#1242 chemical reaction battery student workbook
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Creative Ability
can be Learned
Gigo Learning Lab’s complete series includes 20 individual packages, as well as five school sets. The special features of Gigo’s Learning Lab are as follows:
1. Using GIGO’s “building block” construction-based curriculum, every class has a ready-to-assemble model, and includes time designed to promote individual creativity.
2. Promotes thinking outside-the-box of the traditional educational framework by learning innovation through play!
3. We are all innately good at something, so we should take into account both individual development and the ability to work as part of a team effort.
4. Course levels are designed from elementary to difficult, combining a life sciences-based curriculum with applications from daily life.
5. Experiment using Gigo’s “building blocks”, which can be used over and over again, saving both time and effort.
6. Comes with Gigo’s newly developed 3D Smart Manual, which makes learning how to intelligently assemble each model easier than ever before.
7. Learning Lab’s Cloud Platform allows systematic recording of learning progress.
We hope that kids can enthusiastically learn scientific knowledge through fun hands-on experience, developing their problem-solving abilities, as well as a positive attitude towards science. Our mission is to help children apply their newfound knowledge to daily life, furthering their innovational skills and abilities.
For any questions or inquires. please email to LL@mail.gigo.com.tw
01
(v1.0)Index
07. Diversity of Electrolytes
08. Electrolytic Solution Content
10. Monograph (2)
11. Electrolytic Reaction
Appendix: Learning Lab Packages
20. Monograph (4)
19. Eco Friendly Devices
18. Application for Chemical Battery
17. Standby Power
16. Piezoelectric Effect
15. Monograph (3)
14. Hybrid Energy
13. Chain Reaction
12. Power Performance
09. pH of Electrolytes
04. Energy Transformation
05. Monograph (1)
06. Electrolyte Solution
03. Chemical Battery
02. Metal Activity
01. Electrically Conductive Liquid
Parts List
Index
Education Philosophy 01 39
03 45
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Long Frame
Short Frame
Square Frame
Dual Rod
11-hole Rod
11-hole Prolate Rod
7-hole Prolate Rod
5-hole Rod
5-hole Rod-III
3-hole Rod
3-hole Dual Rod
Bended Rod
Motor Axle
Cross Axle 3CM
Cross Axle 6CM
Cross Axle 10CM
Cross Axle 15CM
Battery Holder (AA Cell)
Battery Charger (AA Cell)
Wire (Red)
Wire (Black)
Reverse Generator
Chemical Battery
Magnesium Alloy
Needle
Jar
Nylon Brush
20T Gear
40T Gear
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60T Gear
S Pulley
L Pulley
S Ring
L Ring
L Rubber Band
Thin Pipe
Cross Axle Fixer
Two-in-one Converter
Hinge
Cross Axle Connector
90-degree Converter-I
90-degree Converter-II
Axle
Loose Axle
Pin
L Connecting Peg
Hollow Tube 3CM
Cube Conductor
Switch Conductor
Bulb
LED
Base Grid Connector
Base Grid
Spanner
P a r t s L i s t
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S e s s i o n
Conductive elements inside a linked circuit can produce a pathway. When a pathway is
produced for an electric current, it can light up a bulb. Conductive elements include metals like gold, silver, copper
and iron. If we were to substitute these conductive metals with tap water or mineral water, we could still light the bulb. This means water can conduct electricity just like a wire can. This is possible because of impurities in the water. Distilled water, however, removes all impurities that are conductive ions; therefore, it doesn't conduct electricity.
01 Brainstorming
H o w m a n y e l e c t r i c a l l y conduc t ive ob jec ts have you seen before?
After using the bathroom, Tony went straight over the computer to turn it on. Just as his hand touched the computer shell, he received a shock. Why did this happen? Worried, Tony went to see Grandpa Rudolph to check out if there was a problem.
Grandpa Rudolph didn’t do any kind of check-up. Instead, he asked Tony what it was he had done immediately before turning on the computer. Tony told Grandpa that he had gone to the bathroom. Grandpa then asked Tony if he had washed his hands. Tony said that he had.
Grandpa Rudolph then responded very seriously. He asked Tony if he had forgotten to dry off his hands after washing them. It was possible that he got shocked because of his stil l-wet hands. Tony suddenly remembered that he had forgotten to dry off his hands, just as Grandpa
had presumed. He couldn't believe that he had forgotten what he had learned at school: water conducts electricity! He promised to remind himself to dry his hands off after washing them next time.
