340 tutorial 1
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CHEE 340
Tutorial 1
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Anatomy
Anatomical Directions
Relative Directions: ______________ and ________________1
Superior
Posterior/Dorsal
Inferior/Candal
Medial
Lateral
Anterior/Ventral
Proximal Distal
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Anatomy
Anatomical Planes
2Saggital/Median Frontal/Coronal Transverse/Horizontal
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Cell Theory
Cells are mostly composed of __________________________and
__________________________
Cells synthesis molecules that are fundamental for sustaining life namely:
Anatomy
Cell
3
- All organisms are comprised of one or more cells
- The cell is the smallest unit of life
- All cells come from previously existing cells
organic compounds
water
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- lipids
- nucleic acids
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Anatomy
Eukaryotic Cell
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Plasma membrane__ surrounds the cell
Functions of the plasma membrane include:
-Cell movement
-Protection of organelles
-Transport regulation
The plasma membrane is made up of phospholipids which are
amphipathic (polar head and non-polar tail) and combine head-to-
tail to form the phospholipid bilayer .
Anatomy
Plasma Membrane
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Molecule transport through the cell membrane occurs via:-diffusion
-active transport vesicles large molecules
-active transport ion channels
The cell membrane allows the cell to maintain both an ion and anmolecule balance between itself and the extracellular fluid.
A typical cell environment has a high concentration of k+ ionsinside the cell and a high concentration of na+ and cl- ions in theextracellular fluid.
Since ions are charged, they need to be transported across themembrane using ion channels (This transport mechanism calledactive transport).
Anatomy
Cell Transport
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The four primary types of tissue are:-epithelial
-connective
-muscle
-nervous
Epithelial tissue
Cell shapes - squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified
Simple vs. Stratified
Functions of the epithelial tissue include: absorption,secretion,
transport, protection and sensory receptors.
Anatomy
Tissue
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Connective tissues are acellular.
Connective tissues are primarily composed of the _________
_________.
Connective tissues encompass
Blood
Bone, cartilage,
Tendon, ligament
The connective tissue that connects muscles to bone is called atendon, while the tissue that connects bone to bone is called aligament.
Anatomy
Tissue
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Muscle cells respond to electrical stimuli.
The three types of muscle tissue found in the human body areskeletal, cardiacand smooth.
Nerves are conduits that serve to transmit signals to other parts ofthe body.
Nervous tissue is composed of neurons and glial cells. Neuronstransmit electrical impulses, while Glial cellssupport, protect and
nourish the neurons .
The two major types of nervous tissue are motor and sensory.
Anatomy
Tissue
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Pulmonary vs. Systemic
Vessels that move blood AWAY from the heart are called
arteries.
Vessels that move blood TO the heart are called veins.
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
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RIGHT SIDE
Pulmonary circulation
To LUNGS from BODY
Smaller ventricles, shorter path
LEFT SIDE
Systemic circulation
To BODY from LUNGS
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Physiology
Cardiovascular System
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_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
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Depolarization of cells due to a self-generating electrical pulse in thesinoatrial node (SA node) leads to a contraction of the atria
Repolarization restores normal membrane potential
Action potential continues to atrioventricular node (AV node),which slows the pulse before being propagated to the conductionconduit (Bundle of His)
Action potential distributed across surface of ventricles (Purkinjiefibers) - simultaneous contraction of both ventricles, forcing bloodfrom ventricles to arteries
Wavefront can be measured from start to finish by ECG
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Physiology
Action Potentials and Heartbeat
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P wave: atrial excitation
Q R S wave: atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular excitation
T wave:ventricular systole, u is diastole
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Physiology
ECG Waves
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Pressure increased to ~180mm Hg overbrachial artery
Pressure released @ 2 mm Hg/sec
Note pressure at which 1st sound heard(systolic press.)
Note pressure at which sound disappears
(diastolic press.)
Normal: 120/80
Acceptable: 9514
Physiology
Measurement of Blood Pressure
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The functions of the skeletal system are protection and support,help with movement, mineral storage, produces red blood cell
marrow.
An average adult skeletal system consists of 206bones.
Bones are specialized connective tissue (mineralized).
Bones are classified into four categories based on their shapenamely:long, short, flat, irregular shaped.
The two types of bone found in the human body arecompact and
spongy.
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Physiology
Skeletal System
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Cortical/ Compact Bone vs. Spongy/ Cancellous/ Trabeular Bone
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Physiology
Skeletal System
Cortical
Forms the shaft and hardouter covering
Has minimum gaps orspaces
Gives smooth, white, andsolid appearance
Ten times less surface area
than spongy bone 80% of the total bone mass
of an adult skeleton
Spongy
Ends of long bones and theinterior filling
Made of a network of flator needle-shapedtrabeculae
Makes the overall bonelighter and allows room for
blood vessels and marrow 20% of total bone mass of
an adult skeleton
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The cells that are involved in bone remodeling are osteoclasts andosteoblasts.
osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation.
osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption.
An imbalance in the remodelling cycle leads to osteoporosis.
The two types of bones found in the human body compact, and
spongy.
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Physiology
Bone Remodeling
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The three major joints through which bones are connected arefibrous, cartiliginous, and synovial.
The six types of synovial joints are:
- ball and socket- hinge
- gliding
-saddle
-ellipsoid-pivot
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Physiology
Joints
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