20s return to normalcy upload

The Jazz Ageor….

The ROARING 1920s

The Jazz Ageor….

The ROARING 1920s

Life cover, July 1, 1926

Life cover, July 1, 1926Life cover, July 1, 1926

CONSUMERISMCONSUMERISM

(electric) appliancesautomobilesadvertising (image vs. utility)

buying on creditchain stores

Consumer Debt, 1920–1931

General Electric ad (Picture Research Consultants & Archives)

CONSUMERISM: Impact of the Automobile

CONSUMERISM: Impact of the Automobile

Replaced the railroad as the key promoter of economic growth (steel, glass, rubber, gasoline, highways)

Daily life: commuting, shopping, traveling, “courting”

Increase in sales: 1913 - 1.2 million registered; 1929 - 26.5 million registered

(=almost one per family)

Passenger Car Sales, 1920-1929

Filling Station, Maryland in 1921

Automobiles & Industrial Expansion

Automobiles & Industrial Expansion

Henry Ford‘fordism’

Ford Highland Park assembly line, 1928(From the Collections of Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village)

“Trying out the new assembly line“ Detroit, 1913Henry Ford (1835-

1947)

1913: 14 hours to build a new car1928: New Ford off assembly line every 10 seconds

1913: car=2 yrs wages1929: 3 mos. wages

Impact of the Automobile: Trains and Automobiles, 1900-1980

Impact of the Automobile: Trains and Automobiles, 1900-1980

Jones, Created Equal

Automobiles &

ConsumerismAutomobiles &

Consumerism

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved

< Ford ad: “Every family -- with even the most modest income, can now afford a car of their own."

“Every family should have their own car. . .You live but once and the years roll by quickly. Why wait for tomorrow for things that you rightfully should enjoy today?"

(Library of Congress)

Dodge advertisement photo, 1933

July 4, Nantasket Beach, Massachusetts, early 1920sJuly 4, Nantasket Beach, Massachusetts, early 1920s

MASS CULTURE: Radio

MASS CULTURE: Radio

New mass medium

1920: First commercial radio station By 1930: over 800 stations & 10 million radios

Networks: NBC (1924), CBS (1927)

The Spread of Radio, to 1939

• Radio sets, parts and accessories brought in $60

million in 1922…

• $136 million in 1923

• $852 million in 1929

• Radio reached into every third home

in its first decade.

• Listening audience was 50,000,000 by 1925

MASS CULTURE: Movies

MASS CULTURE: Movies

Movie “palaces”“talkies” (1927)Will Hays

80 million tickets sold per week by 1930 (population: 100 million)

(Billy Rose Theatre Collection, The New York Public Library)

“Flappers” sought individual freedom Known for their

short “bobbed” hairOngoing crusade for

equal rightsMost women remain

in the “cult of domesticity” sphere

Discovery of adolescence

ROLE OF WOMEN: Women and PoliticsROLE OF WOMEN: Women and Politics

Impact of suffrageLeague of Women VotersNational Women’s Party

Alice Paul (founder)

Margaret Sanger- called for limiting number of children per family

Alice Paul

Sheppard-Towner Act

CHANGES IN LITERATURE & ARTLiterature

CHANGES IN LITERATURE & ARTLiterature

“lost generation”F. Scott Fitzgerald- The Great GatsbySinclair Lewis-author who wrote about absurdities of small town lifeErnest Hemingway-famous authorEugene O’Neill-modern playwright

F. Scott & Zelda Fitzgerald on the Riviera,

1926 (Stock Montage)

CHANGES IN LITERATURE & ART African Americans

CHANGES IN LITERATURE & ART African Americans

Harlem Renaissance-African American culture in the form of literature,theatre and music that originated from Harlem New York Langston Hughes-key writer of HR

Langston Hughes

CHANGES IN LITERATURE & ART Jazz

CHANGES IN LITERATURE & ART Jazz

“The Jazz Age”Louis ArmstrongDuke EllingtonThe Cotton Club

Louis Armstrong & the Fate Marabel band, 1919

Louis Armstrong

ReligionReligion

“modernists”“fundamentalism”Scopes TrialAmerican Civil Liberties UnionClarence DarrowWilliam Jennings Bryan

1925

The first conflict between religion vs. science being

taught in school was in 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee.

Scopes TrialA.K.A. Monkey TrialScopes TrialA.K.A. Monkey Trial

FundamentalismRejected ideas that implied human moral behavior came from society and nature, not God

Rejected Darwin’s theory of evolution—humans developed from lower life forms

Believed in creationism—God created world

John T. ScopesBiology teacher in Dayton TN recruited to teach evolutionArrested for teaching evolution

Clarence Darrow—Scopes lawyerWilliam Jennings Bryan—prosecutor Scopes found guilty after 8 days

Sentenced to $100 fineConviction later overturned on technicality

SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS:Prohibition

SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS:Prohibition

ProhibitionThe noble experiment

“Speakeasies”Al Capone

Alphonse “Scarface” CaponeGovernment agents breaking up an illegal bar during Prohibition

Immigration, 1921-1960Immigration, 1921-1960SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS:

ImmigrationImmigration

Emergency Quota Act - 19213% of total number people in ethnic group per yearBased on 1910 census

National Origins Act - 19242% of each nationality living here in 18901929 limit total immigrants to 150,000/yr with nationality allotment based on 1920 census

SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: Xenophobia and Racial Unrest

SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: Xenophobia and Racial Unrest

National Origin Act of 1924

Number of Immigrants and Countries of Origin, 1891-1920 and 1921-1940

Percentage of Population Foreign Born, 1850-1990

SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: Xenophobia and Racial Unrest

SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: Xenophobia and Racial Unrest

Communist International3rd International Goal (1919): promote worldwide communism

Red ScarePalmer Raids (1920)

A. Mitchell Palmer’s Home bombed, 1920

Police arrest “suspected Reds” in Chicago, 1920

• Red Scare, 1919 to 1921, was a time of great

upheaval…U.S. “scared out of their wits".