Electrically Conductive Liquid
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Application
Water
Conductivity
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ModelAssembled
ExperimentComplete
Model Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
ArtAttack
Experiment with both normal and saline water. See which type is successful in conducting electricity.
Will the brightness of bulb be different when the chemical bat ter ies are in parallel circuit?
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S e s s i o n
In a narrow sense, metal activity refers to the tendency for both metal oxidization
and reduction reactions to combine with oxygen. The greater the reactivity, the more easily a metal will
combine with oxygen to make a metal oxide. In redox reactions, the loss of electrons is known as oxidation, while the receiving of electrons is known as reduction. Metals with greater reactivity can lose their electrons more easily, naturally existing as compounds. In water, however, these metals will react to form ions. Less reactive metals will usually exist as singular elements in nature. Once these metals form as ions, they can easily receive electrons; thus, reducing them back to their elemental state. Since magnesi-um has a greater reactivity than aluminum under the same conditions, the electrochemical power output of a strip of magnesium is higher than aluminum.
02 Brainstorming
How can we ident i f y var ious types of metals?
Parts List
While researching electr icity, Alessandro Volta conducted an experiment to understand the different reactivity of metals. He placed different metals into saline solutions, and then connected them in a circuit.
Volta discovered that different combinations of metals will generate current, while others will not. He ordered the metals based on the strength of their current ( from strongest to weakest), according to the results of his experiment. This table is known as the Reactivity Series.
This was an important discovery in science. This reactivity series defines the chemical reactivity of different metals. For example, the
chemical reactivity of potassium is greater than sodium, which in turn is greater than calcium.
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Metal
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Daily
Application
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ModelAssembled
ExperimentComplete
Model Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
ArtAttack
Using metal mater ials, such as a piece of aluminum foil or a piece of an aluminum can, exper iment and compare the di f ference in power output between magnesium alloy.
Try experimenting with dif ferent kinds of metals to see which kind has the greatest reactivity.
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S e s s i o n
Chemica l ba t te r ies a re capab le o f transforming chemical energy into electrical
energy. Batteries can be divided into primary batteries, secondary batteries, or fuel cells, based on their
charging and discharging properties, as well as the nature of their work. Alkaline batteries can only be used once, as they cannot be replenished by the transformed chemicals inside them. This causes issues due to the frequent disposal of the dangerous chemicals inside the batteries. Therefore, secondary batteries were invented. Their name refers to the recharging of reactive substances inside the battery, which causes the chemicals in the battery to return to their original state. In lithium ion batteries, this allows the battery to provide power again. Via redox reactions at their electric poles, all chemical batteries essentially use restless electrons in an external circuit to form a current.
03 Brainstorming
Using the saline water for test, what other factors may af fect conductivity?
During class, Tony’s teacher introduced the history behind the first chemical battery. It was known as the “voltaic pile”, and was named after Volta, the physicist who f irst in-vented it. Today’s class was to commemorate Volta’s invention.
Curious, Tony raised the question, “Why do we use volts as units for measuring the voltage of voltaic cells? Are Volts and Volta the same person?” His teacher replied that the difference in names was due to differences in translations at the time. By looking at their birthdays and places of birth, we could see that they are the
same person. To commemorate his contribution to the field of electricity, the physics community name voltage units as “volts”.
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Chemical Battery
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Parts List
Metal
Showdown
Daily
Application
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ModelAssembled
ExperimentComplete
Model Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
ArtAttack
Try preparing dif ferent concentrations of saline. Which concentration has the best conductivity?
If we replaced the salt in our water with sugar, would the chemical battery still run smoothly? Why?
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The new generation of batteries are known as fuel cells. Fuel cells are devices that convert chemical energy from a fuel into electricity
via a chemical reaction with either oxygen or another oxidizing agent. While there are many different kinds of fuels, hydrogen is the most common.
Fuel cells which replace hydrogen with a metal in the cathode of a battery are known as a “metal-air electrochemical cells”. For example, magnesium transforms into a magnesium ion after releasing an electron through an electrochemical reaction. Oxygen receives the electron inside the solution via an “air-electrode”, and then combines with both the magnesium ion and water to form Magnesium Hydroxide. The electrons from the conversion process reaches the air electrode via an external circuit, thus forming an electric current.
04 Brainstorming
Where can electricity generated f r o m c h e m i c a l b a t t e r i e s b e used?
