19 th century european nationalism & political reforms entrance task: think – in what way is...

1919thth century European century European nationalism & political reformsnationalism & political reforms

Entrance taskEntrance task: : ThinkThink – In what way is – In what way is nationalismnationalism like a lightbulb? like a lightbulb?

TodayToday: Reforms in Britain, the Dreyfus : Reforms in Britain, the Dreyfus Affair in FranceAffair in France

HomeworkHomework – Per. 3 – Essay due Friday – Per. 3 – Essay due Friday

All – read Ch. 17 in packetAll – read Ch. 17 in packet

Reform in Great BritainReform in Great Britain

• 1832 Reform Bill1832 Reform Bill – extended suffrage to – extended suffrage to middle class (1/8 of male population)middle class (1/8 of male population)

• 1867 Reform Bill1867 Reform Bill – 1/3 could not vote, – 1/3 could not vote, including most city workersincluding most city workers

• 1884 Reform Bill1884 Reform Bill – suffrage extended to rural – suffrage extended to rural areas (3/4 of all men)areas (3/4 of all men)

• 1911 Parliament Act1911 Parliament Act – deprived House of – deprived House of Lords of veto powerLords of veto power

• 1918 Reform Bill1918 Reform Bill – universal male suffrage – universal male suffrage and women over 30and women over 30

Political PartiesPolitical Parties

Conservatives – Conservatives – interested in labor, interested in labor, housing, and housing, and extending suffrage, extending suffrage, but criticized liberals but criticized liberals for moving too far for moving too far and too fastand too fast

Benjamin Disraeli

Political PartiesPolitical Parties

Liberals - leaned toward industrial and Liberals - leaned toward industrial and commercial interests commercial interests

David Lloyd George William Gladstone

The Irish QuestionThe Irish Question

Liberal leader David Lloyd George Liberal leader David Lloyd George supported home rule for Ireland but supported home rule for Ireland but could not gather enough support for could not gather enough support for it to succeed.it to succeed.

1914 – Approved but not implemented 1914 – Approved but not implemented due to the outbreak of the Great Wardue to the outbreak of the Great War

The Irish QuestionThe Irish Question

Protestants in North Protestants in North Ireland opposed Ireland opposed self-rule, fearing self-rule, fearing Catholic domination Catholic domination from the rest of the from the rest of the countrycountry

The 2The 2ndnd Republic and Republic and Louis NapoleonLouis Napoleon

Louis Napoleon elected Louis Napoleon elected president in 1848 and president in 1848 and stages a successful stages a successful

coup d’etat in 1851 to coup d’etat in 1851 to become Emperor become Emperor Napoleon IIINapoleon III

Napoleon III & the 2Napoleon III & the 2ndnd Empire Empire

Economic successes include Economic successes include investment banking, investment banking, railroad expansion, public railroad expansion, public works and the rebuilding of works and the rebuilding of ParisParis

Political freedom was more Political freedom was more forthcoming after 1860 forthcoming after 1860 when he allowed his when he allowed his Assembly more controlAssembly more control

Franco-Prussian WarFranco-Prussian War1870-18711870-1871

Napoleon III was edged into Napoleon III was edged into war by his apparent insult war by his apparent insult from the Em’s telegraphfrom the Em’s telegraph

France was soundly France was soundly defeated by Prussiadefeated by Prussia

The Third RepublicThe Third Republic

The Paris Commune – The Paris Commune – revolutionaries in Paris revolutionaries in Paris refused to admit defeat and refused to admit defeat and refused to surrenderrefused to surrender

The National Assembly was The National Assembly was sent in and crushed the sent in and crushed the CommuneCommune

The Third Republic was The Third Republic was establishedestablished

The Third RepublicThe Third Republic

Achievements:Achievements:– Legalized trade unionsLegalized trade unions– Created schoolsCreated schools– Built a colonial empireBuilt a colonial empire

Leon Gambetta

Jules Ferry

The Dreyfus Affair 1898-1899The Dreyfus Affair 1898-1899

Jewish Captain Alfred Jewish Captain Alfred Dreyfus falsely accused on Dreyfus falsely accused on treasontreason

Anti-Semitism in France Anti-Semitism in France – Led to separation between Led to separation between

church (Catholic) and statechurch (Catholic) and state

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

Count Cavour

[The “Brains”]

Giuseppi Garibaldi

[The “Sword”]

King Victor Emmanuel

II

Giuseppi Mazzini

[The “Soul”]

Italian Nationalist LeadersItalian Nationalist Leaders

Pope Pius IXPope Pius IX

Sardinia-Piedmont:

The “Magnet”

Sardinia-Piedmont:

The “Magnet”

Step #1Step #1

Step #2Step #2

Step #3Step #3

Italian

Unification

Italian

Unification

A Unified Peninsula!A Unified Peninsula!

A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

ZollvereinZollverein

Prussia v. AustriaPrussia v. Austria

Kaiser Wilhelm IKaiser Wilhelm I

Chancellor Otto von BismarckChancellor Otto von Bismarck

“Blood&

Iron”

RealpolitikThe “IronChancello

r”

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

Otto von Bismarck . . . . The less people know about how

sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.

Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.

The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.

