5g new radio technology and...
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1
5G New Radio –Technology and Performance
Amitava Ghosh
Nokia Bell Labs
July 20th, 2017
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Performance : NR @ sub 6 GHz
3
© Nokia 2017
Motivation: Why 5G New Radio @ sub 6GHz
Access to new spectrum
Lean carrier
Massive MIMO with minimum 64 Tx
Higher Bandwidth
Dynamic TDD in small cells
Enhanced Control Channel Coverage
Higher Energy Efficiency
Ubiquitous coverage for mMTC and URLLC
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© Nokia 2017
5G Technology Components for Enhancing S.E. Compared to LTE
Technology component
Lean carrier
Enhanced inter-cell cancellation
Enhanced beamforming
Gain
+20%
+20%
+0..60%
Total gain +50..150%
Dynamic TDD in small cells +30%
Improved spectral usage +10%
Non-orthogonal transmission ?
Gain values
preliminary
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© Nokia 2017
5G vs. 4G Capacity per Cell
100 MHz
3.5 GHz
4-8 bps / Hz
400-800 Mbps
cell throughput
5G 3500 with
massive MIMO
beamforming
2.6 GHz
20 MHz
2 bps / Hz
40 Mbps
cell throughputLTE2600 with
2x2 MIMO
10-20 x
5x More Spectrum with 2 – 4x More Efficiency
6
SE and Coverage Comparison (LTE vs. NR @ sub 6 GHz)
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© Nokia 2017
MIMO in 3GPP
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© Nokia 2017
Logical Array: 16-ports (1,8,2)
• Physical construction:
- Eight-column array with 128 physical elements:
- 8 rows, 8 columns, 2 polarizations
- Half wavelength-spaced columns, 0.8-wavelength spacing between rows
• 16-TXRU implementation:
- Within each column: co-pol elements are aggregated at RF for an ISD-dependent electrical downtilt.
• ISD=750m: downtilt=8 degrees
• ISD=1500m: downtilt=6 degrees
- 16 transceivers, 1 per polarization per column
Antenna Array Configurations
2
8
1
Physical Array: (8,8,2)
8
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© Nokia 2017
Physical Array
(8,4,2)
• Physical construction:
- Four-column array with 64 physical elements:
- 8 rows, 4 columns, 2 polarizations
- Half wavelength-spaced columns, 0.8-wavelength spacing between rows
• 16-TXRU implementation:
- Within each column: The top four co-pol elements are driven by one transceiver, the bottom four co-pol elements are driven by a second transceiver: ISD-dependent downtilt
• ISD=750m: downtilt=8 degrees
• ISD=1500m: downtilt=6 degrees
- 16 transceivers, 2 per polarization per column
Antenna Array Configurations
2
Logical Array
16-ports (2,4,2)
4
2
4
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© Nokia 2017
Logical Array
16-ports (4,2,2)
Physical Array
(8,2,2)
• Physical construction:
- Two-column array with 32 physical elements:
- 8 rows, 2 columns, 2 polarizations
- Half wavelength-spaced columns, 0.8-wavelength spacing between rows
• 16-TXRU implementation:
- Within each column: pairs of co-pol elements are driven by one transceiver, no downtilt
- 16 transceivers, 4 per polarization per column
Antenna Array Configurations
2
2
4
2
8
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© Nokia 2017
• Transmission Schemes:
- SU-MIMO
• Rank adaptation
- MU-MIMO
• Rank adaptation: Rank 1 per UE preferred over max Rank 2 per UE
• Scenarios: 3D-UMa
- 2GHz: 750m, 1500m ISD
- (Performance in B66 and B25 should be similar)
Massive MIMO Techniques for the Downlink
• LTE
- 16-port Rel-13 codebook
• (maximum rank is 8)
- 16-port Rel-14 codebook
• (maximum rank is 2)
• NR
- 16-port NR Codebook Type I
• (Maximum rank is 8)
- 16-port NR Codebook Type II
• (maximum rank is 2)
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© Nokia 2017
• Acquisition and maintenance of a set of beams for
TX and RX at base and UE
• CoMP is built in
Massive MIMO in 3GPP New Radio – Beam Based Air Interface
Beamformed Control Channels Beam Management
TRP2 (Cell1)
TRP1 (Cell2)
TRP2 (Cell2)
TRP1 (Cell1)
PSS1
SSS1
PCI1
PSS1
SSS1
PCI1
PSS2
SSS2
PCI2
PSS2
SSS2
PCI2
BRS#0
BRS#1
BRS#2
BRS#3
BRS#0
BRS#1
BRS#2
BRS#3
Cell 1
Cell 2
Beam Scanning
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© Nokia 2017
Best of NR vs Best of LTE, UEs with 2RX & 4RX – 1500m ISD – Full Buffer
• Gain of NR over LTE is roughly 19-34% in Mean SE, 14%-28% in cell edge in Full Buffer
• Gains in bursty traffic will be higher
2RX
LTE NR LTE NR
4RX2RX 4RX
LTE NR LTE NR
MEAN Cell Edge
16 TXRUs
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© Nokia 2017
Best of NR vs Best of LTE (16-port antenna array configurations)
• Full Buffer: Gain of NR over LTE is between 19% and 35% in Mean SE, 14-28% in cell edge.