Parts List
Lately, there has been greater demand for new “green” energy sources . As long as there is a constant supply of hydrogen and oxygen, hydrogen fuel cells can generate electricity without producing CO2 or exhaust. These new charging stations require a more diversified design than conventional ones.
Sunlight and wind are not the only sources of power for green energy charging stations. When there is no wind or sunlight, hydrogen fuels cells can maintain the ability of charging stations to supply and store power at specified levels.
However, due to prohibit ively expensive costs, plans to use hydrogen fue l ce l ls to generate power are still under development. P e r h a p s w i t h t h e i n c r e a s i n g popular i t y of hydrogen vehic les, plans for new generat ion green-e n e r g y c h a r g i n g s t a t i o n s c a n eventually be achieved.
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Energy TransformationCharging
Station
Daily
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ModelAssembled
ExperimentComplete
Model Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
ArtAttack
Us ing t he ene rgy t r ans fo r med i n t he rechargeable battery, record how long it can power the motor.
Compare the dif ferences in charging per formance between two chemical batteries. Have one battery in a parallel circuit, and one battery in a series circuit.
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ModelDesign
ModelCreation
Winner!
DesignConcept
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S e s s i o n
Monograph05
1Using the theories and models you’ve learned, design a set of fast-charging rechargeable-battery stands.
01. Water Conductivity
03. Restless Electrons
02. Metal Showdown
04. Charging Station
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ModelReview
S e s s i o n
A solution usually consists of a solute and a solvent. When water is the solvent, it is
called a water solution. The solute that can conduct electricity is called an electrolyte, (e.g. table salt), while
solutes that can’t conduct electricity are called non-electrolytes, (e.g. pure sugar). Crystals of table salt (sodium chloride) are not conductive; however, a sodium chloride solution is conductive. This is because sodium chloride dissociates into free ions once placed in water. Because distilled water doesn’t contain any electrolytes, it is not conductive. On the other hand, since both tap water and underground water are not “pure”, they are conductive. When electrolytes are dissolved in water to produce more conductive material, this increases the electrolyte content. When the electrolyte content increases, the conductivity of the electrolyte solution becomes stronger.
06
Some machines use a liquid electrolyte solution as a switch to detect signals. An example is a heart- rate monitor, which is worn on the chest and contains both high-tech sensors and electrodes. Before using the monitor, users have to wet any part of the skin that will make contact with the electrodes. This makes the electrolytes in the water act as a conductive switch, which allows detection of any electrical activity in the
heart by an electrocardiogram (ECG) that’s attached to the skin. The data will be sent to a wrist receiver that can sense both heart rate and blood pressure, and further evaluates the risk of having high blood pressure or a stroke, helping to prevent diseases. However, once body temperature increases, the water on the electrodes dries out, effectively turn-ing off the switch, and causing the heart rate monitor to lose its function.
Brainstorming
What different kinds of switches have you seen?
Parts List
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Electrolyte Solut ionLiquid
Switch
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ModelAssembled
ExperimentComplete
Model Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
ArtAttack
Use a simple switch to power the chemical battery. Observe how long the battery can power the bulb after the switch is pressed.
How can you in jec t sa l ine w i thout touching the needle with your hands?
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Electrolytes can be divided into both strong and weak types, usually depending on the degree that the electrolyte (chemically)
disassociates. Acids, alkalis, and salts that completely disassociate in aqueous solutions- such as sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, and sodium chloride-
are known as strong electrolytes. Weak acids and bases-such as acetic acid and ammonia- are known as weak electrolytes, as they only partially disassociate in aqueous solutions. Some electrolytes can conduct electricity in a molten or solid state; others can conduct electricity in both a molten state or an aqueous solution. A third category can only conduct electricity in an aqueous solution.
07
During the electrolyte conductivity experiment in class, Tony discovered that sugar could make his bulb light up. However, his book said that sugar is not conductive.
His teacher said that the results of the experiment could be due to either the water or sugar in the experiment having electrolytes, which conduct electricity. So what should they do? Tony suggested running an experiment to test the water’s conductivity and see if the problem has something to do with the water. The teacher agreed that this was a good idea, and had everyone test out the water. After the bulb didn’t light up, everyone knew the problem was with the sugar.
Tony’s teacher told everyone to first put the sugary syrup into a petri dish. After the water had evaporated, everyone removed the sugar crystals from the dish. At room temperature, they placed the sugar into the same water that was tested in the previous experiment. This time, the solution didn’t conduct electricity.
