2013 edition wilfred e. major wmajor@lsu

Ancient Greek for Everyone:A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek

Unit 9 part 1: The Middle Voice of Verbs

2013 editionWilfred E. Majorwmajor@lsu.edu

Ancient Greek for Everyone

This class AGE Unit 9 part 1: The Middle Voice• So far, all verbs have been in the active voice. • This unit adds the other principal voice in Greek, the middle.

Ancient Greek for Everyone• A Greek verb by itself usually communicates FIVE

pieces of information: – Person– Number – Tense – Mood – Voice: This indicates the role the subject plays in the action.

Ancient Greek for Everyone• A Greek verb by itself usually communicates FIVE

pieces of information: – Voice: This indicates the role the subject plays in the action. – Greek can distinguish three roles (voices): – Active: The subject causes the action • We run the program. • We stop the program. • I buy a drink.

Ancient Greek for Everyone• A Greek verb by itself usually communicates FIVE

pieces of information: – Voice: This indicates the role the subject plays in the action. – Greek can distinguish three roles (voices): – Middle: The subject is part or all of the action • We run. • We stop. • I buy (myself) a drink.

Ancient Greek for Everyone• A Greek verb by itself usually communicates FIVE

pieces of information: – Voice: This indicates the role the subject plays in the action. – Greek can distinguish three roles (voices): – Passive: The subject receives the consequence of the action • We are run by a computer. • We are stopped by a police officer. • The drinks are bought by me.

– Note: In early Greek, the passive voice is rare, but it becomes more common over time.

Ancient Greek for Everyone• A Greek verb by itself usually communicates

FIVE pieces of information: – Person: 1st 2nd 3rd – Number: singular, plural – Tense: present, future – Mood: indicative, infinitive – Voice: active, middle

PARSING: To “parse” a Greek verb means to identify the above five qualities about a specific verb form.

Ancient Greek for Everyone• A note on the Passive Voice in Greek: – Voice: This indicates the role the subject plays in the action. – Passive: The subject receives the consequence of the action – Because Greek did not originally have a passive voice (only

the active and middle voices), Classical and Koine Greek do not have verb forms that are specifically passive.

– To communicate a passive idea, Classical and Koine Greek most often press the middle voice of the verb into service in a passive construction.

– Consequently, although all the verbs in this Unit are parsed in the Middle Voice, they can be translated with an English passive when appropriate.

Ancient Greek for Everyone• A note on the Passive Voice: – Voice: This indicates the role the subject plays in the action. – Passive: The subject receives the consequence of the action – There is rarely a solid border between the middle and passive

in Greek. Consider the following examples: • We hit Socrates with a rock. (active voice) • Socrates gets hit with a rock. (middle voice) • Socrates gets hit with a rock by us. (middle voice) • Socrates is hit by us with a rock. (passive voice)

– Formal English grammar, however, recognizes only the active and passive voices.

Ancient Greek for Everyone

Conjugating a Greek verb• In Unit 7, you learned that Greek has two conjugations: – -μι verbs– -ω verbs

• In the active voice, these conjugations use somewhat different endings to designate person and number (and the infinitive mood).

• In the middle voice, both conjugations use exactly the same endings to designate person and number (and the infinitive mood).

Ancient Greek for Everyone

Building a Greek verb• The endings of the Middle Voice are as follows:

• -μαι = I (1st sg) -μεθα = we (1st pl) • -σαι = you (2nd sg) -σθε = y’all (2nd pl) • -ται = (s)he, it (3rd sg) -νται = they (3rd pl)

–σθαι signals that a verb is in the infinitive.

Ancient Greek for Everyone

Building a Greek verb• Remember that -ω verbs have a thematic vowel, so the

endings of the Middle Voice appear as follows:

• -ομαι = I (1st sg) -ομεθα = we (1st pl) • *-εσαι -ει or -ῃ = you (2nd sg) -εσθε = y’all (2nd pl) • -εται = (s)he, it (3rd sg) -ονται = they (3rd pl)

–εσθαι signals that a verb is in the infinitive.

*The second person singular regularly appears in contracted form.

Ancient Greek for Everyone

Building a Greek verb• Remember that -ω verbs have a thematic vowel, so the

endings of the Middle Voice appear as follows:

• -ομαι = I (1st sg) -ομεθα = we (1st pl) • *-εσαι you (2nd sg) -εσθε = y’all (2nd pl) • -εται = (s)he, it (3rd sg) -ονται = they (3rd pl)

–εσθαι signals that a verb is in the infinitive.

*The second person singular regularly appears in contracted form.

