5 reactors
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Workings of aWorkings of a
Nuclear ReactorNuclear Reactor
Reactor BasicsReactor Basics
PWRPWRBWRBWR
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Key Reactor Power TermsKey Reactor Power Terms
AvailabilityAvailability Fraction of time over aFraction of time over areporting period that the plant isreporting period that the plant is
operationaloperational If a reactor is down for maintenance 1 weekIf a reactor is down for maintenance 1 week
and refueling 2 weeks every year, theand refueling 2 weeks every year, the
av
ailability factor of the reactor would beav
ailability factor of the reactor would be(365(365--3 * 7) / 365 = 0.943 * 7) / 365 = 0.94
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TermTerm
VisualizationVisualization
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Piecing Together a ReactorPiecing Together a Reactor
1.1. FuelFuel2.2. ModeratorModerator
3.3. Control RodsControl Rods4.4. CoolantCoolant5.5. Steam GeneratorSteam Generator
6.6. Turbine/GeneratorTurbine/Generator7.7. PumpsPumps8.8. HeatExchangerHeatExchanger
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Basic Reactor ModelBasic Reactor Model
1.
Fuel
3.
Controlrod
5.Steam
generator
4. Coolant
6.
8.
7.
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Nuclear Power in the United StatesNuclear Power in the United States
ManufacturersManufacturers
General ElectricGeneral Electric
www.ge.comwww.ge.com WestinghouseWestinghouse
www.westinghouse.comwww.westinghouse.com
AREVANPAREVANP
www.framatomewww.framatome--anp.comanp.com
ABB Combustion Eng.ABB Combustion Eng.
www.abb.comwww.abb.com
http://www.chemsoc.org
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World Nuclear PowerWorld Nuclear Power
443 Nuclear443 NuclearReactors in 30Reactors in 30Countries inCountries inOperation, JanuaryOperation, January20062006
Provided ~16%Provided ~16%World Production ofWorld Production of
Energy in 2003Energy in 2003 24 Nuclear Power24 Nuclear Power
Plants underPlants underConstructionConstruction
http://www.insc.anl.gov
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Reactor GenerationsReactor Generations
Gen IGen I Prototypes in 50s & 60sPrototypes in 50s & 60s
Gen IIGen II
70s & 80s70s & 80s Todays OperationalTodays Operational
ReactorsReactors BWR, PWR, CANDU, BWR, PWR, CANDU,
Gen IIIGen III ABWR, APWRABWR, APWR Approved 90sApproved 90s Some Built around theSome Built around the
WorldWorld
Gen III+Gen III+ CurrentAdvanced DesignsCurrentAdvanced Designs
in the Approval Processin the Approval Process Pebble Bed ReactorPebble Bed Reactor
Gen IVGen IV Deploy in 2030Deploy in 2030 EconomicalEconomical SafeSafe Minimize WasteMinimize Waste
Reduce ProliferationReduce Proliferation
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Reactor GenerationsReactor Generations
http://www.whitehouse.gov/
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Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)
Pressure VesselPressure Vessel
Light WaterLight Water
3.2% U3.2% U--235 Fuel235 Fuel
22--4 Loops => Steam4 Loops => Steam
UOUO22 Pellets in ZircaloyPellets in Zircaloy
17 x 17 array17 x 17 array
12 foot long bundle12 foot long bundle
~32% Efficiency~32% Efficiency
External Pipe CorrosionExternal Pipe Corrosion
Lower Capital CostLower Capital Cost
AP600 WestinghouseAP600 Westinghouse
600 MWe600 MWe
Passive Safety CoolingPassive Safety CoolingSystemsSystems
Prefabricated andPrefabricated andAssembled OnAssembled On--SiteSite
Simple Plant Design =Simple Plant Design =
Reduced Volume andReduced Volume andCostCost
33--yearyearConstructionConstruction
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Basic Diagram of a PWRBasic Diagram of a PWR
http://www.nrc.gov/
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A PWR in PracticeA PWR in Practice
http://www.nukeworker.com/
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VVERVVER Russian PWR (WaterRussian PWR (Water--Cooled,Cooled,
WaterWater--Moderated, Energy Reactor)Moderated, Energy Reactor)
http://www.nucleartourist.com/
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Other LWR ReactorsOther LWR Reactors
