
TION
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION-
SATE
LLITE
(sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h)(sp
ace-t
o-spa
ce)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)
Earthexploration-
satellite (active)
Space research
Radiolocation
EARTHEXPLORATION-
SATELLITE(active)
SPACE RESEARCH(active)
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
Earthexploration-
satellite (active)
Radiolocation
Space research(active)
EARTHEXPLORATION-
SATELLITE(active)
SPACE RESEARCH(active)
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
Radiolocation
Space research(active)
EARTHEXPLORATION-
SATELLITE(active)
SPACE RESEARCH(active)
RADIOLOCATION
AERONAUTICAL
RADIONAVIGATION
Earthexploration-
satellite (active)
RadiolocationSpace research
(active)
EARTHEXPLORATION-
SATELLITE(active)
SPACE RESEARCH(active)
RADIOLOCATION
RADIONAVIGATION
Earthexploration-
satellite (active)
Space research(active)
EARTHEXPLORATION-
SATELLITE(active)
SPACE RESEARCH(active)
MARI
TIME
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
MARI
TIME
RAD
IONA
VIGA
TION
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
NMA
RITI
ME
RA
DION
AVIG
ATIO
N
Amat
eur
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
MOBI
LEFI
XED-
SATE
LLIT
E (E
arth-
to-sp
ace)
FIXED
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)FIX
EDFI
XED-
SATE
LLIT
E (E
arth-
to-sp
ace)
(spac
e-to-
Earth
)
FIXED
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)(sp
ace-
to-Ea
rth)
MOBI
LE
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)MO
BILE
FIXED
MOBI
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EDFIX
EDFIX
EDSP
ACE
RESE
ARCH
(Ear
th-to-
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e)
FIXED
MOBI
LE-S
ATEL
LITE
(spac
e-to-E
arth) FI
XED
Mobil
e-sate
llite (
spac
e-to-E
arth)
FIXED
-SAT
ELLIT
E (sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h)
FIXE
DMo
bile-s
atellit
e (sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h)ME
TEOR
OLOG
ICAL
SAT
ELLIT
E (sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h)FIX
ED-S
ATEL
LITE (
spac
e-to-E
arth)
FIXE
DMo
bile-s
atellit
e (sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h)FIX
ED-S
ATEL
LITE (
spac
e-to-E
arth)
FIXED
-SAT
ELLIT
E (Ea
rth-to
-spac
e)MO
BILE
-SAT
ELLIT
E (E
arth-t
o-spa
ce)
Fixed
FIXE
DMo
bile-s
atellit
e(E
arth-t
o-spa
ce)
(no ai
rborne
)
FIXED
SATE
LLITE
(Eart
h-to-s
pace
)EA
RTH
EXPL
ORAT
ION-
SATE
LLITE
(spa
ce-to
-Eart
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bile-s
atellit
e(E
arth-t
o-spa
ce)
(no ai
rborne
)FI
XED
EART
H EX
PLOR
ATIO
N-
SATE
LLITE
(spac
e-to-E
arth)
FIXED
-SAT
ELLIT
E (E
arth-t
o-spa
ce)
METE
OROL
OGIC
AL-
SAT
ELLIT
E (s
pace
-to-E
arth)
FIXE
DMo
bile-s
atellit
e(E
arth-t
o-spa
ce)
(no ai
rborne
)
FIXED
-SAT
ELLIT
E (E
arth-t
o-spa
ce)
EART
H EX
PLOR
ATIO
N-SA
TELL
ITE (s
pace
-to-E
arth)
Spac
e res
earch
(dee
p spa
ce)(s
pace
-to-E
arth)
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH (d
eep s
pace
)(spa
ce-to
-Ear
th)FI
XED
SPAC
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SEAR
CH (s
pace
-to-E
arth)
FIXE
D Earthexploration -
satellite (active)
Radio-location
Space research (active)
EARTHEXPLORATION-
SATELLITE (active)
RADIO-
LOCATION
SPACERESEARCH
(active)
Radio
locat
ionRA
DIOL
OCAT
ION
Radio
locat
ionRa
dioloc
ation
Radio
locat
ionMe
teoro
logica
l Aids
Earthexploration -
satellite (active)
Radio-location
Space research (active)
EARTHEXPLORATION
SATELLITE (active)
RADIO-
LOCATION
SPACERESEARCH
(active)
Radio
locat
ionRa
dioloc
ation
Amat
eur-s
atell
iteAm
ateu
rRa
dioloc
ation
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
FIXE
DEA
RTH
EXPL
ORAT
ION-
SATE
LLITE
(pas
sive)
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH (p
assiv
e)
EART
H EX
PLOR
ATIO
N-SA
TELL
ITE (p
assiv
e)SP
ACE
RESE
ARCH
(pas
sive) FIX
ED-S
ATEL
LITE (
spac
e-to-E
arth)
FIXE
D FIXED
-SAT
ELLIT
E (sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h)
FIXE
D FIXE
DFI
XED-
SATE
LLIT
E (E
arth-
to-sp
ace)
Space research (active)
EARTHEXPLORATION -
SATELLITE (active)
SPACERESEARCH
(active)
Aerona
tuical
Radiona
vigation
Earthexploration -
satellite (active)
RADIO -LOCATION
SPACE
RESEARCH
Radio-location
Space research
RADIO - LOCATION
Space research
FIXED-SATELLITE
(Earth-to-space)
Space research
Radio - location
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)Mo
bile-s
atellit
e (Ea
rth-to
-spac
e)Sp
ace
rese
arch
Mobil
e-sate
llite (
spac
e-to-E
arth)
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)
Mobil
e-sate
llite
(Eart
h-to-s
pace
) Spac
e res
earch
MOBI
LESP
ACE
RESE
ARCH
Fixed
FIXE
DSP
ACE
RESE
ARCH
Mobil
e
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)AE
RONA
UTIC
AL
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
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AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RAD
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VIGA
TION
RADI
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NSp
ace r
esea
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pace
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th-to-
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e)RA
DIOL
OCAT
ION
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
EARTHEXPLORATION-
SATELLITE (active)
RADIO-LOCATION
SPACERESEARCH
(active)
Earthexploration-
satellite (active)
Radio-location
Space research (active)
Radio
locat
ion
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)
FIXE
DFI
XED-
SATE
LLIT
E (sp
ace-
to-Ea
rth)
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH(pa
ssive
)EA
RTH
EXPL
ORAT
ION
-SA
TELL
ITE (p
assiv
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XED-
SATE
LLIT
E (sp
ace-
to-Ea
rth)
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(spac
e-to-
Earth
)MO
BILE
-SAT
ELLIT
E (sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h)
Standardfrequency
andtime signal
satellite(space-to-
Earth)
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(spac
e-to-
Earth
)
MOBI
LE-S
ATEL
LITE
(spac
e-to-E
arth)
FIXED
EART
H EX
PLOR
ATIO
N -
SATE
LLITE
(pas
sive)
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH(pa
ssive
)
FIXE
DMO
BILE
**
EARTHEXPLORATION-
SATELLITE (passive)
MOBILE**
FIXED
SPAC
ERE
SEAR
CH(pa
ssive
)RA
DIO
ASTR
ONOM
Y
MOBI
LEFI
XED
FIXE
DMO
BILE
FIXE
DMO
BILE
EART
H EX
PLOR
ATIO