• Gains in bursty traffic will be higher
2GHz, ISD=1500, UE=4RX, Mean SE (bps/Hz) BS(1,8,2) BS(2,4,2) BS(4,2,2)
Best LTE 3.96 3.32 2.41
Best NR 4.99 4.14 2.88
Gain of NR over LTE 26% 25% 19%
2GHz, ISD=1500, UE=2RX, Mean SE (bps/Hz) BS(1,8,2) BS(2,4,2) BS(4,2,2)
Best LTE 2.93 2.49 1.86
Best NR 3.93 3.24 2.27
Gain of NR over LTE 34% 30% 22%
2GHz, ISD=1500, UE=2RX, Cell Edge SE (bps/Hz) (1,8,2) (2,4,2) (4,2,2)
Best LTE 0.79 0.83 0.63
Best NR 1.01 0.99 0.72
Gain of NR over LTE 28% 19% 14%
2GHz, ISD=1500, UE=4RX, Cell Edge SE (bps/Hz) (1,8,2) (2,4,2) (4,2,2)
Best LTE 1.03 1.10 0.84
Best NR 1.27 1.32 0.96
Gain of NR over LTE 23% 20% 14%
2GHz, ISD=750, UE=2RX, Mean SE (bps/Hz) BS(1,8,2) BS(2,4,2) BS(4,2,2)
Best LTE 3.83 3.29 2.52
Best NR 5.17 4.35 3.17
Gain of NR over LTE 35% 32% 26%
2GHz, ISD=750, UE=2RX, Cell Edge SE (bps/Hz) (1,8,2) (2,4,2) (4,2,2)
Best LTE 1.49 1.26 0.93
Best NR 1.89 1.54 1.10
Gain of NR over LTE 27% 23% 19%
2GHz, ISD=750, UE=4RX, Mean SE (bps/Hz) BS(1,8,2) BS(2,4,2) BS(4,2,2)
Best LTE 5.12 4.29 3.28
Best NR 6.44 5.45 3.99
Gain of NR over LTE 26% 27% 21%
2GHz, ISD=750, UE=4RX, Cell Edge SE (bps/Hz) (1,8,2) (2,4,2) (4,2,2)
Best LTE 1.95 1.70 1.28
Best NR 2.45 2.06 1.47
Gain of NR over LTE 25% 21% 15%
Mean SE Cell Edge
ISD
=750
ISD
=1
500
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© Nokia 2017
5G vs. 4G Capacity per Cell at 2GHz – 16x4 MIMO
2GHz
20MHz
5.12 bps/Hz
102 Mbps cell
throughput
2GHz
20MHz
7.73 bps/Hz *
155 Mbps cell
throughput
100 MHz
3.5 GHz
4-8 bps / Hz
400-800 Mbps
cell throughput
5G 3500 with
massive MIMO
beamforming
2.6 GHz
20 MHz
2 bps / Hz
40 Mbps
cell throughputLTE2600 with
2x2 MIMO
10-20 x
5x More Spectrum with 2 – 4x More Efficiency
100 MHz
3.5 GHz
4-8 bps / Hz
400-800 Mbps
cell throughput
5G 3500 with
massive MIMO
beamforming
2.6 GHz
20 MHz
2 bps / Hz
40 Mbps
cell throughputLTE2600 with
2x2 MIMO
10-20 x
5x More Spectrum with 2 – 4x More Efficiency
1.5 x
LTE
2GHz
750m ISD
16x4
eNB=(1,8,2)
NR
2GHz
750m ISD
16x4
gNB = (1,8,2)
• In Full Buffer, NR Codebooks show
significant gains over LTE Codebooks
- Mean UE throughput: 26%
- Cell edge: 25%
* Includes 20%
improvement due to
lean carrier in NR
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© Nokia 2017
Parameter Value
Inter-site distances 750m, 1500m
Carrier frequencies 2 GHz
System bandwidth 10MHz
BS Transmit Power 80W over 10MHz channel = 49 dBm per 10MHz channel
Electrical Downtilt (if used) 8 degrees for ISD=750, 6 degrees for ISD=1500
BS Antenna Configuration 182 (16
ports - Azimuth only)
Physical Array: (8,8,2): (8 rows, 8 columns, 2 polarizations [±45°] )
Element spacing: 0.8λ (elevation), 0.5λ (azimuth)
Logical Array: (1,8,2): (1 row, 8 columns, 2 polarizations [±45°] ) with electrical downtilt
16 transmit ports (Rel-13, Rel-14, NR): (1,8,2)
BS Antenna Configuration 242 (16
ports – Azimuth & Elevation)
Physical Array: (8,4,2): (8 rows, 4 columns, 2 polarizations [±45°] )
Element spacing: 0.8λ (elevation), 0.5λ (azimuth)
Logical Array: (2,4,2): (2 rows, 4 columns, 2 polarizations [±45°] ) with electrical downtilt