Brainstorming
What liquids from your daily life may be electrolytes?
Parts List
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Diversi ty of ElectrolytesVirtually the
Same
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ModelAssembled
ExperimentComplete
Model Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
ArtAttack
Select several common liquids on hand and see whether they can successfully drive the chemical battery.
W i l l m i x i n g t w o o r m o r e l i q u i d s af fect the electrochemical bat ter ies performance?
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S e s s i o n
There are two circumstances where referencing electrolytic solution content applies. The first is when referring to the quantity
of solution present; the other refers to the concentration of solution. Applying different concentrations and quantities of salt water into a metal
fuel battery won’t achieve a greater level of efficiency in its electrical output. Additionally, extending battery power time is nearly impossible, as the accumulation of reactants increases the internal resistance of the battery, even when a higher concentration or greater content of saline is applied. Sometimes, the battery time even decreases. Therefore, in the metal fuel-battery field, developing technologies where the reactant will automatically separate from the battery, thus ensuring the battery can provide a long and stable power supply, is always a niche of invention patents.
08
The battery most commonly used in motorcycles is the f looded lead-acid battery. This battery is made from lead and its oxide, and uses diluted sulfuric acid as its electrolytic solution. After being used for some t ime, dist i l led water must be added to maintain the electrolytic content at a dilution of 22-28% sulfuric acid.
During regular usage, it is necessary to pay attention to how high battery fluid levels are . If the level is low, this means the content of the electrolytic solution is not enough, which will impact the efficacy of its power supply. To prevent this requires adding more water to the battery. The electrolytic solution plays a primary role
in a battery. Therefore, inventing new types of electrolytic solutions tha t can sho r ten the cha rg ing time of a lithium-ion battery is an important task.
Brainstorming
Do you think the period of time i t t a ke s f o r an e l e c t r o l y t i c solution to start functioning can be altered?
Parts List
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Electrolytic Solution ContentContent
Change
Daily
Application
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ModelAssembled
ExperimentComplete
Model Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
ArtAttack
Prepare two samples of the same concentration of saline, but in different quantities. Then apply two chemical batteries and observe difference in their operating time.
Try applying some new saline into a once-used chemical battery. Does the battery keep functioning?
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pH of ElectrolytesS e s s i o n 09 Brainstorming
What happened to the original e lec t ro ly tes af ter ceasing al l activity?
Parts List
New environmentally-friendly energy standards require the cessation of production of any harmful substances that may pollute the environment. As a result, magnesium-aluminum alloy, commonly found in fuel cells, is being inspected for whether or not they comply with these requirements.
Magnesium fuel cells produce magnesium hydroxide, a white crystal or powder that is insoluble in water. After the magnesium fuel cell is used, its metal plate can be extracted for cleaning the magnesium hydroxide powder produced inside. A suspension of magnesium hydroxide in water is known as a magnesium hydroxide emulsion. Because it is an alkaline substance, it can make red litmus paper turn blue.
Magnes ium hyd rox ide i s used to t r ea t constipation, and is found in many antacids. It’s also widely used as a flame retardant. Because the byproduct of a magnesium fuel cell has so many po ten t i a l uses , magnes ium fue l ce l l s a re no t cons idered to have polluted the environment.
Magnesium fuel cells use salt water, as saline is neutral and does not cause the discoloration
of litmus paper. After a magnesium fuel cell is used to generate electricity, it will produce a white powdery substance. This substance is called magnesium hydroxide. If the magnesium fuel cell is used long enough to produce a sufficient quantity of magnesium hydroxide, it will form into a suspension in the electrolytic solution; thus, transforming the originally neutral solution into an alkaline. At which point, the red litmus paper would turn blue, indicating a reaction
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Deterioration
of Electrolytic
Solution
Daily
Application
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ModelAssembled
ExperimentComplete
Model Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
ArtAttack
Use some litmus paper to test changes in the electrolytes of a chemical battery from the moment the bat tery is turned on, to the moment it is turned off.
H ow w i l l t h e r e s u l t s o f yo u r t e s t d i f fer i f you swapped out d i f ferent electrolytes?
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ModelDesign
ModelCreation
Winner!
DesignConcept
My Artwork
Evaluation
S e s s i o n
Monograph10
2Using the models and principles you’ve learned, design a series circuit, using a set of different electrolytic solutions as a salt bridge for an electrochemical battery, so that it generates enough electricity to light the lamp.