A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.

Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

Unification of

Germany

Unification of

Germany

Step #1:

The Danish

War[1864]

Step #1:

The Danish

War[1864]The Peace of

ViennaThe Peace of

Vienna

Step #2: Austro-

Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War],

1866

Step #2: Austro-

Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War],

1866

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German

Confederation, 1867

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German

Confederation, 1867 Shortly following

the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation.

He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control Peace of Prague

Ems Dispatch [1870]: A Catalyst for War

Ems Dispatch [1870]: A Catalyst for War

1868 revolt in Spain.

Spanish leaders wantedPrince Leopold von Hohenz.[a cousin to the Kaiser & aCatholic], as their new king.

France protested & his name was withdrawn.

The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.

Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

Step #4: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

Step #4: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

German soldiers “abusing” the French.

Step #4: Franco-Prussian War[1870-1871]

Step #4: Franco-Prussian War[1870-1871]

Bismarck & Napoleon III

After Sedan

Bismarck & Napoleon III

After Sedan

Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]Treaty of Frankfurt [1871] The Second French Empire collapsed

and was replaced by the Third French Republic.

The Italians took Rome and made it their capital.

Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]. -------------------

France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.

France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I[r. 1871–1888]

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I[r. 1871–1888]

Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the

Kaiser

Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the

Kaiser

German Imperial

Flag

German Imperial

Flag

Bismarck Manipulatingthe Reichstag

Bismarck Manipulatingthe Reichstag

Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:Anti-Catholic Program

Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:Anti-Catholic Program

Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy civil marriages only recognized.

The Jesuits are expelled from Germany.

The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.

Bismarck’s Reapproachment

With the Catholic Church

Bismarck’s Reapproachment

With the Catholic Church

Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII

Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]

Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]

“Dropping

thePilot”[1890]

“Dropping

thePilot”[1890]

Kaiser Wilhelm IIKaiser Wilhelm II

Differing Nationalities in the

Austrian Empire

Differing Nationalities in the

Austrian Empire

Austrian Imperial Flag

Austrian Imperial Flag

The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-

Hungary

The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-

Hungary

The Hungarian Flag

Russian ExpansionRussian Expansion

Russian Imperial FlagRussian Imperial Flag

Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c

“The Sicker Man of Europe”

The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c

“The Sicker Man of Europe”

The1905

Russian Revolutio

n

The1905

Russian Revolutio

n

Nicholas II: The Last Nicholas II: The Last Romanov TsarRomanov Tsar

[r. 1894-1917][r. 1894-1917]

The Tsar & His FamilyThe Tsar & His Family

Hemophilia & the Hemophilia & the TsarevichTsarevich

Nicholas II & His Uncle, Nicholas II & His Uncle, George VGeorge V

CausesCauses

1. Early 1. Early 2020cc: :

Russian Russian Social Social

HierarchHierarchyy

2. First Stages of 2. First Stages of IndustrializationIndustrialization

An Early Russian Factory

3. Weak Economy3. Weak Economy

1905 Russian Rubles

4. Extensive Foreign 4. Extensive Foreign Investments & Investments &

InfluenceInfluence

Building the Trans-Siberian RR[Economic benefits only in a few

regions.]

5. Russo-Japanese War 5. Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905][1904-1905]

The “Yellow Peril”

Russo-Japanese War Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905][1904-1905]

Russo-Japanese War Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905][1904-1905]

Russian & Japanese Russian & Japanese SoldiersSoldiers

Russia Is HumiliatedRussia Is Humiliated

Treaty of Portsmouth Treaty of Portsmouth [NH] - 1905[NH] - 1905

President Theodore Roosevelt Acts as the Peacemake

r

[He gets the Nobel

Peace Prize for his

efforts.]

6. Unrest Among the 6. Unrest Among the Peasants & Urban Peasants & Urban

Working PoorWorking PoorFather Georgi Gapon:

Leader of the Leader of the People OR People OR

Police Police Informer?Informer?

Bloody SundayBloody SundayJanuary 22, 1905January 22, 1905

The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg

The The RevolutioRevolutio

n n SpreadsSpreads

Russian Cossacks Russian Cossacks Slaughter The People in Slaughter The People in

OdessaOdessa

Anti-Jewish Attacks

7. The Battleship7. The Battleship PotemkinPotemkin Mutiny Mutiny [June, [June,

1905]1905]

Results

Results

1. The Tsar’s 1. The Tsar’s October October ManifestoManifesto

October 30, 1905

2. The Opening of the 2. The Opening of the DumaDuma::

Possible Reforms?Possible Reforms?

1906 The first two tries were too

radical.

The third duma was elected by the richest people in Russia in 1907.

The Russian Constitution The Russian Constitution of 1906of 1906 Known as the Fundamental Laws

[April 23, 1906].

The autocracy of the Russian Tsar was declared.

The Tsar was supreme over the law, the church, and the Duma.

It confirmed the basic human rights granted by the October Manifesto, BUT made them subordinate to the supremacy of the law.

3. Jewish Refugees 3. Jewish Refugees Come to America in Come to America in

19061906

4. 4. The The Path Path

to to October, October,

19171917

Why did the 1905 Why did the 1905 Revolution Fail?Revolution Fail?