16 transmit ports (Rel-13, Rel-14, NR): (2,4,2)
BS Antenna Configuration 422 (16
ports – Azimuth & Elevation)
Physical Array: (8,2,2): (8 rows, 2 columns, 2 polarizations [±45°] )
Element spacing: 0.8λ (elevation), 0.5λ (azimuth)
Logical Array: (4,2,2): (4 rows, 2 columns, 2 polarizations [±45°] ) without electrical downtilt
16 transmit ports (Rel-13, Rel-14, NR): (4,2,2)
Simulation Parameters1 of 2
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© Nokia 2017
Parameter Value
UE Antenna
Configurations
2 Rx: (1,1,2) (elevation, azimuth, polarization [0°,90°])
4 Rx: (1,2,2) (0.5λ spacing)
Receiver MMSE, non-ideal channel estimation
Traffic Model Full buffer
Users 10 users per sector
Scheduler Proportional fair
Codebooks
Rel-13: 182: Configuration 1 with 8x DFT oversampling
422: Configuration 2 with (8,8) DFT oversampling
242: Configuration 2 with (4,8) DFT oversampling
Rel-14: Advanced CSI linear comb. codebook (2 bits amplitude [WB], 2 bits phase [SB])
NR Type 1: L=4 beams
NR Type 2: Linear combination codebook (L=4 beams, 8-PSK phase, WB+SB amplitude
scaling)
Simulation Parameters2 of 2
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© Nokia 2017
Control Channel Coverage – LTE vs NRCDF of Downlink Control Channel SINR
LTE
(800MHz
& 3.5GHz)
NR (3.5GHz)
8
1
LTE
8
4
NR Grid-
of-
Beams
10˚
downtilt2-port
SFBC
2-port
SFBC
Coverage performance when deploying a 3.5GHz system on a site grid sized for 800MHz
19
Performance : NR @ mmWave
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© Nokia 2017
• Unique difficulties that a mmWave system must overcome • Increase path loss which is overcome by large arrays (e.g., 4x4 or 8x8)
• Narrow beamwidths, provided by these high dimension arrays
• High penetration loss and diminished diffraction
5G mmWave Challenges & Proof Points
• Two of the main difficulties are:• Acquiring and tracking user devices within the coverage area of base station
using a narrow beam antenna
• Mitigating shadowing with base station diversity and rapidly rerouting around
obstacles when user device is shadowed by an opaque obstacle in its path
• Other 5G aspects a mmWave system will need to address:• High peak rates and cell edge rates ( >10 Gbps peak, >100 Mbps cell edge)
• Low-latency (< 1ms)
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© Nokia 2017
FCC mmWave Spectrum Allocation
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© Nokia 2017
Early 5G use case: Extreme broadband to the home
The last 200m
vRAN & EPC
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© Nokia 2017
• Large gains from Multi-User-MIMO [30GHz / 800MHz bandwidth]
3GPP New Radio at mmWave – Hybrid Array Performance
Single-Panel Array at UE Four-Panel Array at UE
SU-MIMO SU-MIMOMU-MIMO MU-MIMO
47%19%
4 4
4
4
Four-Panel UE/AP,
128/256 elements
8 TXRUs
8
8
Single-Panel UE/AP,
128/256 elements
2 TXRUs
24
© Nokia 2017
Antenna Array Comparisons - Number of Elements Constant vs. Frequency5dBi ant element gain, 7dBm AP Pout per element, 1dBm UE Pout per element, shown to scale
