2 , saoirse , sue iremonger biodiversity across the forest ......, george smith 2, mark wilson 1,...
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To
m G
itti
ng
s1, G
eo
rge S
mit
h2, M
ark
Wil
so
n1, L
au
ra F
ren
ch
2,
An
ne O
xb
rou
gh
1,
Sao
irse
O’D
on
og
hu
e2, Jo
sep
hin
e P
ith
on
1, V
icki O
’Do
nn
ell
3,
An
ne-M
ari
e M
cK
ee
2, S
ue Ire
mo
ng
er2
, Jo
hn
O’H
allo
ran
1, D
an
iel K
ell
y2,
Fra
ser
Mit
ch
ell
2, P
au
l G
ille
r11
BIO
FO
RE
ST
Pro
ject,
Dep
art
men
t o
f Z
oo
log
y,
Eco
log
y a
nd
Pla
nt
Scie
nce, U
niv
ers
ity C
oll
eg
e
Co
rk2
BIO
FO
RE
ST
Pro
ject,
Dep
art
men
t o
f B
ota
ny,
Tri
nit
y C
olleg
e D
ub
lin
3C
oasta
l an
d M
ari
ne R
eso
urc
es C
en
tre,
Un
ivers
ity C
oll
eg
e C
ork
Bio
div
ers
ity a
cro
ss t
he f
ore
st
cycle
in
ash
an
d S
itka s
pru
ce p
lan
tati
on
s:
Co
mp
ari
so
n
of
tren
ds b
etw
een
taxo
no
mic
gro
up
s a
nd
m
an
ag
em
en
t re
co
mm
en
dati
on
s
BIO
FO
RE
ST
Pro
jec
t O
bje
cti
ve
s
Assess t
he r
ange o
f bio
div
ers
ity in r
epre
senta
tive I
rish
pla
nta
tio
n fore
sts
at key s
tages o
f th
e fore
st cycle
Develo
p in
dic
ato
rs o
f Ir
ish p
lanta
tion f
ore
st bio
div
ers
ity
Assess t
he e
ffectivene
ss o
f th
e F
ore
st
Bio
div
ers
ity
Guid
elin
es
Me
tho
ds
3 f
ore
st ty
pes:
Sitka s
pru
ce (
Pic
ea s
itchensis
), a
sh
(Fra
xin
us
excels
ior)
and S
itka s
pru
ce-a
sh m
ixes
5 s
tructu
ral gro
ups r
eflecting d
egre
e o
f str
uctu
ral
deve
lopm
ent
Sites m
atc
hed f
or
geogra
ph
ica
l lo
catio
n,
soil
type,
altitude
and d
rain
age,
as far
as p
ossib
le
Surv
eye
d p
lants
, spid
ers
, hoverf
ly a
nd b
irds a
nd c
olle
cte
d
GIS
data
for
surr
oundin
g la
ndsca
pe
Ob
jec
tiv
es
of
this
pre
se
nta
tio
n
Identify
sim
ilarities a
nd
diffe
rences b
etw
een t
axon
om
ic
gro
ups in h
ow
their b
iod
ivers
ity:
-C
hang
es o
ver
the fore
st
cycle
-V
aries b
etw
een f
ore
st ty
pes
Dis
cuss m
ana
gem
ent
recom
mendatio
ns
Bio
div
ers
ity i
n a
sh
an
d S
itk
a s
pru
ce
pla
nta
tio
n f
ore
sts
Over
the fore
st
cycle
, ash a
nd S
itka s
pru
ce p
lanta
tio
ns
can s
upp
ort
div
ers
e v
egeta
tion,
spid
er,
hove
rfly
and b
ird
assem
bla
ges.
Assem
bla
ges
conta
in a
larg
e p
roport
ion o
f genera
list
specie
s a
nd w
e r
ecord
ed f
ew
sp
ecie
s o
f conserv
atio
n
import
ance
.
Matu
resta
nds d
eve
lop a
chara
cte
ristic w
oo
dla
nd f
lora
and
supp
ort
fore
st
specia
list spid
ers
and h
overf
lies.