N -
SATE
LLITE
- (pa
ssive
)SP
ACE
RESE
ARCH
(pass
ive)
RADI
OAS
TRON
OMY
Earthexploration -
satellite (active)
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)FI
XED
Standard frequency and time signal satellite
(Earth-to-space)
FIXE
D
FIXED
EARTHEXPLORATION -
SATELLITE(space-to-Earth)
SPACERESEARCH
(space-to-Earth)
MOBILE
INTER-SATELLITE
Inter-
satel
liteFI
XED
INTE
R-SA
TELL
ITE
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
NMA
RITI
MERA
DION
AVIG
ATIO
N
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RAD
IONA
VIGA
TION
INTE
R-SA
TELL
ITE
Inter-satellite
Earthexploration -
satellite (active)
FIXE
DFIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)
FIXED
Spac
e res
earch
Radio
locat
ionRa
dioloc
ation
Radio
locat
ion
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
Earthexploration-
satellite (active)
3.0
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.6
3.65
3.7
4.2
4.4
4.5
4.8
4.94
4.99
5.0
5.01
5.03
5.15
5.25
5.255
5.3
5 5.4
6 5.4
7 5.5
7 5.6
5.6
5 5.8
3 5.8
5 5.9
25
6.425
6.5
25
6.7
6.875
7.0
25
7.075
7.1
25
7.145
7.1
9 7.2
35
7.25
7.3
7.45
7.55
7.75
7.85
7.9
8.025
8.1
75
8.215
8.4
8.4
5 8.5
8.5
5 8.6
5 9.0
9.2
9.3
9.5
9.8
10
.0 10
.45
10.5
10.55
10
.6 10
.68
10.7
11.7
12.2
12.7
13.25
13
.4 13
.75
14.0
14.2
14.4
14.5
14.71
45
14.8
15.13
65
15.35
15
.4 15
.43
15.63
15
.7 16
.6 17
.1 17
.2 17
.3 17
.7 17
.8 18
.3 18
.6 18
.8 19
.3 19
.7 20
.2 21
.2 21
.4 22
.0 22
.21
22.5
22.55
23
.55
23.6
24.0
24.05
24
.25
24.45
24
.65
24.75
25
.05
25.25
25
.5 27
.0 27
.5 29
.5 30
.0
MOBI
LE
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(spac
e-to-
Earth
)
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(spac
e-to-
Earth
)
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)
Earthexploration -
satellite (active)
Amat
eur-s
atell
ite(s
pace
-to-E
arth
)
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)
FIXE
D -
SATE
LLIT
E(E
arth-
to-sp
ace)
MOBI
LE -
SATE
LLIT
E(E
arth-
to-sp
ace)
Standard Frequency and
Time SignalSatellite
(space-to-Earth)
FIXE
DMO
BILE
RADI
OAS
TRON
OMY
SPAC
ERE
SEAR
CH
(pas
sive)
EART
HEX
PLOR
ATIO
N -
SATT
ELLIT
E (p
assiv
e)
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
INTE
R-SA
TELL
ITE
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
Radio
locat
ion
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
MOBI
LE
MobileFixed
BROA
DCAS
TING
MOBI
LE
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH
(pass
ive)
EART
H EX
PLOR
ATIO
N-SA
TELL
ITE (p
assiv
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SPAC
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SEAR
CH (p
assiv
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RTH
EXPL
ORAT
ION-
SATE
LLIT
E (p
assiv
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EART
H EX
PLOR
ATIO
N-SA
TELL
ITE
(pas
sive)
SPAC
ERE
SEAR
CH(p
assiv
e)
MOBILE
FIXED
MOBILESATELLITE(space-to-
Earth)
MOBI
LE-
SATE
LLIT
ERA
DIO
NAVI
GATI
ONRA
DIO
NAVI
GATIO
N-SA
TELL
ITE
FIXED-SATELLITE(space-to-
Earth)
AMAT
EUR
AMAT
EUR-
SATE
LLIT
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SPACERESEARCH
(passive)
RADIOASTRONOMY
EARTH EXPLORATION-
SATELLITE(passive)
MOBI
LEFI
XED
RADI
O-LO
CATI
ON
INTE
R-SA
TELL
ITE RADIO-
NAVIGATION
RADIO-NAVIGATION-
SATELLITE
AMAT
EUR
AMAT
EUR
- SAT
ELLI
TE
RADI
OLO
CATI
ON
EART
HEX
PLOR
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N-
SATE
LLIT
E (p
assiv
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ACE
RESE
ARCH
(pas
sive)SP
ACE
RESE
ARCH
(pas
sive)
RADI
OAS
TRON
OMY
MOBI
LEFI
XED
RADI
OAS
TRON
OMY
INTE
R-SA
TELL
ITE
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
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RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION-
SATE
LLIT
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SPACERESEARCH
(Passive)
RADI
OAS
TRON
OMY
EARTHEXPLORATION-
SATELLITE(Passive)
MOBI
LEFI
XED
MOBI
LEFI
XED
MOBILE
FIXED
FIXED-SATELLITE
(space-to-Earth)
RADI
OLOC
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NAM
ATEU
RAM
ATEU
R-SA
TELL
ITE
Amat
eur
Amat
eur-s
atell
ite
EART
H EX
PLOR
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N-
SATE
LLIT
E (p
assiv
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MOBI
LE
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH(d
eep
spac
e) (s
pace
-to-E
arth)
MOBI
LE
Mobile-
satellite
(space-to-Earth)
SPACE
RESEARCH
(Earth-to-space)
FIXED-SATELLITE
(space-to-Earth)
BROA
DCAS
TING
-SA
TELL
ITE
INTE
R- S
ATEL
LITE
EART
H EX
PLOR
ATIO
N-SA
TELL
ITE
(pas
sive)
SPAC
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SEAR
CH
(pass
ive)
FIXE
DMO
BILE
**
SPAC
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SEAR
CH(p
assiv
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EART
HEX
PLOR
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N-SA
TELL
ITE
(pas
sive)
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
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RADI
O-LO
CATI
ONSP
ACE
RESE
ARCH
(dee
p sp
ace)
(Ear
th-to-
spac
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dio-
locat
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Spac
e res
earch
(dee
p sp
ace)
(Ear
th-to-
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Radio
locat
ionRA
DIOL
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EART
H
EXPL
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-
SATT
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ctive
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RADIOLOCATION
SPACERESEARCH
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Earth
explo
ratio
n -sa
ttellit
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tive)
Radiolocation
Spaceresearch (active)
EART
H EX
PLOR
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N -
SATE
LLIT
E(p
assiv
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XED
MOBI
LESP
ACE
RESE
ARCH
(p
assiv
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SEAR
CH(sp
ace-
to-Ea
rth) FIXE
DMO
BILE
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(spa
ce-to
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th)
EART
H E
XPLO
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ONSA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
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Earth
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satel
lite(sp
ace-t