AP
Max EIRP ≈ 60.2 dBm
8
16
2 TXRUs Max EIRP ≈ 60.2 dBm
52% area relative to 28GHz
Max EIRP ≈ 60.2 dBm
15% area relative to 28GHz
16
8
8
16
4
4
Max EIRP ≈ 36.1 dBm
2 TXRUs
4
4
4
4
Max EIRP ≈ 36.1 dBm
52% area relative to 28GHz
Max EIRP ≈ 36.1 dBm
15% area relative to 28GHz
28 GHz256 elements (8x16x2)
39 GHz256 elements (8x16x2)
73 GHz256 elements (8x16x2)
UE
73 GHz, 32 elements, (4x4x2)39 GHz, 32 elements, (4x4x2)28 GHz, 32 elements, (4x4x2)
25
© Nokia 2017
System Simulation Results for the Suburban Micro EnvironmentConstant Number Antenna Elements for 28 GHz, 39 GHz and 73 GHz
Mean UE Throughput Cell Edge Throughput
30 40 50 60 70 30 40 50 60 70
30 40 50 60 70 30 40 50 60 70
Downlink
Uplink
561 560 561
554 553
551
543
540
529
525
530
535
540
545
550
555
560
565
25
Thro
ugh
pu
t (M
bp
s)
DOWNLINK - MEAN UE THROUGHPUT (Outdoor, No Foliage, UE=32)
ISD=100m ISD=200m ISD=300m
250
256
250
222227
224
216
205
189
150
170
190
210
230
250
270
25
Thro
ugh
pu
t (M
bp
s)
DOWNLINK - CELL EDGE THROUGHPUT (Outdoor, No Foliage, UE=32)
ISD=100m ISD=200m ISD=300m
554 553549547
540
513509
488
430420
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
25
Thro
ugh
pu
t (M
bp
s)
UPLINK - MEAN UE THROUGHPUT (Outdoor, No Foliage, UE=32)
ISD=100m ISD=200m ISD=300m
265262
256
216
205
184183
162
124
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
25Th
rou
ghp
ut (
Mb
ps)
UPLINK - CELL EDGE THROUGHPUT (Outdoor, No Foliage, UE=32)
ISD=100m ISD=200m ISD=300m
26
© Nokia 2017
System Simulation Results for the Suburban Micro Environment (Heavy Foliage)Constant Number Antenna Elements for 28 GHz, 39 GHz and 73 GHz
Mean UE Throughput Cell Edge Throughput
30 40 50 60 70 30 40 50 60 70
30 40 50 60 70 30 40 50 60 70
Downlink
Uplink
555 554 548
444
417
366
269
241
199180
230
280
330
380
430
480
530
580
25
Thro
ugh
pu
t (M
bp
s)
DOWNLINK - MEAN UE THROUGHPUT (Outdoor, Heavy Foliage, UE=32)
ISD=100m ISD=200m ISD=300m
199193
176
62
49
21
7 4 0
0
50
100
150
200
250
25
Thro
ugh
pu
t (M
bp
s)
DOWNLINK - CELL EDGE THROUGHPUT (Outdoor, Heavy Foliage, UE=32)
ISD=100m ISD=200m ISD=300m
526518
493
337
311
270
215205
187160
210
260
310
360
410
460
510
25
Thro
ugh
pu
t (M
bp
s)
UPLINK - MEAN UE THROUGHPUT (Outdoor, Heavy Foliage, UE=32)
ISD=100m ISD=200m ISD=300m
170
155
114
83 10 0 0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
25Th
rou
ghp
ut (
Mb
ps)
UPLINK - CELL EDGE THROUGHPUT (Outdoor, Heavy Foliage, UE=32)
ISD=100m ISD=200m ISD=300m
27
© Nokia 2017
Antenna Array Comparisons - AP Antenna Aperture Constant vs. Frequency5dBi ant element gain, 7dBm AP Pout per element, 1dBm UE Pout per element, shown to scale
AP
Max EIRP ≈ 60.2 dBm
8
16
2 TXRUs
Max EIRP ≈ 66.2 dBm
103% area relative to 28GHz
Max EIRP ≈ 72.2 dBm
59% area relative to 28GHzRoom to grow…normalized array
size is ~4.5dBm more than above
16
16
16
32
4
4
Max EIRP ≈ 36.1 dBm
2 TXRUs
4
4
4
4
Max EIRP ≈ 36.1 dBm
52% area relative to 28GHz
Max EIRP ≈ 36.1 dBm
15% area relative to 28GHz
28 GHz256 elements (8x16x2)
39 GHz512 elements (16x16x2)
73 GHz1024 elements (16x32x2)