06. Liquid Switch
08. Content Change
07. Virtually the Same
09. Deterioration of Electrolytic Solution
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ModelReview
S e s s i o n
A magnesium fuel cell is actually a sheet of magnesium-aluminum alloy immersed in
an electrolyte fluid. During an electrochemical reaction the magnesium plate acts as an anode,
losing electrons through oxidation to form magnesium ions. The magnesium fuel cell will cause the undergoing electrochemical reaction to gradually reduce over time. This allows the magnesium fuel cell to be used as a timer. Once the magnesium is fully consumed, the reaction is complete, and it’s when the timer stops.
11 Brainstorming
What methods a re the re fo r observing time?
Parts List
While watching an introductory report on shipbuilding, Tony noticed a small silvery-white object on the side of the boat, but not where there was red lead rust-proof paint. Tony went to ask his Grandpa Rudolph about this strange discovery.
Grandpa said that this was related to the electrochemical corrosion of the metal. The same electrochemical reaction can supply power to help people, but the electrochemical reaction can also subtlety damage factor.
Due to the long duration that it soaks in seawater, a ship’s iron hull is just like a battery. In the electrochemical reactions that occur in the hull, highly active metals act as an anode, which oxidizes the iron hull, accelerating rust and reducing the ship’s life. Therefore, blocks of zinc are applied to both the stern and submersed parts of the ship’s hull, so
when electrochemical corrosion occurs, the zinc blocks corrode first, as it is more reactive than iron. Using zinc as a “sacrificial anode” saves the iron hull from the affects of corrosion.
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Electrolyt ic React ionTimer
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ModelAssembled
ExperimentComplete
Model Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
ArtAttack
Use the same concentration of saline and magnesium hydroxide to power the chemical battery three times. See whether or not the duration of the battery’s action is the same.
M od i f y t he mode l and c hange i t s activating time.
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S e s s i o n
Using a piece of magnesium alloy, a chemical battery can provide 1.5V of electricity,
at a steady current of 300~500mA, for over 20 hours. If two chemical batteries are placed in a series, their combined voltage would exceed 3V, and could generate electricity longer than two conventional or rechargeable batteries. This makes chemical battery stronger and more environmentally friendly.
12 Brainstorming
Do chemical batteries produce electricity efficiently?
Traditional methods of using fuel to generate electricity, such as burning coal, indirectly use the thermal energy released from a chemical reaction to produce steam. This steam would spin a generator, producing electricity as a result. So much energy is lost during this conversion process that only about 3% of the original energy can be effectively used.
Generating power from fuel cells eliminates these complex procedures. Because fuel cells do not need to push a turbine in order to power equipment, it’s energy performance is twice that of conventional forms of generating power. As a result, many countries are constructing new fuel cell power plants at an astonishing rate, and are intending for them to go into operation on a
commercial scale.
This new type of power generation can significantly reduce air pollution, as well as solve the issue of an uneven or inadequate power supply. Because of the modernized design of these power plants, there is no noise or pollution, so many nearby residents are unaware of the plant’s existence.
Parts List
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Power PerformancePower
Tug-of-War
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ModelAssembled
ExperimentComplete
Model Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
ArtAttack
Simultaneously connect the chemical battery and conventional battery to the motor. Observe how the series power supply differs from the single power supply.
What would the results be if the two power supplies were each connected to a motor and tested for their pulling force?
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S e s s i o n
Here we would like to introduce a special kind of fan. It has three adjustable speed modes:
low, medium and high. The system for providing this adjustable function is different from regular fans. The adjustable speed system we use here simulates the design of both battery cells and battery packs. Each electrochemical battery is seen as a battery cell. When the fan operates at “low” speed, the battery pack utilizes one battery cell. If the fan operates at “medium” speed, the battery pack utilizes two battery cells. When the fan works at “high” speed, it requires more electricity; therefore, the battery pack utilizes all three battery cells.
13 Brainstorming
I s t h e r e a n y w a y w e c a n inc rease t he moto r ’s ou tpu t power?
Nowadays, laptops, automatic tools, and energy storage equipment, all require batteries as their main or backup power source. Usually the needed battery pack is very large. Howev-er, regular electrochemical batteries are limited by their material properties; each battery can only produce a specific electrical output, and that capacity is usually small. Resources need to be well thought-out and organized.