Republic of KoreaRepublic of Korea
Optimized Power Reactor, OPROptimized Power Reactor, OPR--10001000
Advanced Power Reactor, APRAdvanced Power Reactor, APR--14001400 SystemSystem--integrated Modular Advanced Reactor, SMARTintegrated Modular Advanced Reactor, SMART
(330 MWt)(330 MWt)
GermanyGermany
KONVOI, 1300 MWKONVOI, 1300 MW
FranceFrance
N4, 1450 MWN4, 1450 MW
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AREVA NPAREVA NP EPR (EuropeanEPR (European
PressurizedPressurized--Water Reactor)Water Reactor) 1600 MWe1600 MWe
3636 37% Efficiency37% Efficiency
Mixed Oxide (MOX)Mixed Oxide (MOX)FuelFuel
6060 yr Service Lifeyr Service Life
33 4 yr Construction4 yr Construction
Multiple Barriers andMultiple Barriers andSimple SafetySimple SafetySystemsSystems
http://www.framatome-anp.com/
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WestinghouseWestinghouse AP1000 ReactorAP1000 Reactor
11171117 1154 MWe1154 MWe
Improved AP600 DesignImproved AP600 Design Same Basic DesignSame Basic Design
Same Inherent SafetySame Inherent Safety
Optimized Power OutputOptimized Power Output
Reduced Energy CostsReduced Energy Costs
2 Steam Generators2 Steam Generators
3 year Construction3 year Construction
Final Design Approval inFinal Design Approval inDecember 2005!December 2005!
http://www.ap1000.westinghousenuclear.com/
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AP1000AP1000 Less PiecesLess Pieces
Nuclear News, November 2004
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Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
Direct BoilingDirect Boiling
10% Coolant = Steam10% Coolant = Steam
Similar Fuel to PWRSimilar Fuel to PWR Lower Power DensityLower Power Density
than PWRthan PWR
Corrosion Product
Corrosion ProductActivated in CoreActivated in Core
Higher Radiation FieldHigher Radiation Field
GEGE ABWRABWR
1350 MWe1350 MWe
(3926 MWt)(3926 MWt) UOUO22 FuelFuel
6060 yr Service Lifeyr Service Life
Internalized SafetyInternalized Safetyand Recirculationand RecirculationSystemsSystems
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Basic Diagram of a BWRBasic Diagram of a BWR
http://www.nrc.gov/
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ABWR in PracticeABWR in Practice
http://www.energy-northwest.com
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ABWR (Advanced BoilingABWR (Advanced Boiling
Water Reactor)Water Reactor) 1350 MWe1350 MWe
77% more compact than77% more compact thanBWR designBWR design
39 month construction39 month constructionperiodperiod
TOSHIBA, Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Unit 6, Japan
GE
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ABWRABWR Less PiecesLess Pieces
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ABWRABWR--IIII Early 1990sEarly 1990s -- TEPCO, 5TEPCO, 5
other utilities, GE, Hitachiother utilities, GE, Hitachiand Toshiba beganand Toshiba begandevelopmentdevelopment
1700 MWe1700 MWe
GoalsGoals 30% capital cost reduction30% capital cost reduction
reduced construction timereduced construction time
20% power generation cost20% power generation costreductionreduction
increased safetyincreased safety
increased flexibility forincreased flexibility forfuture fuel cyclesfuture fuel cycles
CommercializeCommercialize latterlatter2010s2010s
PRCS PCCS
S/P
D/W
PHRS
S/P
D/W
PHRS
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GEGE ESBWR (Economic SimplifiedESBWR (Economic SimplifiedB
oiling Water Reactor)B
oiling Water Reactor) 1550 MWe (4500 MWt)1550 MWe (4500 MWt)
Passive CondenserPassive CondenserSystems for HeatSystems for HeatTransferTransfer
Standard Seismic DesignStandard Seismic Design
Improved EconomicsImproved Economics
Shorter ConstructionShorter ConstructionTimeTime
Reduced Plant Staff andReduced Plant Staff andOperator RequirementsOperator Requirements
Raised SuppressionPool
Decay Heat Heat Exchangers
Above Drywell
All Pipes/ Valves
Inside Containment
High Elevation Gravity
Drain Pools
Raised SuppressionPool
Decay Heat Heat Exchangers
Above Drywell
All Pipes/ Valves
Inside Containment
High Elevation Gravity
Drain Pools
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ESBWRESBWR
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