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h)
FIXED-SATELLITE(space-to-Earth)
FIXEDMOBILE
BROA
DCAS
TING
-SA
TELL
ITE
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXED
- SA
TELL
ITE(sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h)
FIXE
DMO
BILE
BROA
DCAS
TING
BROA
DCAS
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SAT
ELLIT
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FIXE
DMO
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**FIX
ED-S
ATEL
LITE
(EAR
TH-to
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DIO
ASTR
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FIXED
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E (Ea
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BILE
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ELLIT
E (E
arth-
to-sp
ace)
MOBI
LEMO
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ELLIT
E (E
arth-
to-sp
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MOBI
LE-S
ATEL
LITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
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BILE
FIXE
D
FIXE
DMO
BILE
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)
FIXE
DMO
BILE
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)
MOBI
LE-S
ATEL
LITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)
FIXED
MOBILE
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)
EART
H EX
PLOR
ATIO
N-SA
TELL
ITE
(pas
sive)
SPAC
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SEAR
CH (p
assiv
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INTE
R- S
ATEL
LITE
INTE
R- S
ATEL
LITE
EART
H EX
PLOR
ATIO
N-SA
TELL
ITE
(pas
sive)
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH (p
assiv
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FIXED
MOBILE
EART
H EX
PLOR
ATIO
N-SA
TELL
ITE
(pas
sive)
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH (p
assiv
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TER-
SAT
ELLI
TE
FIXED
MOBILE
INTE
R- S
ATEL
LITE
EART
H EX
PLOR
ATIO
N-SA
TELL
ITE
(pas
sive)
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH (p
assiv
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MOBILE
FIXED
RADI
O-LO
CATI
ON
INTE
R- S
ATEL
LITE
FIXE
DMO
BILE
INTE
R- S
ATEL
LITE
INTE
R- S
ATEL
LITE
EART
H EX
PLOR
ATIO
N-SA
TELL
ITE
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH
FIXE
DMO
BILE
**
INTE
R- S
ATEL
LITE
MOBI
LE
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXED- SATELLITE(space-to-
Earth)
Spaceresearch
(space-to-Earth)
MOBILE
Amat
eur
RADI
OAS
TRON
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RADI
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ace r
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ace-
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Amat
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RADI
OLOC
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NSp
ace r
esea
rch(sp
ace-
to-Ea
rth)
AMAT
EUR
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
FIXED-SATELLITE
(Earth-to-space)
MOBILE-SATELLITE(Earth-to-space)
Spaceresearch
(space-to-Earth)
FIXED
MOBILE
FIXED-SATELLITE
(Earth-to-space)
FIXED
MOBILE
EARTHEXPLORATION-
SATELLITE(active)
SPACERESEARCH
(active)
RADIO-LOCATION
RADI
O-LO
CATI
ONMO
BILE
FIXE
D
FIXED
MOBILE
RADIOASTRONOMY
RADIO-LOCATION
RADIO-NAVIGATION
RADIO-NAVIGATION-
SATELLITE
RADI
OAS
TRON
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SPAC
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SEAR
CH(p
assiv
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RTH
EXPL
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ION-
SATE
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SPAC
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SEAR
CH(p
assiv
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FIXE
DMO
BILE
SPAC
ERE
SEAR
CH(p
assiv
e)
EART
HEX
PLOR
ATIO
N-SA
TELL
ITE
(pas
sive)
SPAC
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SEAR
CH(p
assiv
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RTH
EXPL
ORAT
ION-
SATE
LLIT
E (p
assiv
e)
SPAC
ERE
SEAR
CH(p
assiv
e)IN
TER-
SATE
LLIT
E
FIXE
DMO
BILE
Amat
eur FIXED-
SATELLITE(space-to-Earth)
MOBILE-
SATELLITE
(space-to-Earth)
Radioastronomy FIXED
MOBILE
INTER-SATELLITE
EART
HEX
PLOR
ATIO
N-SA
TELL
ITE
(acti
ve)
RADI
OAS
TRON
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Radio
astro
nomy
Amat
eur -
sate
llite
Amat
eur
FIXE
DMO
BILE
RADI
O AS
TRON
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SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH(p
assiv
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DIO
ASTR
ONOM
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RTH
EXPL
ORAT
ION-
SATE
LLIT
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assiv
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FIXE
DMO
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RADI
O AS
TRON
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RADI
OLOC
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NEA
RTH
EXPL
ORAT
ION-
SATE
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E (p
assiv
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FIXED
RADI
O A
STRO
NOMY
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(spac
e-to-
Earth
)
MOBI
LE-
SATE
LLIT
E(sp
ace-
to-Ea
rth)
FIXE
DMO
BILE
FIXE
DMO
BILE
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(spac
e-to-
Earth
)
INTE
R-SA
TELL
ITE
EART
HEX
PLOR
ATIO
N-
SATE
LLIT
E (p
assiv
e)SP
ACE
RESE
ARCH
(pas
sive)
INTE
R-SA
TELL
ITE
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH(p
assiv
e)EA
RTH
EXPL
ORAT
ION-
SA
TELL
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(pas
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EART
HEX
PLOR
ATIO
N-
SATE
LLIT
E (p
assiv
e)IN
TER-
SATE
LLIT
ESP
ACE
RESE
ARCH
(pas
sive)
EART
H EX
PLOR
ATIO
N-
SATE
LLIT
E (p
assiv
e)SP
ACE
RESE
ARCH
(pas
sive)
FIXED
MOBILE
MOBI
LESA
TELL
ITE
INTE
R-SA
TELL
ITE
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH(p
assiv
e)EA
RTH
EXPL
ORAT
ION-
SA
TELL
ITE
(pas
sive)
RADI
OAS
TRON
OMY
FIXE
DMO
BILE
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)
RADI
OAS
TRON
OMY
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH (p
assiv
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FIXED
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)RA
DIO
ASTR
ONOM
Y
MOBILE
FIXE
DMO
BILE
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(spac