Ancient Greek for Everyone

Building a Greek verb• Remember that, to begin building a Greek verb,

start with the “stem.” • The stem tells what action the verb describes:

δεικ = “show” λυ = “loosen, destroy”

λαβ = “take”

Ancient Greek for Everyone

Building a Greek verb• Recall that some verbs add a marker (often a ν) to the stem

that says the verb is in the present tense. • A verb always uses the same marker in the middle voice

that is uses in the active: – δεικνυ = “show” (in the present) – λυ = “loosen” (no marker used in the present) – λαμβαν = “take” (in the present)

Ancient Greek for Everyone• δείκνυμαι • δείκνυσαι • δείκνυται

• δεικνύμεθα • δείκνυσθε • δείκνυνται

Building a Greek VerbThe Present Indicative and Infinitive Middle of δείκνυμι

δείκνυσθαι

Ancient Greek for Everyone• λύομαι • λύει/ῃ • λύεται

• λυόμεθα • λύεσθε • λύονται

Building a Greek VerbThe Present and Infinitive Indicative Middle of λύω

λύεσθαι

Ancient Greek for Everyone• λαμβάνομαι • λαμβάνει/ῃ • λαμβάνεται

• λαμβανόμεθα • λαμβάνεσθε • λαμβάνονται

Building a Greek VerbThe Present Indicative and Infinitive Middle of λαμβάνω

λαμβάνεσθαι

Ancient Greek for Everyone

Building a Greek verb• Recall that adding a -σ- to the stem marks a verb as in the

future tense. • So now the stem looks (and sounds) like this: – λυ + σ = “loosen” λυσ = “loosen” (in the future) – δεικ + σ = “show” δειξ = “show” (in the future)

ALL VERBS, regardless of what endings they use in the present tense, use -ω verb endings in the future tense.

Future tense = verb stem + σ + -ω verb endings • This is true in both the active and middle voices.

Ancient Greek for Everyone• δείξομαι • δείξει/ῃ • δείξεται

• δειξόμεθα • δείξεσθε • δείξονται

Building a Greek VerbThe Future Indicative and Infinitive Middle of δείκνυμι

δείξεσθαι

Ancient Greek for Everyone• λύσομαι • λύσει/ῃ • λύσεται

• λυσόμεθα • λύσεσθε • λύσονται

Building a Greek VerbThe Future Indicative and Infinitive Middle of λύω

λύσεσθαι

Ancient Greek for Everyone

Understanding the Middle Voice • Generally speaking, the Middle Voice indicates that the

subject of the verb participates in the action, rather than transferring the action to something or someone else (as the active voice does).

• Beyond this, native speakers of ancient Greek did not have a “rule” for using the Middle Voice. Through experience and intuition, they learned when a verb made sense in the Middle Voice.

Ancient Greek for Everyone

Understanding the Middle Voice • In some cases, to a native speaker of Greek, the action of a verb

made sense only in the Middle Voice. • For example, verbs that mean “come” and “go” in Greek

usually occur only in the Middle Voice. A subject is inevitably participating in the action of “coming” or “going,” so it just seemed natural that the verb should be in the Middle Voice. (Consider in English: “you go” makes sense and you can “make the car go” but you cannot “go the car.”)

• The technical term for a verb that occurs only in the Middle Voice is “deponent.”

Ancient Greek for Everyone

VOCABULARY: • Although a Greek verb can morph into many different forms,

it is listed in a dictionary (Greek “lexicon”) under just one form.

• As you have seen, verbs are listed in their 1st person, singular, present, indicative, active form, with a -μι or -ω ending, depending on the conjugation of the verb.

• Because deponent verbs do not have any active forms, in a vocabulary entry they substitute the 1st person, singular, present, indicative, middle form, and so they appear just with the ending -μαι.

Ancient Greek for Everyone

VOCABULARY:• Verbs are listed in their 1st person, singular, present,

indicative, active form, with a -μι or -ω ending, depending on the conjugation of the verb.

• Because deponent verbs do not have any active forms, in a vocabulary entry they substitute the 1st person, singular, present, indicative, middle form, and so they appear just with the ending -μαι.

• If the vocabulary entry ends in -ομαι, then it has a thematic vowel and is an -ω verb. Otherwise, it has no thematic vowel and is a -μι verb.

Ancient Greek for Everyone

Deponent Vocabulary: Classical• αἰσθάνομαι, αἰσθήσομαι perceive • ἁλίσκομαι, ἁλώσομαι be captive• ἀποκρίνομαι, ἀποκρινοῦμαι answer • ἀφικνέομαι, ἀφίξομαι come to, arrive at• βούλομαι, βουλήσομαι want, prefer • γίγνομαι, γενήσομαι happen, become, be born • δέχομαι, δέξομαι welcome• δύναμαι, δυνήσομαι be able, can

Ancient Greek for Everyone

Deponent Vocabulary: Classical• ἕπομαι, ἕψομαι follow• ἐργάζομαι, ἐργάσομαι work • ἡγέομαι, ἡγήσομαι lead, consider• κτάομαι, κτήσομαι get, acquire• μάχομαι, μαχοῦμαι fight • πορεύομαι, πορεύσομαι go, march • σκέπτομαι/σκοπέω, σκέψομαι look at, examine • χράομαι, χρήσομαι use

Ancient Greek for Everyone

Deponent Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • ἀποκρίνομαι, -κρινοῦμαι answer, reply• ἀρνέομαι, ἀρνήσομαι deny • βούλομαι, βουλήσομαι want, prefer • γίνομαι, γενήσομαι happen, become, be born

– Notice the change of spelling (γίγνομαι γίνομαι ) from Classical to Koine.