• "Reds” as they were called, "Anarchists” or "Outside

Foreign-Born Radical Agitators” (Communists). • Anti-red hysteria came about after WWI

and the Russian Revolution. • 6,000 immigrants the government suspected of being Communists were arrested (Palmer Raids) and 600 were

deported or expelled from the U.S. • No due process was followed

Attorney General Mitchell Palmer

SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: Xenophobia and Racial Unrest

SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: Xenophobia and Racial Unrest

Sacco & Vanzetti

HAVE A CHAIR! from The Daily WorkerIS THIS THE EMBLEM? from The Daily Worker

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, 1921

Sacco and Vanzetti CaseSacco and Vanzetti Case

2 shoe-factory workers were murdered and robbed of company payrollNicola Sacco, a shoemaker, and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, a fish peddler

Italian immigrants arrested on flimsy evidence• Anarchists and immigrants

Found guilty, sentenced to death, executedanti-immigrant sentiments led Congress to change immigration laws

SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: Xenophobia and Racial Unrest

SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: Xenophobia and Racial Unrest

Birth of a Nation - D.W. Griffith

“new” Ku Klux Klan“American-ism”

(Picture Research Consultants & Archives)

Ku Klux Klan initiation, 1923. The Klan opposed all who were not “true Americans”. (c) 2000 IRC

Black Population, 1920Black Population, 1920

Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan

Ku Klux Klan parade in Washington, D.C., Sept. 13, 1926

BUSINESS – FRIENDLY GOVERNMENTBUSINESS – FRIENDLY GOVERNMENT

Warren G. Harding“Return to normalcy”Herbert HooverAndrew MellonThe “Ohio Gang”

Teapot Dome Scandal

Harding with Laddie, June 13, 1922

Albert B. Fall (left)

The 1920 ElectionThe 1920 Election

Wilson’s idealism and Treaty of Versailles led many Americans

to vote for the Republican, Warren Harding…

US turned inward and feared anything that was European…

Wilson’s idealism and Treaty of Versailles led many Americans

to vote for the Republican, Warren Harding…

US turned inward and feared anything that was European…

The Ohio Gang: President Warren Harding (front row, third from right), Vice-President Calvin Coolidge (front row, second from right), and members of the cabinet.

The Ohio Gang: President Warren Harding (front row, third from right), Vice-President Calvin Coolidge (front row, second from right), and members of the cabinet.

The 1920 ElectionThe 1920 Election

Republican PoliciesRepublican Policies

Harding’s Return to "normalcy" tariffs raisedcorporate, income taxes cutspending cuts

Government-business cooperation“The business of government, is business”

Return to “isolation”

Harding’s Return to "normalcy" tariffs raisedcorporate, income taxes cutspending cuts

Government-business cooperation“The business of government, is business”

Return to “isolation”

BUSINESS – FRIENDLY GOVERNMENTBUSINESS – FRIENDLY GOVERNMENT

Calvin Coolidge“The business of America is business”

President Calvin Coolidge Coolidge throwing out first pitch 1924

The 1924 Election

The 1924 ElectionCalvin Coolidge served as

President from 1923 to 1929.“Silent Cal”.Republican president

Calvin Coolidge served as President from 1923 to 1929.

“Silent Cal”.Republican president

•  Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall leased naval reserve oil land in

Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to oilmen Harry F.

Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny• Fall had received a bribe of $100,000

from Doheny and about three times that amount from Sinclair.

• Fall found guilty of taking a bribe.• Sinclair and Doheny were acquitted

of charges.

Harding and CoolidgeHarding and Coolidge

Republican presidents appeal to traditional American valuesHarding dies in office after 2 years.Scandals break after his death

Teapot Dome Scandal

Calvin Coolidge becomes President after Harding’s death in 1923.

Republican presidents appeal to traditional American valuesHarding dies in office after 2 years.Scandals break after his death

Teapot Dome Scandal

Calvin Coolidge becomes President after Harding’s death in 1923.

Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall leased naval reserve oil land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny

Fall had received a bribe of $100,000 from Doheny and about three times that amount from Sinclair.

Fall found guilty of taking a bribe.

+ + = $$REPUBLICAN ECONOMY SUPPORTED LAISSEZ FAIRE AND BIG

BUSINESS……….

Lower Taxes Less Federal Higher Strong Spending Tariffs National

Economy

Fordney-McCumber Tariff---1923Hawley-Smoot Tariff ---1930

raised the tariff to an unbelievable 60%!!!