4653985 designer milk fat production (1)
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Swati Saxena, Mayank Tandon, J.P. Sehgal & S.N. Rai
Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy ResearchInstitute, Karnal, Haryana, India-132001
Email: mayanktandon1@gmail.com
DESIGNER MILK FAT
PRODUCTION-
Effective Animal Nutrition for Human
Nutrition
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Milk fat - Important functions
Major energy component
Account for many physical properties
Manufacturing characteristics
Organoleptic qualities
Economic value of dairy products
Recent Interestfunctional aspectDesigning milk fat
Improve healthfulness and functional properties
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Comparison of Fatty Acid Profiles
Fatty Acids Ideal Milk Fat Typical Milk
Fat
PUFA(including -3)
10 % 5 %
MUFA 82 % 25 %
SFA 8 % 70 %
(Grummer, 1991)
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Health Aspects
FA content of lauric, myristic & palmitic ---Hypercholesterolemic effect
content of CLA, butyric acids &
sphingolipidsAnti-carcinogenic props. -3 fatty acids
EPA & DHA
Prevention of secondary coronary disease Mono-unsaturated fatty acids plasma
lipoprotein indicators of coronary disease risk
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Lipases, Galactosidases,Phospholipases
Unsaturated Free Fatty Acidseg : cis-9, cis- 12, C 18:2
Cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 (CLA)
Isomerase
Trans-11 C18:1
C 18:0
Reductase
(Butyrivibrio fibrisolvence)
Reductase
Esterified Plant Lipids
Conversion of Esterified PlantLipids to SFA In Rumen
(Kewalramani, 2002)
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-3 Fatty Acids
Mother subs. For Prostaglandin production
Beneficial effect on CHD
3 separate phenomenaAtherosclerosis
Thrombosis
Vascular spasm(Sen,1991)
Therapeutic impact neurological abnormalities
(45 mg /kg/d)
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Main Sources -3 & -6 FA contents of feed and oil seeds
(Sen,1991)
% -3 fatty acids % -6 fatty acids
Sunflower seed 0.3 52
Safflower seed 0.5 75
Maize 1.6 50
Rapeseed 10.0 20.0
Linseed oil 55.0 17.0
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LNAC18:3(n-3)
EPA
C20:5(n-3)C24:5 (n-3)
C24:6 (n-3)
DHA
C22:6 (n-3)
C18:4(n-3)
C20:4(n-3)
DPA
C22:5 (n-3)
Biochemical Conversion Of LNA To EPA & DHA
6 desaturase
elongase
elongase
5 desaturase
elongase
6 desaturase
2C chain shortening
(Allman, 1995)
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Milk Fat Synthesis
Consists of (g/ Kg milk fat)
Triacylglycerols 960-980g
1,2 Diacylglycerols 20-25g Phospholipids 10g
Cholesterol 5g
Small quantities of FFA & monoacylglycerols
(Ashes et al., 1997)
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3 Stages In Milk Fat Biosynthesis
Accumulation of FA in the mammary cells
de-novo synthesis
absorption from the blood stream
Triacylglycerols construction and fat globule
assembly
Secretion (Murphy, 2002)
Contd
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Nutritional Manipulation of Milk Fat
Concentration
Change in milk fat concentration achieved by
Altering level of de-novo synthesis in the
mammary gland
Supply of long chain FA in diet