e-to-
Earth
)
EART
HEX
PLOR
ATIO
N-
SATE
LLIT
E (p
assiv
e)SP
ACE
RESE
ARCH
(pas
sive)
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(spac
e-to-
Earth
)
RADI
O-NA
VIGA
TION
RADI
O-NA
VIGA
TION
-SA
TELL
ITE
RADIO-LOCATION
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
NRA
DIOA
STRO
NOMY
Radio
astro
nomy
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH(p
assiv
e)RA
DIOA
STRO
NOMY
FIXED
MOBILE
MOBI
LE-S
ATEL
LITE
(Ear
th-to-
spac
e)RA
DIO
ASTR
ONOM
YRA
DION
AVIG
ATIO
N-SA
TELL
ITE
RADI
O NA
VIGA
TION
FIXE
DFIX
ED-S
ATEL
LITE
(Eart
h-to-s
pace
)
NOT A
LLOC
ATED
MOBI
L-ES
ATEL
LITE
(spac
e-to-
Earth
)
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
MOBI
LEFI
XED-
SATE
LLIT
E(sp
ace-
to-Ea
rth)
Amat
eur
FIXE
DFI
XED-
SATE
LLIT
E(sp
ace-
to-Ea
rth)
MOBI
LE
FIXE
D-SA
TELL
ITE
(spac
e-to-
Earth
)
MOBILE-
SATELLITE
(space-to-Earth)
MOBILE
FIXED
MOBI
LE
FIXED
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
30.0
31.0
31.3
31.8
32.3
33.0
33.4
34.2
34.7
35.5
36.0
37.0
37.5
38.0
38.6
39.5
40.0
40.5
41.0
42.0
42.5
43.5
45.5
46.9
47.0
47.2
48.2
50.2
50.4
51.4
52.6
54.25
55
.78
56.9
57.0
58.2
59.0
59.3
64.0
65.0
66.0
71.0
74.0
76.0
77.0
77.5
78.0
81.0
84.0
86.0
92.0
94.0
94.1
95.0
100.0
10
2.0
105.0
10
9.5
111.8
114.2
5 11
6.0
122.2
5 12
3.0
130.0
13
4.0
136.0
14
1.0
148.5
15
1.5
155.5
15
8.5
164.0
16
7.0
174.5
17
4.8
182.0
18
5.0
190.0
19
1.8
200.0
20
9.0
217.0
22
6.0
231.5
23
2.0
235.0
23
8.0
240.0
24
1.0
248.0
25
0.0
252.0
26
5.0
275.0
30
0.0
30GHz 300 GHz
Amateur
-sate
llite
Amateur
-satellite
Amateur
-satellite
RADIOASTRONOMY
RADIO
ASTRO
NOMY
RADIO
ASTRO
NOMY
RADIO
ASTRO
NOMY
BRO
ADC
ASTI
NG
SATE
LLIT
E
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH(sp
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RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION-
SATE
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DIO-
NAVI
GATI
ON-
SATE
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Spac
e res
earch
(spac
e-to-
Earth
)
Spac
e res
earch
(spac
e-to-
Earth
) RADIO
ASTRO
NOMY
RADIO
ASTRO
NOMY
ISM - 6.78 ± .015 MHz ISM - 13.560 ± .007 MHz ISM - 27.12 ± .163 MHz
ISM - 40.68 ± .02 MHz
3 GHzISM - 915.0± .13 MHz ISM - 2450.0± .50 MHz
3 GHz
ISM - 122.5± 0.500 GHz
This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by the FCC and NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e. footnotes and recent changes made to the Table of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult the Table to determine the current status of U.S. allocations.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfficeInternet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone toll free (866) 512-1800; Washington, DC area (202) 512-1800
Facsimile: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001
ISM - 61.25± 0.25 GHz ISM - 245.0± 1 GHz
AERONAUTICALMOBILE
AERONAUTICALMOBILE SATELLITE
AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION
AMATEUR
AMATEUR SATELLITE
BROADCASTING
BROADCASTINGSATELLITE
EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE
FIXED
FIXED SATELLITE
INTER-SATELLITE
LAND MOBILE
LAND MOBILESATELLITE
MARITIME MOBILESATELLITE
MARITIMERADIONAVIGATION
METEOROLOGICAL
METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE
MARITIME MOBILE
MOBILE
MOBILE SATELLITE
RADIO ASTRONOMY
RADIODETERMINATIONSATELLITE
RADIOLOCATION
RADIOLOCATION SATELLITE
RADIONAVIGATION
RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE
SPACE OPERATION
SPACE RESEARCH
STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIME SIGNAL
STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIME SIGNAL SATELLITE
MOBIL
E SAT
ELLIT
E(sp
ace-t
o-Eart
h)FI
XED
MOB
ILE
BROA
DCAS
TING
SATE
LLIT
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RADI
OAS
TRON
OMY
MOBI
LE
FIXED
Radio
locat
ion
Radiolocation
FIX
ED
RADI
O AS
TRON
OMY
MOBI
LE
LAND MOBILE
Radio
locat
ion
FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)
FIXE
DME
TEOR
OLOG
ICAL
- S
ATEL
LITE
(spac
e-to-E
arth)
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
RADI
OAS
TRON
OMY
RADI
OAS
TRON
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RADI
OAS
TRON
OMY MO
BILE
MOBI
LEFIX
ED FIXED
RADI
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TRON
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RADI
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TRON
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RADI
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TRON
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RADI
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TRON
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dioloc
ation
Radio
locati
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Radio
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Radio
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RADI
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Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 17 / 30
Co-existence is possible!
Rather than avoiding interference, modern engineering says that itcan be tolerated or mitigated
Problem becomes one of co-existence of different links, rather thankeeping them apart
Beamforming using antenna arrays can allow multiple links to beactive simultaneously
In wideband systems, the processing gain can mitigate the impact ofinterference in a similar way
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 18 / 30
Co-existence is possible!
Rather than avoiding interference, modern engineering says that itcan be tolerated or mitigated
Problem becomes one of co-existence of different links, rather thankeeping them apart
Beamforming using antenna arrays can allow multiple links to beactive simultaneously
In wideband systems, the processing gain can mitigate the impact ofinterference in a similar way
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 18 / 30
Co-existence is possible!
Rather than avoiding interference, modern engineering says that itcan be tolerated or mitigated
Problem becomes one of co-existence of different links, rather thankeeping them apart
Beamforming using antenna arrays can allow multiple links to beactive simultaneously
In wideband systems, the processing gain can mitigate the impact ofinterference in a similar way
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 18 / 30
Co-existence is possible!
