36007811 respiration chp 7 biology form 4
Post on 07-Apr-2018
219 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
1/24
RESPIRATION7.1 THE RESPIRATORY PROCESS IN ENERGY
PRODUCTION
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
2/24
CELL RESPIRATION
All organism require energy to carry out all livingprocesses
Energy is required for various processes whichoccur in the cell such as:
Cell division for growth
Formation of gamete for reproduction
Transmitting nerve impulses for response andcoordination
Contraction of muscles for movement
Synthesis of proteins, hormones, lipids and enzymes
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
3/24
CELLRESPIRATION
Respiration is the process in which nutrients areconverted into useful energy in a cell
The main substrate for respiration is glucose
Glucose is obtained from: Digestion of carbohydrates in humans and animals
The process of photosynthesis in plants
Respiration at the cellular level is known as cellularrespiration
The process occurs in the mitochondria andcytoplasm of cells
Respiration involves a series of reactions controlledby enzymes
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
4/24
TYPEOF RESPIRATION
There are two types of respiration in the cell
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
5/24
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Aerobic respiration also known as 'oxidativemetabolism
Aerobic respiration is the breaking down ofglucose in the presence of oxygen to releasechemical energy
Oxygen is required to oxidise the glucose toproduce carbon dioxide, water and energy (ATP)
In aerobic respiration, the glucose is completelyoxidised
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative -
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
6/24
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Occurs in the mitochondria and cytoplasm ofcells
The reactions occurs slowly and in stagescontrolled by enzymes
Some of the chemical energy released is changedto heat energy while the rest of the chemical energyis stored in the form of adenosine triphosphate(ATP), a carrier of chemical energy
ATP can be regenerated by combining inorganicphosphate (P) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
7/24
When body cells need energy, ATP molecules will behydrolysed to yield energy, a molecule of ADP and aninorganic phosphate
During aerobic respiration, at least 38 molecules ofATP or 2898 kJ of energy is released
Aerobic respiration can be represented by the followingequation:
The oxygen for aerobic respiration comes from inhaledair while the carbon dioxide released is removed duringexhalation
ATP ADP + P + energy
Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + 38 ATP/ 2898 kJ
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP/ 2898 kJ
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
8/24
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Refers to the special type of respiration, whichtakes place without oxygen
Anaerobic respiration is the process of oxidation ofmolecules in the absence of oxygen
Anaerobic respiration is synonymous withfermentation
Glucose is not completely broken down. Not allthe energy in glucose is released
Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cells
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
9/24
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATIONIN HUMANMUSCLES
Occurs in human muscles during vigorous activities
During vigorous activities, oxygen need to betransported fast enough to the muscles for rapid cellrespiration
This will enable the release of sufficient energy for thevigorous muscle activity
The breathing rate and heart rate are increased tosupply more oxygen quickly to the muscles for rapid
muscular contraction However, the supply of oxygen to the muscles is still
insufficient and the muscles have to carry outanaerobic respiration to release energy
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
10/24
In the muscles cells, glucose is broken down in theabsence of oxygen to form lactic acid and energy formuscle contraction
Lactic acid accumulates in the muscles causingmuscular ache
An oxygen debt incurred because the maximum rate ofoxygen used is less than the oxygen supplied
Oxygen is required to pay off the oxygen debt Rapid breathing continues after the vigorous exercise
obtain sufficient oxygen
Glucose Lactic acid + 2 ATP/ 150 kJ
C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + 2 ATP/ 150 kJ
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
11/24
Oxygen oxidises the lactic acid to carbon dioxide,water and energy
When all lactic acid is oxidised, the oxygen debt issaid to be paid
Oxidation of lactic acid mainly occurs in the liver
Some of the lactic acid is oxidised to produce energy
The remaining is converted to glucose and thenglycogen which is then stored in the muscle cells
Lactic acid carbon dioxide + water + energyoxygen
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
12/24
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATIONIN YEAST
Yeast carries out both aerobic respiration andanaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is calledfermentation
During fermentation, yeast secretes the enzymezymase which hydrolyses glucose in the absence ofoxygen to form ethanol, carbon dioxide and 2 ATP
Glucose ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy
C6H12O6 2C5H5OH + 2CO2 + 2 ATP/ 210 kJ
Enzymezymase
Enzymezymase
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
13/24
The enzyme zymase secreted by the yeast speed upthe fermentation process
In the fermentation process, only a small amount ofenergy is released
A large amount of energy is still stored in the ethanolas chemical energy
This is because the glucose is not completely brokendown
The products of fermentation such as carbon dioxideis used as raising agent in baking bread whileethanol is used to produce alcoholic drinks such as
wine
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
14/24
COMPARISONBETWEEN AEROBICANDANAEROBICRESPIRATION
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respirationOccurs in the _________ of oxygen Occurs in the ____________ of
oxygen
Releases _________ amount ofenergy (___ molecules of ATP or
______ kJ)
Releases ________ energy ( ____molecules of ATP or ____ kJ(muscle cells) _____ kJ (yeast)
Produces ____________ and__________
Produces ____________ (humanmuscles) or ________________(yeast)
Glucose is _______________broken down
Glucose is ___________________broken down
Occurs in the _________________and _____________________
Occurs in the __________________only
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
15/24
RESPIRATIONINFISH
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
16/24
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
17/24
AMPHIBIANS
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
18/24
BRAIN SENSORTHECHANGESOF CO2AND O2
How???
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
19/24
Breathing is clearly an involuntary process (you don'thave to think about it), and like many involuntaryprocesses (such as heart rate)
it is controlled by a region of the brain called themedulla.
The medulla and its nerves are part of the autonomicnervous system (i.e. involuntary). The region of themedulla that controls breathing is called the
respiratory centre. The main centres are theapneustic centre, which enhances inspiration, and thepneumotaxic centre, which terminates inspiration.
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
20/24
The respiratory center transmits regular nerveimpulses to the diaphragm and intercostal musclesto cause inhalation. Stretch receptors in the alveoliand bronchioles detect inhalation and send
inhibitory signals to the respiratory center to causeexhalation. This negative feedback system incontinuous and prevents damage to the lungs.
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
21/24
Ventilation is also under voluntary control from thecortex, the voluntary part of the brain. This allowsyou to hold your breath or blow out candles, but itcan be overruled by the autonomic system in the
event of danger. For example if you hold yourbreath for a long time, the carbon dioxideconcentration in the blood increases so much thatthe respiratory centre forces you to gasp and take a
breath.
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
22/24
IMPORTANCEOFMAINTAININGAHEALTHYRESPIRATORYSYSTEM
-
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
23/24
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNTEOCFmOIQ
(fish breath)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nfojq4ikHH0
(Frog breath)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HV60yTvy3Mk
(insect reapiration)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IlmgFYmbAUg&feature=related(plant respiration)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNTEOCFmOIQ(fishhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNTEOCFmOIQ(fishhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nfojq4ikHH0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HV60yTvy3Mkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IlmgFYmbAUg&feature=related(planthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IlmgFYmbAUg&feature=related(planthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IlmgFYmbAUg&feature=related(planthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IlmgFYmbAUg&feature=related(planthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HV60yTvy3Mkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nfojq4ikHH0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNTEOCFmOIQ(fishhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNTEOCFmOIQ(fishhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNTEOCFmOIQ(fish -
8/3/2019 36007811 Respiration Chp 7 Biology Form 4
24/24
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiT621PrrO0&feature=related
Human breathing system
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWC8BRCuTtg&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiT621PrrO0&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiT621PrrO0&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiT621PrrO0&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiT621PrrO0&feature=related
top related