Most effects on milk fat concentration are
mediated through rumen fermentation
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Dietary Factors Affect Supply of Acetic
Acid from the Rumen for De-Novo
Synthesis
Fiber quantity & quality
Forage : Concentrate ratio
Buffer inclusion
Concentrate Composition
Concentrate feeding frequency
(Chilliard et al., 2001)
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High
roughage-50%
Low
roughage-30%
Low roughage
+ tallow(3 %)
Yield, g/d
C6:0 to C14:0 178 76 79
C16:0 262 96 159
C18: 0 61 22 43
C18:1 126 108 257
C18:2 14 18 24
Profile, g/100g
C6:0 to C14:0 24 20 12
C16:0 34 25 24
C18: 0 8.2 5.6 6.4
C18:1 17 29 46
C18:2 2 5 4
Effects of roughage level and supplemental lipid on milkfatty acid composition and yield
(Grummer,1991)
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Properties of fat supplements
Lipid composition: Relative conc. of
TAG/FFA
Fatty Acids
Degree of inertness
Digestibility
Transfer into milk Mammary gland lipogenesis
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FattyAcid
Canola Safflower
Sunflower
Corn Soybean Cottonseed
BeefTallow
4:0 - - - - - -14:0 0.1 0.1 0.1 - 0.1 0.8 3.3
16:0 3.9 6.6 6.0 9.9 10.3 22.9 24.7
16:1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.6 4.0
16:2 - 0.7
18:0 1.8 2.5 4.6 2.0 3.9 2.5 17.018:1 58.0 13.9 15.7 28.7 22.1 17.8 42.2
18:2 21.0 75.5 71.4 56.9 54.1 54.2 2.0
18:3 11.1 0.1 0.6 1.1 8.3 0.5 0.5
20:1 1.7 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.4
20:2 0.1 - - - - -
22:0 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.2
22:1 0.5 - - - - -
24:0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1
24:1 0.3 0.2 - - - -
Per cent Fatty Acid Composition of Some Fats & Oils
(Robart Ackman, 1996)
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Fatty acid group Control. no
added oil
Free Protected
Oil Fatty acid Oil Fatty acid
4:0 265 357 276 337 303
MCFA 828 668 591 719 668
C 795 594 595 618 646
18:0 132 268 221 270 23118:1cis 274 428 386 448 410
18:1trans 41 121 129 50 66
18:2+ 65 97 97 272 80
in output of C18
acids relative tocontrol
402 321 528 275
Propn of C18 acids* 0.27 0.20 0.35 0.18
Propn of18:2+18:3*
0.03 0.03 0.18 0.01
* transferred from dietary Supplement to milkYields.mmol/d
The Yields (Mmol/D) of the Major Groups of Fatty Acids & Derived
Parameters when Cows Consumed Diets Containing Soya Oil or Soya Oil Fatty
Acids in Various Forms
(William et al., 1990)
Fatty acid composition (g/100g of fatty acids) of butter made from cows fed on
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Fatty acid Control diet Sunflower oil diet
C4:0 3.99 5.36
C6:0 2.33 1.40
C8:0 1.38 0.71C10:0 3.15 1.45
C12:0 3.61 1.69
C14:0 11.44 7.37
C14:1 1.22 0.94
C15:0 1.08 0.59C16:0 30.93 17.84
C16:1 1.49 1.72
C17:0 0.48 0.34
C18:0 9.32 11.27
cis-9C18:1 18.11 24.17trans C18:1 5.04 15.04
cis-9, cis-12, C18:2 2.59 2.85
C18:3 0.36 0.21
CLA (all isomers) 0.53 4.07
Others 2.95 2.98
Fatty acid composition (g/100g of fatty acids) of butter, made from cows fed ondiets supplemented with or without sunflower oil (5.2% dm)
Bauman et al., 2000
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Fatty acid Milk Composition
Control (0 %) CDG (31 %)