Rather than avoiding interference, modern engineering says that itcan be tolerated or mitigated
Problem becomes one of co-existence of different links, rather thankeeping them apart
Beamforming using antenna arrays can allow multiple links to beactive simultaneously
In wideband systems, the processing gain can mitigate the impact ofinterference in a similar way
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 18 / 30
Beamforming for spectrum sharing
If an agent controls all the cells itcan in principle know all thechannels and do coordinatedbeamforming
Even with different agents, and nosharing of channel states, there is abeamforming gain
How to incentivize the sharing ofchannel state information to getmore gain ?
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 19 / 30
Beamforming for spectrum sharing
If an agent controls all the cells itcan in principle know all thechannels and do coordinatedbeamforming
Even with different agents, and nosharing of channel states, there is abeamforming gain
How to incentivize the sharing ofchannel state information to getmore gain ?
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 19 / 30
Beamforming for spectrum sharing
If an agent controls all the cells itcan in principle know all thechannels and do coordinatedbeamforming
Even with different agents, and nosharing of channel states, there is abeamforming gain
How to incentivize the sharing ofchannel state information to getmore gain ?
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 19 / 30
Spectrum Sharing today
Spectrum can be licensed (as currently in cellular) but it can also beunlicensed (as in WiFi)
WiFi is a great example of a spectrum sharing solution operatingtoday
Carriers are offloading traffic onto WiFi - onto unlicensed spectrum
New wireless technologies are emerging at higher frequencies (egWiGig in the millimetre wave spectrum)
1 GHz of US Government spectrum is being “opened up” to allowother uses to share with the govt. uses
TV whitespace is starting to be exploited
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 20 / 30
Spectrum Sharing today
Spectrum can be licensed (as currently in cellular) but it can also beunlicensed (as in WiFi)
WiFi is a great example of a spectrum sharing solution operatingtoday
Carriers are offloading traffic onto WiFi - onto unlicensed spectrum
New wireless technologies are emerging at higher frequencies (egWiGig in the millimetre wave spectrum)
1 GHz of US Government spectrum is being “opened up” to allowother uses to share with the govt. uses
TV whitespace is starting to be exploited
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 20 / 30
Spectrum Sharing today
Spectrum can be licensed (as currently in cellular) but it can also beunlicensed (as in WiFi)
WiFi is a great example of a spectrum sharing solution operatingtoday
Carriers are offloading traffic onto WiFi - onto unlicensed spectrum
New wireless technologies are emerging at higher frequencies (egWiGig in the millimetre wave spectrum)
1 GHz of US Government spectrum is being “opened up” to allowother uses to share with the govt. uses
TV whitespace is starting to be exploited
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 20 / 30
Spectrum Sharing today
Spectrum can be licensed (as currently in cellular) but it can also beunlicensed (as in WiFi)
WiFi is a great example of a spectrum sharing solution operatingtoday
Carriers are offloading traffic onto WiFi - onto unlicensed spectrum
New wireless technologies are emerging at higher frequencies (egWiGig in the millimetre wave spectrum)
1 GHz of US Government spectrum is being “opened up” to allowother uses to share with the govt. uses
TV whitespace is starting to be exploited
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 20 / 30
Spectrum Sharing today
Spectrum can be licensed (as currently in cellular) but it can also beunlicensed (as in WiFi)
WiFi is a great example of a spectrum sharing solution operatingtoday
Carriers are offloading traffic onto WiFi - onto unlicensed spectrum
New wireless technologies are emerging at higher frequencies (egWiGig in the millimetre wave spectrum)
1 GHz of US Government spectrum is being “opened up” to allowother uses to share with the govt. uses
TV whitespace is starting to be exploited
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 20 / 30
Spectrum Sharing today
Spectrum can be licensed (as currently in cellular) but it can also beunlicensed (as in WiFi)
WiFi is a great example of a spectrum sharing solution operatingtoday
Carriers are offloading traffic onto WiFi - onto unlicensed spectrum
New wireless technologies are emerging at higher frequencies (egWiGig in the millimetre wave spectrum)
1 GHz of US Government spectrum is being “opened up” to allowother uses to share with the govt. uses
TV whitespace is starting to be exploited
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 20 / 30
What is happening in Spectrum?
The recent “digital dividend” spectrum auction
New forms of regulation are being considered e.g. Licensed SharedAccess - in which a license is granted to multiple parties
Small cells are being introduced: will lead to greater burstiness intraffic over space and time, hence will benefit from sharing solutions
Regulation is moving toward market-based approaches
How spectrum will be managed into the future is a critical question
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 21 / 30
What is happening in Spectrum?
The recent “digital dividend” spectrum auction
New forms of regulation are being considered e.g. Licensed SharedAccess - in which a license is granted to multiple parties
Small cells are being introduced: will lead to greater burstiness intraffic over space and time, hence will benefit from sharing solutions
Regulation is moving toward market-based approaches
How spectrum will be managed into the future is a critical question
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 21 / 30
What is happening in Spectrum?
The recent “digital dividend” spectrum auction
New forms of regulation are being considered e.g. Licensed SharedAccess - in which a license is granted to multiple parties
Small cells are being introduced: will lead to greater burstiness intraffic over space and time, hence will benefit from sharing solutions
Regulation is moving toward market-based approaches
How spectrum will be managed into the future is a critical question
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 21 / 30
What is happening in Spectrum?
The recent “digital dividend” spectrum auction
New forms of regulation are being considered e.g. Licensed SharedAccess - in which a license is granted to multiple parties
Small cells are being introduced: will lead to greater burstiness intraffic over space and time, hence will benefit from sharing solutions
Regulation is moving toward market-based approaches
How spectrum will be managed into the future is a critical question
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 21 / 30
What is happening in Spectrum?