– παραγίνομαι come to, appear

Ancient Greek for Everyone

Deponent Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • δέχομαι, δέξομαι welcome• δύναμαι, δυνήσομαι be able, can• ἐργάζομαι, ἐργάσομαι work • καυχάομαι, καυχήσομαι boast• πορεύομαι, πορεύσομαι journey

– ἐκπορεύομαι journey out, rise • προσεύχομαι, προσεύξομαι pray

Ancient Greek for Everyone

Deponent Vocabulary: Core• ἀποκρίνομαι, ἀποκρινοῦμαι answer • βούλομαι, βουλήσομαι want, prefer • γί(γ)νομαι, γενήσομαι happen, become, be born • δέχομαι, δέξομαι welcome• δύναμαι, δυνήσομαι be able, can• ἐργάζομαι, ἐργάσομαι work • πορεύομαι, πορεύσομαι go, march, journey

Ancient Greek for Everyone

Building a Greek verb• The Big Picture

– Greek verb forms fall into two large categories: – Primary: These forms refer to activity in the present or future. – All the forms you have learned are thus primary. – Secondary: These forms refer to activity in the past. – The second half of this course covers secondary verb forms.

Ancient Greek for Everyone

Building a Greek verb• The Master List of Endings – Posted is a “Master List of Greek Verb Endings” where you

can see the overall scheme of verb endings. Here you can see that you have learned the three sets of primary endings (-μι, -ω or -μαι).

– Here you can look ahead to the corresponding sets of secondary endings.

– On the second sheet (= back side) are the other moods, of which you have already learned the infinitive.

Ancient Greek for Everyone

From Unit 7: Contract Verbs• The rules of vowel contraction operate in verbs

when the stem ends in one of the vowels α, ε or ο. • In these cases, this final vowel of the stem contracts

with the thematic vowel of “-ω verbs.”

Ancient Greek for Everyone• (λαλέομαι ) λαλοῦμαι • (λαλέει/ῃ ) λαλεῖ/ῇ • (λαλέεται )

λαλεῖται

• (λαλέομεθα ) λαλούμεθα

• (λαλέεσθε ) λαλεῖσθε • (λαλέονται ) λαλοῦνται

Building a Greek VerbThe Present Indicative and Infinitive Middle of λαλέω

(λαλέεσθαι ) λαλεῖσθαι

Ancient Greek for Everyone• (ἐρωτάομαι ) ἐρωτῶμαι • (ἐρωτάεσαι ) ἐρωτᾷ • (ἐρωτάεται )

ἐρωτᾶται

• (ἐρωταόμεθα ) ἐρωτώμεθα

• (ἐρωτάεσθε ) ἐρωτᾶσθε • (ἐρωτάονται ) ἐρωτῶνται

Building a Greek VerbThe Present Indicative and Infinitive Middle of ἐρωτάω

(ἐρωτάεσθαι ) ἐρωτᾶσθαι

Ancient Greek for Everyone• (δηλόομαι )

δηλῶμαι • (δηλόεσαι ) δηλοῖ • (δηλόεται )

δηλοῦται

• (δηλόομεθα ) δηλοῦμευα

• (δηλόεσθε ) δηλοῦσθε • (δηλόονται )

δηλοῦνται

Building a Greek VerbThe Present Indicative and Infinitive Middle of δηλόω

(δηλόεσθαι ) δηλοῦσθαι

Ancient Greek for Everyone

From Unit 2: -μι Verbs• δίδωμι give • τίθημι put, make • ἵστημι stand • ἵημι throw • In the active voice, these verbs end their stems in a long

vowel in the singular and a short vowel in the plural forms. • In the middle voice, these verbs end their stems in a short

vowel in all their forms, both singular and plural. • Next are slides showing the exact conjugation of these

forms, but they are all regular.

Ancient Greek for Everyone• δίδομαι • δίδοσαι• δίδοται

• διδόμεθα• δίδοσθε• δίδονται

Present infinitive middle: δίδοσθαι

Building a Greek VerbThe Present Indicative and Infinitive Middle of δίδωμι

Ancient Greek for Everyone• τίθεμαι • τίθεσαι• τίθεται

• τιθέμεθα• τίθεσθε• τίθενται

Present infinitive middle: τίθεσθαι

Building a Greek VerbThe Present Indicative and Infinitive Middle of τίθημι

Ancient Greek for Everyone• ἵσταμαι • ἵστασαι• ἵσταται

• ἱστάμεθα• ἵστασθε• ἵστανται

Present infinitive middle: ἵστασθαι

Building a Greek VerbThe Present Indicative and Infinitive Middle of ἵστημι

Ancient Greek for Everyone• ἵεμαι • ἵεσαι• ἵεται

• ἱέμεθα• ἵεσθε• ἵενται

Present infinitive middle: ἵεσθαι

Building a Greek VerbThe Present Indicative and Infinitive Middle of ἵημι