16 a castor
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ANNUAL (Short lived-dwarf)
PERENNIAL (tall, developing into a bush)
LONG DAY
INDETERMINATE
EPIGEAL
CASTOR
TOP COUNTRIES
COUNTRY PRODUCTION (Tones)
INDIA 1,350,000
CHINA 180,000
BRAZIL 95,183
MOZAMBIQUE 60,000
PARAGUAY 13,000
PRODUCTION
PAKISTAN 2010
Area 3394 ha
Production 3380 tones
Yield 1.00 t ha-1
12th in world production
ORIGIN Oil & seed used in India, Egypt & other countries since
ancient times
India 2000 B.C
Native plant in many regions (widespread distribution
& easy establishment)
Indigenous to Eastern Africa-most probably Ethiopia
(Weiss, 1971)
IMPORTANCE Paints & varnishes
Detergents & soaps
Synthetic resins & fibres
Ointments
Cosmetics & hair dressings
Ointments, brake fluids and printing inks
Purgative & laxative in human & veterinary medicine
40-60 % oil (90 % ricinolein)
CLIMATE Warm, temperate & tropical regions
Drought resistant- dry areas-
1500-2000m altitude
Optimum temperature for growth is 20-26 °C
> 35 °C & < 15 °C reduce oil content and alter its
composition
> 40 °C result in blasting of flowers
Frost free growing period of 140-190 days
SOIL
Moist soils
Well drained
Not alkaline soils
pH 5.0-6.0 (can tolerate up to 8.0)
Low yield on highly fertile soils (excessive vegetative
growth & prolonged flowering & maturity)
STEM Hallow
Waxy
Dark green/Different colors
6-10 m (tall types)
2-3 m (short types)
Main stem & side branches originate from internodes
& end in a raceme
15-20 internodes (types in Pakistan)
INFLORESCENCE
Monoecious
Female flower on upper portion of raceme
Male flower on basal portion of raceme
Some types have mixed male & female flowers
Dioceious plants have also been found
Self & cross pollination occur simultaneously
SEED
Flattened
Oval
Shiny, brittle testa
100-1000 g TSW
Mature from bottom to top in raceme
Toxic constituents (ricin, ricinine)
Allergic substances
SOWING TIME
July (irrigated areas)
July & August (rainfed areas of Sindh)
Mid-July & Mid-August (rainfed areas of
Punjab)
SEED RATE
12-15 Kg ha-1 (General)
18-25 Kg ha-1 (Dwarf)
10,000 – 15,000 plant ha-1
12-16 H pre-soaking hastens emergence by 2-4 days
SOWING METHOD KERA
PORA
DRILL
DIBBLING (2-3 seeds hill-1)
R – R = 90 cm
P-P= 60cm
Seeding depth= 3.5 cm
Good response to fertilizer application
20-50 50-70 40-50 (NPK) Kg ha-1
Whole P & K & Half N at sowing
Half N during February
25 25 0 (NPK) Kg ha-1
(each August for perennial crop)
FERTILIZER
IRRIGATION Drought resistant crop (stored moisture in dry areas)
As much water as maize but relatively more until root
system is fully developed
4-6 irrigations (irrigated areas)
1st irrigation at 6-8 leaf stage
Subsequent 7-21 days interval
Excess of water reduces yield, oil content & seed weight
and susceptible to root & collar rot
WEEDING & INTERCULTURE
Germinates in 8-20 days after planting
Slow canopy development
Weed control at early growth stages
Shallow interculture (no damage to young seedlings)
No chemical control in Pakistan
90-100 days
Two pickings in Sindh & Baluchistan
1st in Nov. – Dec. & 2nd in March-April)
3- 4 pickings in Punjab
December, Feb.-March & April-May
Sun drying for 6-8 days
Threshing through gentle rubbing
Hard seed (no reduction in oil content even >3Y)
HARVESTING, THRESHING & STORAGE
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