UE
73 GHz, 32 elements, (4x4x2)39 GHz, 32 elements, (4x4x2)28 GHz, 32 elements, (4x4x2)
28
© Nokia 2017
System Simulation Results for the Suburban Micro EnvironmentConstant Antenna Aperture for 28 GHz, 39 GHz and 73 GHz
Mean UE Throughput Cell Edge Throughput
30 40 50 60 70 30 40 50 60 70
30 40 50 60 70 30 40 50 60 70
Downlink
Uplink
561
562
566
554
560
564
543
550
554
540
545
550
555
560
565
570
25
Thro
ugh
pu
t (M
bp
s)
DOWNLINK - MEAN UE THROUGHPUT (Outdoor, No Foliage, UE=32)
ISD=100m ISD=200m ISD=300m
250 250
267
222
244
261
216
237
249
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
25
Thro
ugh
pu
t (M
bp
s)
DOWNLINK - CELL EDGE THROUGHPUT (Outdoor, No Foliage, UE=32)
ISD=100m ISD=200m ISD=300m
554 555 555
547550
546
509
513
495
485
495
505
515
525
535
545
555
565
25
Thro
ugh
pu
t (M
bp
s)
UPLINK - MEAN UE THROUGHPUT (Outdoor, No Foliage, UE=32)
ISD=100m ISD=200m ISD=300m
265267 267
216
233
227
183
190
183
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
25Th
rou
ghp
ut (
Mb
ps)
UPLINK - CELL EDGE THROUGHPUT (Outdoor, No Foliage, UE=32)
ISD=100m ISD=200m ISD=300m
29
© Nokia 2017
System Simulation Results for the Suburban Micro Environment (Heavy Foliage)Constant Antenna Aperture for 28 GHz, 39 GHz and 73 GHz
Mean UE Throughput Cell Edge Throughput
30 40 50 60 70 30 40 50 60 70
30 40 50 60 70 30 40 50 60 70
Downlink
Uplink
555 559 561
444
469 475
269
301 304
230
280
330
380
430
480
530
580
25
Thro
ugh
pu
t (M
bp
s)
DOWNLINK - MEAN UE THROUGHPUT (Outdoor, Heavy Foliage, UE=32)
ISD=100m ISD=200m ISD=300m
199210
220
62
77 75
717 190
50
100
150
200
250
25
Thro
ugh
pu
t (M
bp
s)
DOWNLINK - CELL EDGE THROUGHPUT (Outdoor, Heavy Foliage, UE=32)
ISD=100m ISD=200m ISD=300m
526 529518
337328
300
215 208197170
220
270
320
370
420
470
520
570
25
Thro
ugh
pu
t (M
bp
s)
UPLINK - MEAN UE THROUGHPUT (Outdoor, Heavy Foliage, UE=32)
ISD=100m ISD=200m ISD=300m
170177
160
8 730 0 0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
25Th
rou
ghp
ut (
Mb
ps)
UPLINK - CELL EDGE THROUGHPUT (Outdoor, Heavy Foliage, UE=32)
ISD=100m ISD=200m ISD=300m
30
Summary
31
© Nokia 2017
• Spectral Efficiency can be doubled with 5G NR (16x4) compared to LTE @ sub 6 GHz
(4x4)
• Antenna array size will decrease for given array configuration and number of elements
- Reduced antenna aperture is the primary reason for decreasing performance with higher frequency
- Little degradation is seen at 100m ISDs as systems are not path loss limited
- Some degradation is seen for larger ISDs as systems become more noise limited
• Keeping antenna aperture constant can mitigate differences at higher frequencies
- Increasing the number elements as frequency increases will keep the physical array size and
antenna aperture constant
- Performance is nearly identical at all frequencies and ISDs with constant physical array size (antenna
aperture)
• Foliage poses challenges at all mmWave frequencies and is not dramatically higher at 70
GHz as compared to 28 GHz or 39 GHz
Overall Summary
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