3.lecture 5- resistance of the body to infection-1428
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Blood Physiology
Professor A.M.A Abdel Gader
MD, PhD, FRCP (Lond., Edin), FRSH (London)Professor of Physiology,College of Medicine & King Khalid University Hospital
King Saud UniversityRiyadh
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Hematopoiesis
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Monocyte-macrophage systemReticulo-endothelial System
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Reticuloendothelial System-RES
Blood Monocyte Tissue macrophage
Attached (fixed) Mobile
Function is phagocytosis of: Bacteria
Viruses Dead tissues
Foriegn particles
Immune function
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Reticuloendothelial System-RES
RES is widespread in the body
Cells of the RES: Monocytes (blood macrophages) Mobile and fixed tissue Macrophages Specialiazed endothelial cells in bone marrow,
lymph nodes and spleen Reticularcells of lymph nodes spleen & bone
marrow.
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Reticuloendothelial System-RES
Cells of the RES - Distribution:
Tissue Macrophages in skin SC tissues Tisssue Macrophages of lymph nodes
Tissue macrophages in lungs Macrphages (kupffer cells) in the
liver
Macrphages in the spleen and bonemarrow
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Reticuloendothelial System-RES
Blood Monocyte Tissue macrophage
Attached (fixed) Mobile
Function is phagocytosis of: Bacteria
Viruses Dead tissues
Foriegn particles
Immune function
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Lecture # 5
Resistance of the Body toinfection
Immunity & Allergy
34
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Lecture # 5
Immunity-Definition Antigens
Immune Cells (b- & T- Lymphocytes)
Antibodies and B-Lymphocytes
Cellular Immunity
Clinical Application
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Immunity?
The ability of the body to resistdamage (caused by micro-organisms, toxins etc)
Immune system act to maintain health(i.e. homoestatic)
Immunological defenses act against:
foreign organisms e.g. bacteria, viruses transplanted tissue or organs
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Immunity -- Types
1. Acquired immunity:the result of attack by bacteria, viruses etc
e.g.Vaccination Long lasting (Memory)
2. Innate immunityNon-specific: Examples:
Ingestion of invading organisms (phagocytosis)
Stomach acidity Skin barrier Lysozyme Natural killer lymphocytes
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Immunity -- TypesAcquired immunity: Specific against individual bacteria, virus,
toxin, foreign tissues
Basic types of acquired immunity:
Humoral immunity
(B-cell immunity)B-LYMPHOCYTESAntibodies
Cell-mediated immunity(T-cell immunity)
Activated T-LYMPHOCYTES
Initiated by antigens
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Immunity -- Types
1. Acquired immunity2. innate immunity
Non-specific ingestion of invadingorganisms
No memory cells
Phagocytic cells Neutrophils macrophages
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Antigens
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Antigens
Antigens: Specific chemical compounds (proteins,
polysaccharides) that initiate acquiredimmunity
High mol. weight (>8000)
Antigenicity due to presence ofcharacteristic epitopes(moleculargroups) on its surface
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Antigens If mol. Wt
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The bases of
Acquired Immunity
are Lymphocytes
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Immune cells
Two types: B-Lymphocytes
(Thymus independent, B-lymphocytes)
Produce antibodies(Humoral Immunity)
2. T- lymphocytes(Thymus dependent, T-lymphocytes)Cellular mechanisms
(Cellular Immunity)
H i i
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Hemopoiesis
(17.9)
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Lymphocytescont.
LymphopoiesisStem cell
(thymus, lymphoid tissue & bone marrow)
lymphoblast
intermediate pyronophilic blast cells
lymphocytes
B L h t
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B- Lymphocytes(thymus-independents)
Found in: Bone marrow, germinal layer of
lymph node, red pulp of spleen
Life span: 2-7 days Stimulation by antigen large
plasma cell (producers of antibody)
Function: Humoral immunity.
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Lymphocytes
B lymphocytes transform into plasma cellsand secrete antibodies
(17.6b)
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Lymphocytes
T lymphocytes can attack foreign cellsdirectly
(17.6)
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h
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T-Lymphocytes(thymus dependent)
Formed in: bone marrow or lymphoid tissues
migrate to thymusLife span: 100-130 days.
Circulate between blood, tissues,
lymph.
