15 lecture 8 brain structure sl .1
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If the human brain were sosimple that we could
understand it, we would be sosimple that we couldnt
-Emerson Pugh, The Biological Origin of HumanValues (1977)
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September 13th, 1848
Phineas 25 years old
Rutland & Burlington Railroad, Cavendish, VT Paving the way for new RR tracks
Tamping Iron
1.25in x 3ft
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The skull is a rounded layer of
bone designed to protect the brain
from penetrating injuries.
Blood Vessels of the Skull
Rough Interior of Skull
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The base of the skull is rough,with many bony protuberances.
These ridges can result in injury
to the temporal lobe of the brain
during rapid acceleration.
Bony ridges
Injury from contact
with skull
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Accident Quick Recovery
Months later: No longer Gage
Before: capable, efficient, best foreman, well-balancedmind
After: extravagant, anti-social, liar, grossly profane
Stint with P.T Barnum
Died 12 years later
Watch Clip
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Reptilian PaleomammalianNeomammalian
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Brainstem
responsible for
automatic survivalfunctions
Medulla
controls heartbeatand breathing
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BRAINSTEM Heartrate and breathing
CEREBELLUM
Coordination
and balance
amygdala
pituitary
hippocampusTHALAMUS
Relaysmessages
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Widespreadconnections
Arousal of the brain
as a wholeReticular activating
system (RAS)
Maintainsconsciousness and
alertness
Functions in sleep
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helps coordinate
voluntarymovement andbalance
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Hypothalamus, pituitary,amygdala, andhippocampus all deal withbasic drives, emotions, andmemory
Hippocampus Memoryprocessing
Amygdala Aggression
(fight) and fear (flight)
Hypothalamus Hunger,thirst, body temperature,pleasure; regulates
pituitary gland (hormones)
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Hypothalamus neural structure lying below
(hypo) the thalamus; directsseveral maintenanceactivities eating
drinking
body temperature
helps govern the endocrine
system via the pituitarygland
linked to emotion
(show video)
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Show self stimulation clip
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Amygdala
two almond-
shaped neuralclusters that arecomponents of
the limbicsystem and arelinked to
emotion and fear
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CharlesWhitman
August 1st, 1966
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Thalamus the brains sensory
switchboard, locatedon top of the
brainstem
it directs messages tothe sensory receiving
areas in the cortexand transmits repliesto the cerebellumand medulla
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Cerebral Cortex
the bodys
ultimate controland informationprocessing
center
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Planning, decisionmaking speech
Sensory
AuditoryVision
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Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Limbic Lobe
Occipital Lobe
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The frontal lobe is the area ofthe brain responsible for
higher cognitive functions.
These include:
Problem solving
Spontaneity Memory
Language
Motivation
Judgment
Impulse control
Social and sexual behavior.
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The temporal lobe plays arole in emotions, and is
also responsible for
smelling, tasting,
perception, memory,
understanding music,
aggressiveness, andsexual behavior.
The temporal lobe also
contains the language
area of the brain.
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The parietal lobe plays a
role in our sensations of
touch, smell, and taste. It
also processes sensory
and spatial awareness,
and is a key component
in eye-hand co-ordinationand arm movement.
The parietal lobe also
contains a specialized
area called Wernickes
area that is responsible
for matching writtenwords with the sound of
spoken speech.
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The occipital lobe is atthe rear of the brain
and controls vision
and recognition.
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The limbic lobe islocated deep in the
brain, and makes up
the limbic system.
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A. Cingulate gyrus
B. Fornix
C. Anterior thalamic
nuclei
D. Hypothalamus
E. Amygdaloid nucleus
F. Hippocampus
The limbic system is thearea of the brain that
regulates emotion and
memory. It directly
connects the lower and
higher brain functions.
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The cerebellum is connected to thebrainstem, and is the center for
body movement and balance.
Click image to play or pause video
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Thalamus means inner room in Greek,
as it sits deep in the brain at the top ofthe brainstem.
The thalamus is called the gateway to
the cerebral cortex, as nearly all
sensory inputs pass through it to the
higher levels of the brain.