The recent “digital dividend” spectrum auction
New forms of regulation are being considered e.g. Licensed SharedAccess - in which a license is granted to multiple parties
Small cells are being introduced: will lead to greater burstiness intraffic over space and time, hence will benefit from sharing solutions
Regulation is moving toward market-based approaches
How spectrum will be managed into the future is a critical question
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 21 / 30
The Economics of Future WirelessNetworks
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 22 / 30
Spectrum Markets
The idea of auctioning spectrum dates back to 1959 when RonaldCoase published his paper “The Federal CommunicationsCommission”
Coase reasoned that markets would better allocate resources tomatch supply with demand and he advocated spectrum auctions
Coase got the 1991 Nobel prize for his contributions to economics -one of his contributions is the “Coase Theorem”
The “Coase Theorem” basically says that the initial allocationdoesn’t matter because market forces will re-allocate resourcesefficiently
However, this theorem assumes property rights that are defined andprotected, perfect information, and no transaction costs
The fragmented and inefficient allocation of spectrum today showsthat initial allocations are not easily corrected by transactions
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 23 / 30
Spectrum Markets
The idea of auctioning spectrum dates back to 1959 when RonaldCoase published his paper “The Federal CommunicationsCommission”
Coase reasoned that markets would better allocate resources tomatch supply with demand and he advocated spectrum auctions
Coase got the 1991 Nobel prize for his contributions to economics -one of his contributions is the “Coase Theorem”
The “Coase Theorem” basically says that the initial allocationdoesn’t matter because market forces will re-allocate resourcesefficiently
However, this theorem assumes property rights that are defined andprotected, perfect information, and no transaction costs
The fragmented and inefficient allocation of spectrum today showsthat initial allocations are not easily corrected by transactions
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 23 / 30
Spectrum Markets
The idea of auctioning spectrum dates back to 1959 when RonaldCoase published his paper “The Federal CommunicationsCommission”
Coase reasoned that markets would better allocate resources tomatch supply with demand and he advocated spectrum auctions
Coase got the 1991 Nobel prize for his contributions to economics -one of his contributions is the “Coase Theorem”
The “Coase Theorem” basically says that the initial allocationdoesn’t matter because market forces will re-allocate resourcesefficiently
However, this theorem assumes property rights that are defined andprotected, perfect information, and no transaction costs
The fragmented and inefficient allocation of spectrum today showsthat initial allocations are not easily corrected by transactions
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 23 / 30
Spectrum Markets
The idea of auctioning spectrum dates back to 1959 when RonaldCoase published his paper “The Federal CommunicationsCommission”
Coase reasoned that markets would better allocate resources tomatch supply with demand and he advocated spectrum auctions
Coase got the 1991 Nobel prize for his contributions to economics -one of his contributions is the “Coase Theorem”
The “Coase Theorem” basically says that the initial allocationdoesn’t matter because market forces will re-allocate resourcesefficiently
However, this theorem assumes property rights that are defined andprotected, perfect information, and no transaction costs
The fragmented and inefficient allocation of spectrum today showsthat initial allocations are not easily corrected by transactions
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 23 / 30
Spectrum Markets
The idea of auctioning spectrum dates back to 1959 when RonaldCoase published his paper “The Federal CommunicationsCommission”
Coase reasoned that markets would better allocate resources tomatch supply with demand and he advocated spectrum auctions
Coase got the 1991 Nobel prize for his contributions to economics -one of his contributions is the “Coase Theorem”
The “Coase Theorem” basically says that the initial allocationdoesn’t matter because market forces will re-allocate resourcesefficiently
However, this theorem assumes property rights that are defined andprotected, perfect information, and no transaction costs
The fragmented and inefficient allocation of spectrum today showsthat initial allocations are not easily corrected by transactions
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 23 / 30
Spectrum Markets
The idea of auctioning spectrum dates back to 1959 when RonaldCoase published his paper “The Federal CommunicationsCommission”
Coase reasoned that markets would better allocate resources tomatch supply with demand and he advocated spectrum auctions
Coase got the 1991 Nobel prize for his contributions to economics -one of his contributions is the “Coase Theorem”
The “Coase Theorem” basically says that the initial allocationdoesn’t matter because market forces will re-allocate resourcesefficiently
However, this theorem assumes property rights that are defined andprotected, perfect information, and no transaction costs
The fragmented and inefficient allocation of spectrum today showsthat initial allocations are not easily corrected by transactions
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 23 / 30
Two-sided Markets
The Digital Dividend auction is an example of a two-sided market:Sellers and buyers trading goods
The seller produces multiple goods each with a different costThere are multiple buyers each with different valuations of eachgood for saleBuyers and sellers report their values and the market mechanismdoes the allocationThe mechanism is incentive-compatible if the buyers and sellers arebest off telling the truth about their values
c1 c
2
Seller 1
buyer1 buyer2 buyer3
v1
v2
v3 v
4
Seller 2
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 24 / 30
Two-sided Markets
The Digital Dividend auction is an example of a two-sided market:Sellers and buyers trading goodsThe seller produces multiple goods each with a different cost
There are multiple buyers each with different valuations of eachgood for saleBuyers and sellers report their values and the market mechanismdoes the allocationThe mechanism is incentive-compatible if the buyers and sellers arebest off telling the truth about their values
c1 c
2
Seller 1
buyer1 buyer2 buyer3
v1
v2
v3 v
4
Seller 2
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 24 / 30
Two-sided Markets
The Digital Dividend auction is an example of a two-sided market:Sellers and buyers trading goodsThe seller produces multiple goods each with a different costThere are multiple buyers each with different valuations of eachgood for sale
Buyers and sellers report their values and the market mechanismdoes the allocationThe mechanism is incentive-compatible if the buyers and sellers arebest off telling the truth about their values
c1 c
2
Seller 1
buyer1 buyer2 buyer3
v1
v2
v3 v
4
Seller 2
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 24 / 30
Two-sided Markets
The Digital Dividend auction is an example of a two-sided market:Sellers and buyers trading goodsThe seller produces multiple goods each with a different costThere are multiple buyers each with different valuations of eachgood for saleBuyers and sellers report their values and the market mechanismdoes the allocation
The mechanism is incentive-compatible if the buyers and sellers arebest off telling the truth about their values
c1 c
2
Seller 1
buyer1 buyer2 buyer3
v1
v2
v3 v
4
Seller 2
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 24 / 30
Two-sided Markets
The Digital Dividend auction is an example of a two-sided market:Sellers and buyers trading goodsThe seller produces multiple goods each with a different costThere are multiple buyers each with different valuations of eachgood for saleBuyers and sellers report their values and the market mechanismdoes the allocationThe mechanism is incentive-compatible if the buyers and sellers arebest off telling the truth about their values
c1 c
2
Seller 1
buyer1 buyer2 buyer3
v1
v2
v3 v
4
Seller 2
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 24 / 30
Challenges in Two-sided Markets
The market is efficient if the most number of goods are sold aspossible
Economics Result: any incentive compatible mechanism that isefficient runs a deficit
Corollary: any incentive compatible mechanism that is budgetbalanced (or raises a surplus) is inefficient
It is an open problem to characterize the minimum loss of efficiencyto obtain budget balance in such markets
Spectrum economists work on the theory and practice of suchauctions
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 25 / 30
Challenges in Two-sided Markets
The market is efficient if the most number of goods are sold aspossible
Economics Result: any incentive compatible mechanism that isefficient runs a deficit
Corollary: any incentive compatible mechanism that is budgetbalanced (or raises a surplus) is inefficient
It is an open problem to characterize the minimum loss of efficiencyto obtain budget balance in such markets
Spectrum economists work on the theory and practice of suchauctions
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 25 / 30
Challenges in Two-sided Markets
The market is efficient if the most number of goods are sold aspossible
Economics Result: any incentive compatible mechanism that isefficient runs a deficit
Corollary: any incentive compatible mechanism that is budgetbalanced (or raises a surplus) is inefficient
It is an open problem to characterize the minimum loss of efficiencyto obtain budget balance in such markets
Spectrum economists work on the theory and practice of suchauctions
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 25 / 30
Challenges in Two-sided Markets
The market is efficient if the most number of goods are sold aspossible
Economics Result: any incentive compatible mechanism that isefficient runs a deficit
Corollary: any incentive compatible mechanism that is budgetbalanced (or raises a surplus) is inefficient
It is an open problem to characterize the minimum loss of efficiencyto obtain budget balance in such markets
Spectrum economists work on the theory and practice of suchauctions
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 25 / 30
Challenges in Two-sided Markets
The market is efficient if the most number of goods are sold aspossible
Economics Result: any incentive compatible mechanism that isefficient runs a deficit
Corollary: any incentive compatible mechanism that is budgetbalanced (or raises a surplus) is inefficient
It is an open problem to characterize the minimum loss of efficiencyto obtain budget balance in such markets
Spectrum economists work on the theory and practice of suchauctions
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 25 / 30
Definition of spectrum assets
As technology progresses it gets more difficult to define a spectrumasset
Traditionally, one will obtain a license to use a channel in a particulargeographic region, with a maximum constraint on transmit power
As cells get smaller, we may want to define assets on smaller spacescales
Currently, licenses last for years, but if traffic is bursty on smallspace-scales, then the time-scale of a spectrum asset should beconsidered as an open issue
An asset could be a channel at a particular location such as a cell.