Pre
-th
icke
t site
s (
red)
cle
arl
y s
ep
ara
ted
fro
m the
mo
re s
tructu
rally
de
ve
lop
ed
site
s (
all
gro
up
s).
Gre
ate
r va
ria
tio
n a
mon
g s
ite
s in
pre
-th
icke
t (r
ed)
com
pa
red
to
mo
st o
ther
str
uctu
ral gro
up
s (
sp
iders
, h
ove
rflie
s a
nd
bir
ds).
Se
mi-
matu
re a
nd
ma
ture
ash
site
s(g
reen
circle
s)
cle
arl
y s
epa
rate
d fro
m the
o
ther
str
uctu
ral g
rou
ps (
veg
eta
tio
n, sp
ide
rs a
nd
ho
ve
rflie
s).
Vege
tation
Vege
tation
Vege
tation
Vege
tation
Birds
Birds
Birds
Birds
As
se
mb
lag
e s
tru
ctu
re
Ma
nte
l te
st
an
aly
se
s o
f s
imil
ari
ty b
etw
ee
n
pa
tte
rns
of
va
ria
tio
n i
n s
pe
cie
s c
om
po
sit
ion
All
sit
es
, e
xclu
din
g p
re-t
hic
ke
t, m
atu
re a
sh
, a
nd
ou
tlie
rs (
n =
29
-43
)
S
pid
ers
H
ove
rflie
s
Bir
ds –
pre
se
nce
Bir
ds -
de
nsitie
s
Ve
ge
tatio
n –
pre
sen
ce
r
= 0
.22
5
r =
0.3
69
r
= 0
.12
1
Ve
ge
tatio
n -
co
ve
r r
= 0
.33
7
r =
0.4
78
r =
0.2
45
Sp
ide
rs
r
= 0
.56
r
= 0
.11
5
r =
0.3
73
Ho
ve
rflie
s
r =
0.1
21
r
= 0
.14
6
Re
d:
p <
0.0
1
Bro
wn
: p
< 0
.1
Usin
g a
n a
ppro
pri
ate
lyspecifie
d s
ingle
str
uctu
ral cla
ssific
ation a
s
afr
am
ew
ork
for
bio
div
ers
ity c
onserv
ation p
lann
ing in a
sh a
nd
Sitka s
pru
ce p
lanta
tio
n f
ore
sts
will
repre
sent
the b
road v
ariation in
assem
bla
ges
of th
ese taxo
nom
icgro
ups
Ma
nte
l te
st
an
aly
se
s o
f s
imil
ari
ty b
etw
ee
n
pa
tte
rns
of
va
ria
tio
n i
n s
pe
cie
s c
om
po
sit
ion
Veg
eta
tio
n v
s. s
pid
ers
at
the p
lot
sca
le
P
re-t
hic
ke
t T
hic
ket sp
ruce
Clo
sed
-ma
turi
ng s
pru
ce
Ma
ture
sp
ruce
Matu
re a
sh
n
30
17
2
0
13
1
3
Pre
se
nce-a
bse
nce
0.2
97
0.3
98
0
.181
0.2
37
0
.29
2
Abu
nd
ance
0.3
13
0.3
57
0
.178
-0
.093
0
.20
5
Re
d:
p <
0.0
1
Ora
nge
: p <
0.0
5
Bro
wn:
p <
0.1
Se
lectin
g c
om
ple
menta
ry s
ites for
conserv
atio
non t
he b
asis
of
their v
egeta
tion a
sse
mbla
ges w
ill te
nd t
o c
aptu
re t
he r
ang
e o
f assem
bla
ge v
ariatio
n in s
pid
ers
. B
ut th
is p
att
ern
may r
eflect
majo
r
environm
enta
ldiffe
rences b
etw
een s
ites,
so
may n
ot app
ly w
hen
lookin
g a
t sites f
rom
a n
arr
ow
environm
enta
lra
nge.