In order to meet this demand, battery designs change every battery into a “battery core”. After detailed planning, assembling, production and testing, all battery cells are packed together as one battery pack. Some battery packs are even added to control circuit boards- this is what we commonly see in all-in-one battery sets. From appearance, it looks like
one battery, but inside, it actually consists of many battery cells. They are connected together, amplifying the synergetic effect, which in turn, increases the volume of electr ici ty from the battery pack.
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Parts List
Chain React ionFan
Daily
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ExperimentComplete
Model Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
ArtAttack
Observe the differences in the movement of a motor connected to a series power supply, both before and after turning the supply on.
Try to switch the order of the two power supplies to see what the difference in the motor’s movement will be.
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S e s s i o n
Hybrid cars are vehicles which have two distinct energy supplies. Hybrid cars in
the mar-ket today use a combination of an internal combustion engine and a battery-driven electric motor to move.
Since hybrid cars use more than one power supply source, the design of its drive system can compensate for the disadvantages of each individual power supply source, providing greater efficiency. For example, internal combustion engines have a power out-put range where they are most efficient. If the internal combustion engine collaborates with an electric motor, this can adjust the engine’s load. This allows the engine to operate in its optimum range, thereby saving fuel.
14 Brainstorming
What other ways can we drive cars should we run out of oil?
Parts List
Tony went to the hospital with Grandpa Rudolph. As they were in a rush, they took a taxi to go there. While driving, the car was very quiet and comfortable. Grandpa Rudolph told the taxi driver, “This must be a luxury car!”
The driver explained that this car was a hybrid car. The reason why it was so quiet was be-cause now the car was being powered by electricity. Tony was really curious, so he asked the driver, “How can we recognize a hybrid car since its appearance is exactly the same as a regular car?”
The driver showed Tony the taxi’s dashboard, and asked if he noticed anything special about it. Tony found the dashboard of the hybrid car to be really different
from traditional cars. On the dashboard, it not only showed the tachometer and the speedometer found in traditional cars, it also showed a hybrid system indicator. Tony was really intrigued by it.
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Hybrid EnergyHybrid Car
Daily
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Experiment
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ArtAttack
eplace the normal battery with a series-connected electrochemical bat tery. How does the operating time change?
Try to create a device which allows the car’s two sets of power packs to supply electricity at dif ferent times.
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ModelDesign
ModelCreation
Winner!
DesignConcept
My Artwork
Evaluation
S e s s i o n
Monograph15
3Try to use the theories you have learned and the models you have built to design a hybrid car with a lamp holder.
11. Timer
13. Fan
12. Power Tug-of-War
14. Hybrid Car
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ModelReview
S e s s i o n
Some materials, such as potassium tartrate crystals, exhibit the piezoelectric
effect. When its crystalized structure is deformed from a mechanical stress, a voltage change is generated. These kind
of materials are usually used to produce piezoelectric chips, an element in piezo switches. Its surface, i.e., the interface that a user sees, can be printed as required. Piezoelectric chips are embedded in an insulated layer. This insulating layer is placed in between two pieces of conducting foils, which act as switch contacts. On the bottom of the switch, there is a carrier plate which supports the whole module. When we lightly touch the piezoelectric switch, the motion will cause a change of voltage output from the switch element.
16 Brainstorming
What other applications in daily l i fe w i l l be cont ro l led by the button?
Parts List
Manual control switch-operated cranes are commonly found in working environments that require the lifting of heavy objects. When workers need to move things, they can do so with the manual control switch, which allows them to easily transport things by crane both quickly and safely.
The buttons on the manual control switch were intentionally designed to be very solid. They don’t damage easily during collision. The crane is activated only when the button on the switch is pressed down by someone’s finger. If they remove their finger from the button, then the crane stops operating. Each
button on the manual controller has its own function. With this controller, the user can operate the crane just by using one hand. In addition, the operators don’t need to be near the moving objects and the crane, which keeps them safe.
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Piezoelectric EffectFinger
Racing
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ExperimentComplete
Model Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
Time
ArtAttack
How many times you can pressurize the mode l w i th in 3 0 sec onds? How many times does the gear rotate as a result?
Try to design a circuit structure that only operates once when pressed.
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Standby PowerS e s s i o n 17 Brainstorming
W h a t e m e r g e n c y m e a s u r e s does you family have if there is a power outage at home?