Should the asset be defined on a time-scale of years, minutes ormicroseconds?
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 26 / 30
Definition of spectrum assets
As technology progresses it gets more difficult to define a spectrumasset
Traditionally, one will obtain a license to use a channel in a particulargeographic region, with a maximum constraint on transmit power
As cells get smaller, we may want to define assets on smaller spacescales
Currently, licenses last for years, but if traffic is bursty on smallspace-scales, then the time-scale of a spectrum asset should beconsidered as an open issue
An asset could be a channel at a particular location such as a cell.
Should the asset be defined on a time-scale of years, minutes ormicroseconds?
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 26 / 30
Definition of spectrum assets
As technology progresses it gets more difficult to define a spectrumasset
Traditionally, one will obtain a license to use a channel in a particulargeographic region, with a maximum constraint on transmit power
As cells get smaller, we may want to define assets on smaller spacescales
Currently, licenses last for years, but if traffic is bursty on smallspace-scales, then the time-scale of a spectrum asset should beconsidered as an open issue
An asset could be a channel at a particular location such as a cell.
Should the asset be defined on a time-scale of years, minutes ormicroseconds?
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 26 / 30
Definition of spectrum assets
As technology progresses it gets more difficult to define a spectrumasset
Traditionally, one will obtain a license to use a channel in a particulargeographic region, with a maximum constraint on transmit power
As cells get smaller, we may want to define assets on smaller spacescales
Currently, licenses last for years, but if traffic is bursty on smallspace-scales, then the time-scale of a spectrum asset should beconsidered as an open issue
An asset could be a channel at a particular location such as a cell.
Should the asset be defined on a time-scale of years, minutes ormicroseconds?
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 26 / 30
Definition of spectrum assets
As technology progresses it gets more difficult to define a spectrumasset
Traditionally, one will obtain a license to use a channel in a particulargeographic region, with a maximum constraint on transmit power
As cells get smaller, we may want to define assets on smaller spacescales
Currently, licenses last for years, but if traffic is bursty on smallspace-scales, then the time-scale of a spectrum asset should beconsidered as an open issue
An asset could be a channel at a particular location such as a cell.
Should the asset be defined on a time-scale of years, minutes ormicroseconds?
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 26 / 30
Definition of spectrum assets
As technology progresses it gets more difficult to define a spectrumasset
Traditionally, one will obtain a license to use a channel in a particulargeographic region, with a maximum constraint on transmit power
As cells get smaller, we may want to define assets on smaller spacescales
Currently, licenses last for years, but if traffic is bursty on smallspace-scales, then the time-scale of a spectrum asset should beconsidered as an open issue
An asset could be a channel at a particular location such as a cell.
Should the asset be defined on a time-scale of years, minutes ormicroseconds?
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 26 / 30
Interference as an externality
An important cause of market failure is the existence of anexternality
In wireless communications, interference is an externality
The value of one spectrum asset depends on the proximity ofanother spectrum asset
This can be due to co-channel or adjacent channel interference
One way to deal with it is to try and define an interference price
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 27 / 30
Interference as an externality
An important cause of market failure is the existence of anexternality
In wireless communications, interference is an externality
The value of one spectrum asset depends on the proximity ofanother spectrum asset
This can be due to co-channel or adjacent channel interference
One way to deal with it is to try and define an interference price
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 27 / 30
Interference as an externality
An important cause of market failure is the existence of anexternality
In wireless communications, interference is an externality
The value of one spectrum asset depends on the proximity ofanother spectrum asset
This can be due to co-channel or adjacent channel interference
One way to deal with it is to try and define an interference price
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 27 / 30
Interference as an externality
An important cause of market failure is the existence of anexternality
In wireless communications, interference is an externality
The value of one spectrum asset depends on the proximity ofanother spectrum asset
This can be due to co-channel or adjacent channel interference
One way to deal with it is to try and define an interference price
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 27 / 30
Interference as an externality
An important cause of market failure is the existence of anexternality
In wireless communications, interference is an externality
The value of one spectrum asset depends on the proximity ofanother spectrum asset
This can be due to co-channel or adjacent channel interference
One way to deal with it is to try and define an interference price
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 27 / 30
Interference pricing
R1(P1,P2)= log(1+h1,1P1
h1,2 P2+N1) R2(P1,P2)=log(1+
h2,2 P2h2,1 P1+N 2
)
R(P1,P2)=R1(P1, P2)+R2(P1,P2)
Problem is to maximize:
h1,1h1,2 h2,1
h2,2
Consider two link model
a first order condition is∂R1
∂P1+ ∂R2
∂P1= 0.
Let λ1 = −∂R2
∂P1be the price of
interference created by user 1
User 1 can selfishly maximizeR1 − λ1P1
However, this scheme is notincentive compatible
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 28 / 30
Interference pricing
R1(P1,P2)= log(1+h1,1P1
h1,2 P2+N1) R2(P1,P2)=log(1+
h2,2 P2h2,1 P1+N 2
)
R(P1,P2)=R1(P1, P2)+R2(P1,P2)
Problem is to maximize:
h1,1h1,2 h2,1
h2,2
Consider two link model
a first order condition is∂R1
∂P1+ ∂R2
∂P1= 0.