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The hypothalamus sits under the thalamus atthe top of the brainstem. Although the
hypothalamus is small, it controls many critical
bodily functions:
Controls autonomic nervous system
Center for emotional response and behavior
Regulates body temperature
Regulates food intake
Regulates water balance and thirst
Controls sleep-wake cycles
Controls endocrine system
The hypothalamus isshaded blue. The pituitary
gland extends from the
hypothalamus.
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The medulla oblongata mergesseamlessly with the spinal cord and
creates the base of the brainstem.
The medulla is primarily a control
center for vital involuntary reflexes
such as swallowing, vomiting,sneezing, coughing, and regulation of
cardiovascular and respiratory activity.
The medulla is also the origin of many
cranial nerves.
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The pons is the roundedbrainstem region between the
midbrain and the medulla
oblongata. In fact, pons means
bridge in Latin.
The main function of the pons isto connect the cerebellum to the
rest of the brain and to modify the
respiratory output of the medulla.
The pons is the origin of several
cranial nerves.
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Click image to play or pause video
The ventricles are a complexseries of spaces and tunnels
through the center of the brain.
The ventricles secrete
cerebrospinal fluid, which
suspends the brain in the skull.
The ventricles also provide a
route for chemical messengers
that are widely distributed through
the central nervous system.
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Cerebrospinal fluid is a colorlessliquid that bathes the brain and spine.
It is formed within the ventricles of the
brain, and it circulates throughout the
central nervous system.
Cerebrospinal fluid fills the ventricles
and meninges, allowing the brain to
float within the skull.
Click image to play or pause video
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The brainstem is the mostprimitive part of the brain and
controls the basic functions of
life: breathing, heart rate,
swallowing, reflexes to sight or
sound, sweating, blood
pressure, sleep, and balance.
The brainstem can be divided
into three major sections.
Detailed brainstem anatomy.
Click image to play or pause video
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Contralateral
Homunculus
Unequal
representation
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Figure 13.10
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Aphasia impairment of language, usually caused by left
hemisphere damage either to Brocas area (impairingspeaking) or to Wernickes area (impairing
understanding) see clips Brocas Area
an area of the left frontal lobe that directs the musclemovements involved in speech
Wernickes Area an area of the left temporal lobe involved in language
comprehension and expression
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Broca Expression
Wernicke Comprehensionand reception
Aphasias
LEFT HEMISPHERE
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Paul Broca [1800s]
Suggested localization
T h i t i f ti
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Techniques to examine functionsof the brain
1. Remove part ofthe brain & see
what effect it hason behavior
2. Examine humanswho have suffered
brain damage
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3. Stimulate thebrain
4. Record brain
activity
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Corpus collosum large bundle ofneural fibers
(myelinated axons,or white matter)connecting the twohemispheres
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LEFT
Symbolic thinking
(Language)
Detail
Literal meaning
RIGHT
Spatial perception
Overall picture
Context,metaphor
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Right hemispherecontrols left side of bodyand visual field
Left hemisphere controlsright side of body and
visual field
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Epileptic patients had corpus callosum cut toreduce seizures in the brain
Lives largely unaffected, seizures reduced
Affected abilities related to naming objects inthe left visual field
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The ability of the brain toreorganize neural pathways basedon new experiences
Persistent functional changes in thebrain represent new knowledge
Age dependent component
Brain injuries
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Impoverished environment
Enriched environment
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The process by which the centralnervous system receives input fromthe environment via sensoryneurons
Bottom up processing
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The process by which the braininterprets and organizes sensoryinformation
Top-down processing
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Absolute thresholdthe minimumstimulation needed to detect a stimuluswith 50% accuracy
Subliminal stimulationbelow theabsolute threshold for conscious awareness
May affect behavior without conscious
awareness Sensory adaptation/habituation
diminished sensitivity to an unchangingstimulus
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Vision electromagnetic Occipital lobe
Hearing mechanical Temporal lobe
Touch mechanical Sensory cortex
Taste chemical Gustatory insular cortex
Smell chemical Olfactory bulb Orbitofrontal cortex Vomeronasal organ?
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Vestibular balance and motion Inner ear
Proprioceptive relative position of bodyparts Parietal lobe
Temperature heat
Thermoreceptors throughout the body, sensorycortex
Nociception pain Nociceptors throughout the body, sensory cortex
And the seventhand eighthand ninth
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The retina at theback of the eyeis actually part
of the brain!
Rodsbrightness
Cones color
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