T L h
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T-Lymphocytes(thymus dependent)
Types of T-lymphocytes T-helper
T-cytotoxic
Natural killerFunctions
Cellular immunity graft rejection
delayed hypersensitivity.
Help in antibody secretion.
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Helper T Cells
Identified byCD4coreceptor.
Indirectlyparticipate byregulating theresponse ofboth T killerand B cells.
B cells must beactivated byhelper T cellsbefore theyproduce
antibodies.
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T Cell Response to a Virus (continued)
Foreign antigens
attach toimmunoglobulins on
B cells.
B cells can present
the antigen withclass-2 MHC
molecules to helper
T cells.
Stimulate B cellproduction,
conversion to
plasma cells, and
antibody production.
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Antibodies(Immunoglobulins-Ig)
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Antibodies -(Immunoglobulins-Ig)
Antibody is a gamma globulinproducedby plasma cells(B-lymphocytes)
Subdivided into 5 classes: IgG, IgM IgD IgE
IgA. Bind specifically to the antigenagainst which they have been
produced
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Antibody
H l i it
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Humoral immunity(Acquired immunity)
B-lymphocytes surface receptorsinteract with antigen
B-lymphocytes proliferate to plasma
cells
Plasma cells secrete specific antibodyto destroy the antigen
Some of the stimulated cells do notproliferate stay dormant as
memory cells
H l i it
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Humoral immunity(Acquired immunity)
Action of AntibodyAgglutination PrecipitationNeutralization
Lysis
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Antibody Antigen complex
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Immune Responsein humoral immunity
The immune response of the body whenexposed to antigen
1. Primary immune response: first exposure to antigen
antibodies formed after a latent periodone week(time needed for multiplication
and maturation of lymphocytes) e.g. vaccination
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Immune Responsein humoral immunity
2.Secondary immune response: second exposure to the same
antigen. immediate production of high titer
antibodies
Memory lymphocytes (from firstexposure) act immediately whenexposed to the same antigen
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Immune response
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Cellular Immunity
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Cellular immunity
T-cell react with antigenby itsreceptors and proliferate to give either:
Cytotoxic (killer) T cells CD8 (Tc)
Helper T cell CD4 (Th)
Suppressor T cells (Ts)
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T helper Cell
Most numerous cells
Major regulator of immune system
Secret lymphokinese acts on othercells of immune cells Stimulate growth of other T-lymphocytes
Stimulate B-lymphocytes growth and
maturation into plasma cells Activation of macrophage system
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Cytotoxic T cells
T cell directly attack organism,foreign infected cells and destroyed it
Bind to antigen by surface receptors
making holes in it membrane Function:
Rejection of transplanted tissues (kidney)
Antitumor immunity Cooperation with B cell in humoral immunity
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Cytotoxic T cells
l l l
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Clinical application
The Acquired Immune DeficiencySyndrome (AIDS) Normal Th : Tc ratio = 2:1 AIDS virus selectively attack Th
(CD4), ratio =1:2
Generalize inhibition of immune
response
Patient prone to bacteria/ virusesinfection & Cancer
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Humoral immunityAllergy
Excess Antibody production:
hypersensitivity(allergy) Allergins: dust, pollen, drugs.
Leucocytosis
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Leucocytosis(Increased WBC Count)
Causes: Physiological
Diurnal: morning evening After physical exercise Stress or Adrenaline injection
Disease (pathological)
Bacterial infections (tonsillitis,appendicitis Worms infestations
L i
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Leucopenia(Decreased WBC Count)
Causes: Malnutrition Typhoid fever Depressed bone marrow Deficiency of Vit B12or folic acid
Leukaemia
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Leukaemia(Cancer of white cells)
Causes: chromosomal abnormality chemicals, radiation, and virusesWBC:> 50x103Types of leukaemia
Myeloblast leukaemia myeloid cells
Lymphoblast leukaemia lymphocytic cells Acute or chronic Accompanied with anaemia, bleeding
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Defence of the body against infectionsand foreign invadors
Functions of Leucocytes- WBC
Neutrophils & monocytes (Blood macrophages)-Phgaocytosist/+ Immunity
Macrophage (RES) system Phagocytosis +
Immunity
Lymphcytes.. IMMUNITY
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THANK YOU
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