4:0 3.5 4.0
10:0 3.5 2.8
12:0 4.0 3.0
14:0 11.7 9.2
14:1 1.6 1.4
15:0 1.2 0.8
15:1 0.3 0.3
16:0 28.8 23.2
16:1 2.8 2.8
17:0 0.7 0.6
17:1 0.4 0.318:0 11.5 14.7
18:1 19.8 25.6
Saturated 68.7 61.9
Unsaturated 27.5 34.1
Fatty Acid Composition of Milk Fat of Cows Fed on DietsSupplemented with or without Corn Distillers Grains
(Schingoethe et al., 1999)
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Fatty acid Content Yield
Control PCS Control PCS
(% Total) (g/d)
C12:0 4.3 3.6 39.9 39.0
C14:0 11.8 9.5 107.8 102.1
C16:0( 13%) 26.7 19.9 247.4 216.4
C16:1 4.5 3.3 40.1 36.3
C18:0 7.1 9.2 66.4 99.7
C18:1( 69%) 23.8 29.2 217.3 315.8C18:2 2.2 4.9 20.5 52.4
C18:3 1.6 2.6 14.8 27.8
Effect of feeding protected canola supplement (PCS)on the fatty acid composition of cow milk
(Asheset al., 1999)
Effects of Supplementation of Different Levels of
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Fattyacid Control Fish oil Concentrate150 g/kg 300 g/kg 450 g/kg 5kg/d 10kg/d
4:0 44 57 50 49 55 47
14:1 15 15 13 11 13 13
16:0 342 313 305 300 317 31418:0 81 80 76 70 73 78
T 18:1 4 3 20 50 19 24
C18:1 206 212 219 199 207 200
18:2 1.9 3.3 5.3 6.5 4.7 3.818:2 14 15 18 19 16 18
20:5n-3 0.7 1.0 1.5 5.3 1.6 2.1
22:6n-3 0.5 0.6 1.2 1.7 0.1 0.1
Effects of Supplementation of Different Levels ofConcentrate as Well as Fish Oil on Fatty Acid
Composition of Cows Milk
(Keady et al.2000)
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Diets and
Treatment
Fatty acids reported (%) Total
fatty
acids
C14:0 C16:0 C16:1 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 g/100gD
Experiment
NC 0.65 21.1 0.86 2.67 17.6 43.8 12.9 3.43
HOC 0.65 20.2 0.81 3.00 19.9 41.2 12.7 4.38
FATTY ACID PROFILE AND AMOUNT OF TOTAL FATTY
ACID IN DIET
(Dhiman et al. , 1999)
Supplementation of Corn Oil on Feed Intake Milk Yield & Fatty
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Item NC HOC SEM P
Feed intake,kg/d 27.7 28.4 1.1 0.7
Milk yield, kg/d 40.4 43.5 2.4 0.53.5% FCM Yield, kg/d 40.7 40.7 2.3 0.4
Milk fat% 3.60 3.10 0.26 0.7
Milk protein % 3.07 2. 90 0.08 0.8
Milk fat yield, kg/d 1.44 1.34 0.08 0.5
Fatty acid composition,mg/g
C10:0 30.7 27.1 1.3 0.4
C12:0 41.0 35.2 1.6 0.4
C14:0 130 120 3.0 0.6
C16:0 325 301 9.0 0.7
C16:1 16.8 14.3 0.6 0.2
C18:0 93 119 4.0 0.2C18:1 206 228 6.0 0.5
C18:2 35.6 36.4 1.3 0.5
CLA 3.8 3.9 0.3 0.6
C18:3 7.6 6.6 0.3 0.7
SFA 620 602 11.0 0.6
UFA 269 290 7.0 0.6Others 111 109 4.0 0.6
Supplementation of Corn Oil on Feed Intake, Milk Yield & Fatty
Acid Composition of MilkDhiman etal., 1999
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CONCLUSIONS
The fatty acid concentration and composition of
milk fat can be altered by nutritional
manipulation
CLA, - 3 and MUFA have therapeutic impact.
Low roughage with supplemented tallow
enhance the C 18:1 concentration.
Soya oil and canola seeds in protected form
enhance CLA conc. in milk fat.
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Cont.
CDG and sunflower oil enhance unsaturated
fatty acid content of milk fat.
conc. Of fish oil in diet , -3 FA in milk
fat.
For public health and well-being the
consumption of dairy products need to be
increased.
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