Co
mp
ari
so
n b
etw
ee
n t
ax
on
om
ic g
rou
ps
of
tre
nd
s i
n s
pe
cie
s r
ich
ne
ss
ac
ros
s t
he
ag
e-c
yc
le
Tota
l specie
s r
ichness:
Most
gro
ups that
show
diffe
rences, exce
pt
bry
ophyte
s,
have h
igh s
pecie
s r
ichness in t
he p
re-t
hic
ket
sta
ge a
nd
low
specie
s r
ichness in t
he inte
rmedia
te s
tages.
In S
itka s
pru
ce,
the m
atu
re s
tage g
enera
lly h
as h
igh
specie
s r
ichness.
Co
mp
ari
so
n b
etw
ee
n t
ax
on
om
ic g
rou
ps
of
tre
nd
s i
n s
pe
cie
s r
ich
ne
ss
ac
ros
s t
he
ag
e-c
yc
le
Fo
rest spe
cie
s r
ich
ne
ss:
Ge
nera
lly in
cre
ases w
ith
incre
asin
g s
tructu
ral d
eve
lop
me
nt in
all
the
ta
xo
no
mic
gro
ups.
Op
en
sp
ecie
s r
ichn
ess:
Ge
nera
lly d
ecre
ases a
fter
the
in
itia
l sta
ge
s o
f str
uctu
ral d
eve
lop
men
t.
Ma
y in
cre
ase a
ga
in a
t th
e m
atu
re s
tag
e (
va
scu
lar
pla
nts
in
Sitka
spru
ce
, sp
iders
in
all
site
s).
Pa
irw
ise
co
rre
lati
on
s o
f s
pe
cie
s r
ich
ne
ss
be
twe
en
ta
xo
no
mic
gro
up
s I
Tota
l specie
s r
ichness:
Few
sig
nific
ant
corr
ela
tion
s.
But
sig
nific
ant
corr
ela
tion b
etw
een
spid
ers
an
d h
overf
lies
consis
tent acro
ss m
ost
str
uctu
ral gro
ups.
Spid
er
specie
s r
ichness
10
86
42
0
Hoverfly species richness
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Pa
irw
ise
co
rre
lati
on
s o
f s
pe
cie
s r
ich
ne
ss
be
twe
en
ta
xo
no
mic
gro
up
s I
I
Fore
st
specie
s r
ich
ne
ss:
All
pa
irw
ise
corr
ela
tio
ns
sig
nific
ant,
or
nearly
sig
nific
ant
reflectin
g lo
w
specie
s r
ichness in p
re-
thic
ket
sites.
Most re
lationsh
ips (
exce
pt
betw
een s
pid
ers
and
hoverf
lies)
do n
ot
hold
w
hen p
re-t
hic
ket
sites
rem
oved.
Spid
er
specie
s r
ichness
10
86
42
0
Hoverfly species richness
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Pa
irw
ise
co
rre
lati
on
s o
f s
pe
cie
s r
ich
ne
ss
be
twe
en
ta
xo
no
mic
gro
up
s I
II
Plo
t scale
(vegeta
tio
n v
s. spid
ers
):
Few
sig
nific
ant
corr
ela
tions.
Diffe
rences in r
esponses o
f specie
s a
ssem
bla
ges to
str
uctu
ral deve
lopm
en
t
com
plic
ate
s inte
rpre
tation.
Vegeta
tion s
pecie
s r
ichness
40
30
20
10
Spider species richness
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
Spid
er
clu
ste
r gro
up
open thic
ket/open
matu
re s
pru
ce
mid
/matu
re s
pru
ce
Co
mp
ari
so
n b
etw
ee
n a
sh
an
d S
itk
a s
pru
ce
Fe
w o
vera
ll d
iffe
ren
ces in
sp
ecie
s r
ich
ne
ss:
To
tal spe
cie
s r
ichn
ess o
f sp
ide
rs a
nd
bry
op
hyte
s s
ignific
an
tly h
igh
er
in S
itka
spru
ce
.
Gre
ate
r sp
ecie
s r
ichn
ess o
f fo
rest sp
iders
in
Sitka
spru
ce
.
Gre
ate
r sp
ecie
s r
ichn
ess o
f va
scu
lar
pla
nts
an
dsap
roxylic
ho
verf
lies
in a
sh
.
