1775-1783. april 1775 bloodshed at lexington and concord may 19, 1775 second continental congress...
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America Secedes from
the Empire1775-1783
April 1775
Bloodshed at Lexington and Concord
May 19, 1775
Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia
Divided by 2 main factors:
New England Wanted to separate
Middle colonies Not ready to separate
Congress Drafts George Washington
The Second Continental Congress selected George Washington to head the army besieging Boston.
Elected: because of military
experience Southerners where
jealous of New England, distrust began to rise.
Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings
April 1775-July 1776:
Colonists against each other: Some Pro-King .
Some Anti-King
14 months of fighting before decision for independence taken
May 1775: Small American force under Ethan Allen and Benedict captured
British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point in Upper & New York.
Gunpowder and artillery for the siege of Boston now secured
Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings cont.
June 1775
Colonists seized a hill now known as Bunker Hill (although actually called Breed’s Hill)
Hundreds of troop lost
Colonist store of gunpowder finally gave out
British won.
July 1775
Congress adopts the Olive Branch Petition
professing American Loyalty to the crown and begging the king to prevent further hostlities.
After Bunker Hill King George III against any hope for reconciliation
August 1775
King George II formally proclaims colonies in rebellion.
September 1775
King George IIII hires thousands on German troops (Hessians) to help crush colonies
Hessians good soldiers but, many ended up deserting British and remained in America to become respectable citizens
The Abortive Coquets of CanadaOctober 1775
British burned Falmouth ( Portland), Main.
Colonists invade Canada twice Richard Montgomery was killed
Colonists believed a successful takeover of Canada would:
1.Add fourteenth colony
2.Deprive British of a valuable base for striking at the colonies in revolt.
Attack on Canada contradicted Colonist claim of only fighting for redress of grievances
Invasion was undisguised offensive warfare
Colonist almost gained Canada until General Richard Montgomery killed
The Abortive Coquets of Canada
Cont.Fighting in colonies
continued
Most Colonist continued to say they didn’t have desire for independence
January 1776
British set fire to Norfolk, Virginia
March 1776
British forced to evacuate Boston
Norfo
lk
Thomas Pain Preaches Common Sense .
Many Colonists continued to consider themselves part of a transatlantic community where Britain was the mother.
Colonial unity was fail
Open rebellion was dangerous; British enjoy hanging rebels.
Colonists who where still pro-King shocked by the violent British acts began to recognize need to separate
Thomas Pain Preaches Common Sense cont.. 1776
Thomas Pain published Common Sense, one of most influence pamphlets ever written.
The main message was,
King George III was a tyrannical; ‘brute”
Nowhere in the physical universe did the smaller heavenly body control the vast control of the larger one.
So why should the tiny island of Britain control vats continent of America?
Pain tried to convince colonist that true cause for independence should be that rather than reconciliation with Britain.
Pain and the Idea of “Republicanism”
Not only did Pain call for independence but, for new kind of political society a republic.
Republic; where power flowed from the people themselves, not from monarch.
Pain also argued that all government officials should be voted for.
Patriots and Loyalists.Patriots/Whigs- American rebels
Usually younger. Mostly popular where Presbyterianism and Congressionalist was popular. New England.
Loyalists/Tories –Colonists loyal to the king.
Usually older. Most numerous where Anglican Church was strongest. (Except Virginia) Old Rich People.
American Revolution was minority movement. Many colonists apathetic or neutral
War not only split neighbors but also families.
Give me Liberty, or give me death!
The Loyalist Exodus
Pre-Declaration of Independence , persecution of Loyalists mild.
Declaration of Independence sharply separated Loyalist from Patriots.
Patriots saw Loyalists as enemies, Thousands kicked out or fled, hundreds imprisoned, some hanged.
Loyalist
Patriot.
General Washington at Bay
British wanted to take over New York
July 1776
British fleet appeared off New York. Largest armed force in America until Civil War
500 Ships, 30 thousand men
.
Battle of Long island
Americans outnumber, outgeneraled and outmaneuvered.
Trenton
December 26, 1776 Washington crossed Delaware River
Surprised and captured a thousand Hessians who were sleeping.
Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion
July 1777
General John “Gentleman Johnny” Burgoyne lead plan to capture Hudson River Valley
General Benedict Arnold assembled small fleet, fought General Burgoyne's army.
After desperate fighting, British won the battle but wasted a lot of time.
Burgoyne's army forced to go to Canada restart.
Fall 1777
Burgoyne began to go down north of Albany, attacked by American militiamen
October 17, 1776
Burgoyne forced to surrender at Saratoga to American general Horatio Gates
Woman and African Americans at War
Many American woman served as nurses, attendants, cook, spies and some in combat on battlefield.
Majority of woman fought war by managing family farms and businesses.
Founding Fathers never recognized woman’s wartime efforts.
African Americans generally supported British because American victory would keep them enslaved
Northern and Southern Colonies lost tens of thousands of slaves during the war who escaped to British.
Modest Treaty
A treaty between French and Americans whose basic principles where:
1. No Political Connections
2. No Military Connections
3. Only commercial connections.
Revolution in Diplomacy
France + Britain = Enemies.
Americans needed a lot of help to beat British
French wanted to regain its former position and prestige
Alliance created between French and Americans.
As well as revolutionary political ideas, Americans also harbored revolutionary ideas about international affairs
Wanted to bring an end to Colonials and mercantilism
Strongly supported free trade and freedom of the seas
February 6, 1778
France offered Americans a treaty of alliance that went against Model Treaty
French wanted to to break up British Empire
The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War
Lexington 1778
Shot heard around the world. France vs. England
1779
Spain and Holland joined French and Americans.
1780
Catherine the Great of Russia organized Armed Neutrality
War now being fought in North America, South America, Europe, Caribbean and Asia
Blows and CounterblowSummer 1780
French Commander Conte De Rochambeau’s army of 6 thousand troops arrive in export, Rhode Island
Many American’s suspicious of French.
American’s suspicion rises when Benedict Arnold switched over to British side.
British troops decide to go south to Carolinas
The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier
Native American’s in War.
Native Americans hoped to get their land back, allied with King
Torched and tomahawk-ed Americans.
1777
Iroquois Conference, the Oneidas and the Tuscarora's sided with Americans
the Seneca's, Mohawks, Cayuga's, and Onondagas joined the British
1784
Pro British Iroquois forced to sign Treaty of Fort Stanwix, first treaty between United States and Native American nation. Native Americans ceded
most of their land.
The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier cont.
British had scattered posts in Wild Illinois County, Vulnerable to attack
George Rogers Clark
Came up with idea of seizing by surprise.
1778-1779 went down Ohio River with 175 men captured Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Vincennes forts.
The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier
Privateers: Privately owned armed shops, legalized pirates. Authorized by Congress to prey enemy shipping
Privateers captured as many British ships as British captured American ships..
Wasted man power and insurance rates skyrocketed,
Merchant ships wanted to sail in convoy
British shippers and manufacturers pressured Parliament to end war on honorable terms
Yorktown
October 17, 1781
General Cornwallis surrendered after 3 weeks of battling
Peace at ParisTreaty if Paris 1783
American negotiating team composed of Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and John Jay
Final Agreement
1. The United States recognized as an independent nation by major European powers
2. Western boundary was set to Mississippi River
3. Southern boundary set to 31* northern latitude
4. British retained Canada but, surrender Florida to Spain
5. Private British creditors would be free to collect any debts owed by Us citizens
6. Congress was to recommend that the states restore confiscated loyalist property
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