Let λ1 = −∂R2
∂P1be the price of
interference created by user 1
User 1 can selfishly maximizeR1 − λ1P1
However, this scheme is notincentive compatible
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 28 / 30
Interference pricing
R1(P1,P2)= log(1+h1,1P1
h1,2 P2+N1) R2(P1,P2)=log(1+
h2,2 P2h2,1 P1+N 2
)
R(P1,P2)=R1(P1, P2)+R2(P1,P2)
Problem is to maximize:
h1,1h1,2 h2,1
h2,2
Consider two link model
a first order condition is∂R1
∂P1+ ∂R2
∂P1= 0.
Let λ1 = −∂R2
∂P1be the price of
interference created by user 1
User 1 can selfishly maximizeR1 − λ1P1
However, this scheme is notincentive compatible
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 28 / 30
Interference pricing
R1(P1,P2)= log(1+h1,1P1
h1,2 P2+N1) R2(P1,P2)=log(1+
h2,2 P2h2,1 P1+N 2
)
R(P1,P2)=R1(P1, P2)+R2(P1,P2)
Problem is to maximize:
h1,1h1,2 h2,1
h2,2
Consider two link model
a first order condition is∂R1
∂P1+ ∂R2
∂P1= 0.
Let λ1 = −∂R2
∂P1be the price of
interference created by user 1
User 1 can selfishly maximizeR1 − λ1P1
However, this scheme is notincentive compatible
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 28 / 30
Interference pricing
R1(P1,P2)= log(1+h1,1P1
h1,2 P2+N1) R2(P1,P2)=log(1+
h2,2 P2h2,1 P1+N 2
)
R(P1,P2)=R1(P1, P2)+R2(P1,P2)
Problem is to maximize:
h1,1h1,2 h2,1
h2,2
Consider two link model
a first order condition is∂R1
∂P1+ ∂R2
∂P1= 0.
Let λ1 = −∂R2
∂P1be the price of
interference created by user 1
User 1 can selfishly maximizeR1 − λ1P1
However, this scheme is notincentive compatible
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 28 / 30
Dynamic models of spectrum sharing
Spectrum owner 1
Spectrum owner 2
Spectrum broker
New economic definitions andmodels will lead to new wirelesstechnology
Imagine a model in whichspectrum owners are differentfrom service providers
Each base station is a serviceprovider who purchases or leasesspectrum from the owners via abroker
Wireless devices may need to befrequency agile in such ascenario
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 29 / 30
Dynamic models of spectrum sharing
Spectrum owner 1
Spectrum owner 2
Spectrum broker
New economic definitions andmodels will lead to new wirelesstechnology
Imagine a model in whichspectrum owners are differentfrom service providers
Each base station is a serviceprovider who purchases or leasesspectrum from the owners via abroker
Wireless devices may need to befrequency agile in such ascenario
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 29 / 30
Dynamic models of spectrum sharing
Spectrum owner 1
Spectrum owner 2
Spectrum broker
New economic definitions andmodels will lead to new wirelesstechnology
Imagine a model in whichspectrum owners are differentfrom service providers
Each base station is a serviceprovider who purchases or leasesspectrum from the owners via abroker
Wireless devices may need to befrequency agile in such ascenario
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 29 / 30
Dynamic models of spectrum sharing
Spectrum owner 1
Spectrum owner 2
Spectrum broker
New economic definitions andmodels will lead to new wirelesstechnology
Imagine a model in whichspectrum owners are differentfrom service providers
Each base station is a serviceprovider who purchases or leasesspectrum from the owners via abroker
Wireless devices may need to befrequency agile in such ascenario
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 29 / 30
Concluding Remarks
The spectrum crunch is leading to exciting new developments inwireless communication engineering
Small cells are happening, and massive MIMO and mm-wave are onthe horizon
Various forms of spectrum sharing are already happening, and workis in progress on how to regulate spectrum in this new environment
Many of the problems in spectrum sharing have both engineeringand economics aspects
Collaboration between economists and engineers is starting tohappen
The result will be novel ways to exploit the scarce resource of radiospectrum, and exciting new technologies
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 30 / 30
Concluding Remarks
The spectrum crunch is leading to exciting new developments inwireless communication engineering
Small cells are happening, and massive MIMO and mm-wave are onthe horizon
Various forms of spectrum sharing are already happening, and workis in progress on how to regulate spectrum in this new environment
Many of the problems in spectrum sharing have both engineeringand economics aspects
Collaboration between economists and engineers is starting tohappen
The result will be novel ways to exploit the scarce resource of radiospectrum, and exciting new technologies
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 30 / 30
Concluding Remarks
The spectrum crunch is leading to exciting new developments inwireless communication engineering
Small cells are happening, and massive MIMO and mm-wave are onthe horizon
Various forms of spectrum sharing are already happening, and workis in progress on how to regulate spectrum in this new environment
Many of the problems in spectrum sharing have both engineeringand economics aspects
Collaboration between economists and engineers is starting tohappen
The result will be novel ways to exploit the scarce resource of radiospectrum, and exciting new technologies
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 30 / 30
Concluding Remarks
The spectrum crunch is leading to exciting new developments inwireless communication engineering
Small cells are happening, and massive MIMO and mm-wave are onthe horizon
Various forms of spectrum sharing are already happening, and workis in progress on how to regulate spectrum in this new environment
Many of the problems in spectrum sharing have both engineeringand economics aspects
Collaboration between economists and engineers is starting tohappen
The result will be novel ways to exploit the scarce resource of radiospectrum, and exciting new technologies
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 30 / 30
Concluding Remarks
The spectrum crunch is leading to exciting new developments inwireless communication engineering
Small cells are happening, and massive MIMO and mm-wave are onthe horizon
Various forms of spectrum sharing are already happening, and workis in progress on how to regulate spectrum in this new environment
Many of the problems in spectrum sharing have both engineeringand economics aspects
Collaboration between economists and engineers is starting tohappen
The result will be novel ways to exploit the scarce resource of radiospectrum, and exciting new technologies
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 30 / 30
Concluding Remarks
The spectrum crunch is leading to exciting new developments inwireless communication engineering
Small cells are happening, and massive MIMO and mm-wave are onthe horizon
Various forms of spectrum sharing are already happening, and workis in progress on how to regulate spectrum in this new environment
Many of the problems in spectrum sharing have both engineeringand economics aspects
Collaboration between economists and engineers is starting tohappen
The result will be novel ways to exploit the scarce resource of radiospectrum, and exciting new technologies
Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 30 / 30
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