Cro
p s
pec
ies (
ash
or
Sit
ka s
pru
ce)
do
es n
ot
have a
majo
r eff
ect
on
sta
nd
-scale
bio
div
ers
ity i
n
pla
nta
tio
n f
ore
sts
Eff
ec
t o
f a
dd
ing
as
h t
o a
Sit
ka
sp
ruc
e p
lan
tati
on
Fe
w d
iffe
rence
s in s
pecie
s r
ichness w
ith
in p
lanta
tions b
etw
een a
sh a
nd S
itka
spru
ce c
om
po
nents
.
Did
not
dete
ct
man
y d
iffe
rences in s
pecie
s r
ichness b
etw
ee
n p
ure
an
d m
ixed
pla
nta
tions (
bu
t due t
o p
roble
ms o
f m
atc
hin
g s
ites?).
Diffe
rences w
ithin
pla
nta
tio
ns in a
ssem
bla
ge c
om
positio
n b
etw
een
ash a
nd
Sitka s
pru
ce c
om
pon
ents
.
Rete
ntio
n o
f m
atu
re a
sh c
om
pone
nt
of
mix
ed p
lanta
tions in
to t
he n
ext
rota
tion
will
enha
nce p
lanta
tion b
iod
ivers
ity.
Ad
din
g a
sh
to
a S
itka s
pru
ce p
lan
tati
on
in
cre
ase
s
veg
eta
tio
n, sp
ider
an
d h
overf
ly b
iod
ivers
ity a
t th
e
pla
nta
tio
n s
cale
Fo
res
try M
an
ag
em
en
t
Re
co
mm
en
da
tio
ns
: F
ore
st
pla
nn
ing
Modific
atio
ns t
o F
ore
st B
iod
ivers
ity G
uid
elin
es:
Ch
oose im
pro
ved g
rassla
nd s
ite
s o
ver
sem
i-natu
ral
hab
itats
for
affore
sta
tion
Esta
blis
h p
lanta
tions in c
lose p
roxim
ity t
o s
em
i-natu
ral
wo
od
land (
vegeta
tio
n).
Leave s
mall
unp
lante
d a
reas t
o m
ain
tain
gaps t
hro
ug
h t
he
fore
st cycle
(vegeta
tion,
spid
ers
, hoverf
lies).
Leave s
mall
are
as o
f w
et
hab
itat unp
lante
d a
nd a
vo
id
dra
ina
ge w
here
possib
le (
hoverf
lies).
Desig
n c
om
ple
x e
dg
es a
nd le
ave b
oun
dari
es u
np
lante
d t
o
incre
ase p
roport
ion a
nd d
ivers
ity o
f edge h
abitat
(birds).
Leave a
rea
s o
f scru
b u
np
lante
d (
birds).
Re
co
mm
en
da
tio
ns
: F
ore
st
ma
na
ge
me
nt
Modific
atio
ns t
o F
ore
st B
iod
ivers
ity G
uid
elin
es:
Guid
elin
es t
o h
elp
fore
ste
rs to ide
ntify
pote
ntially
import
ant
hab
itats
for
gro
un
d f
lora
, spid
er
and h
overf
ly
bio
div
ers
ity (
vegeta
tion,
spid
ers
, hoverf
lies).
Rig
oro
us thin
nin
g t
o p
revent
canopy c
losu
re (
vegeta
tion,
spid
ers
, hoverf
lies).
Reta
in m
atu
re S
itka s
pru
ce f
ore
sts
, w
here
there
is n
o r
isk
of
dam
age t
o a
djo
inin
g s
em
i-natu
ral ha
bitats
(vegeta
tion,
spid
ers
).
Rete
ntion o
f sta
ndin
g a
nd f
alle
n t
rees (
hoverf
lies).
Sta
te b
od
y f
or
pro
mo
tin
g f
ore
str
y r
es
ea
rch
En
vir
on
men
tal P
rote
cti
on
Ag
en
cy
Nati
on
al D
ev
elo
pm
en
t P
lan
Pro
jec
t F
un
din
g
Pro
ject W
ebsite
http://b
iofo
rest.ucc.ie
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