Parts List
Offices commonly use uninterrupted power systems (UPS) as back-up power supplies.
Most UPS look like a box, and are comprised of batteries, circuit boards, and relays. Once installed, an AC supply is first
connected to the UPS, which is then connected to a computer. Usually, the UPS battery is used to maintain a fully-charged state. Once the circuit board detects a power failure or a difference in AC voltage, it quickly switches over to the connected battery-powered supply. The DC in the battery changes into AC, allowing the UPS to supply the computer with emergency power for a ten minute buffer time, avoiding any loss of information or damage to the system.
Once arriving at the hospital with Grandpa Rudolph, Tony was surprised to find that there was a power outage. Curious, Tony noticed that despite the power outage, the lights in the hospital were still on. Tony suggested to his Grandpa that a battery was responsible.
Grandpa said that this was not from a battery supply. Everyday in hospitals, many patients need to be operated on. Because of this, a hospital cannot be allowed to suffer from a loss of power. Therefore, hospitals use diesel generators as a back-up power source to sustain a steady supply of power in the event of a power outage.
While a power outage may affect a hospital’s general electric system, suspending par t o f the l ight ing and a i r conditioning, the sustained power supplied by the back-up generators ensures that paramount medical instruments, c l in ical management enters, and other facilities are unaffected.
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Being
Prepared
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Model Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
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Record how long your back- up power supp ly c an move the moto r a f te r t he battery is removed.
Design a mechanism that makes the back-up power supply automatically start once the battery is dead.
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S e s s i o n 18 Brainstorming
What ways are there to determine the volume of rainfall?
Tony was watching the news one night on a particular area. The news was reporting that due to heavy rainfall having caused multiple landslides and subsidence, many people had been injured over the past few days.
Watching images from the horrible disaster, Tony recalled the theory behind chemical batteries that he had learned about in school. If the rain could be turned into a solution for a chemical battery, then it would be possible to build a generator which produced electrici-ty whenever it rained. The generated electricity could serve as a warning sign. Such a de-vice could operate on a chemical battery instead of a conventional
power supply. As a re-sult, people can evacuate before a giant disaster, avoiding unnecessary casualties. Deter-mined, Tony started to build a model to experiment with.
Rainfall warning devices can monitor rainfall volume, as well as detect the pH level of rain, via a
rain gauge and a counter. Generally, if the volume of rainfall reaches 50mm in a sin-gle day, it’s considered “heavy rain”; if it
exceeds 350mm, it’s considered “extreme torren-tial rain”. When there’s extreme torrential rain, the possibility of landslides in mountain-ous areas, or flooding in low-lying land, is very high. The pH of rain generally is at around 6. When the pH is below 5, it has become acid rain. Acid rain impacts crop growth and rusts the external metal building materials. A similar device could be used as a monitoring system for the water level in a dam.
Parts List
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Appl icat ion for Chemical Battery
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Warning Device
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Model Creation
Evaluation
Experiment
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Record how much rain the gauge should co l lec t before ac t ivat ing the chemica l battery.
How can you adjust the vo lume of water volume needed to activate the chemical battery?
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S e s s i o n 19 Brainstorming
What machines could have their power sources replaced wi th green energy?
Parts List
Tony and Grandpa Rudolph went grocery shopping together. While Tony was walking around, he saw a giant machine nearby. He had never seen this machine before, so he stopped to check it out.
Tony found out that there were two big spinning brushes at the front of the machine. While the brushes were spinning, it would draw the trash on the ground in and make it disap-pear! Tony was curious and asked Grandpa Rudolph, “If this floor sweeper is like a vacu-um, then why it quieter than the vacuum at home? Also, the vacuum at home has a plug, but this floor sweeper appears to be wireless.”
Grandpa Rudolph answered that this kind of floor sweeper is a motor vehicle designed to be quiet. It is driven by an accumulator, which is why it doesn’t require a plug while sweeping the floor. At the same time, it’s able to keep a
stable and quiet noise level. In addi-tion, the outdoor floor sweeper can also apply a solar panel on its roof. This make it even more e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y friendly.
The role that devices play in our daily lives is growing increasingly more important. Gen-erally, eco-
friendly devices are required to have low CO2 emissions and are energy-saving. Promoting environmentalism through selecting and recycling eco-friendly devices is a way to avoid wasting energy. This is especially important since there are a huge amount of alka-line batteries produced each year, but few are ever recycled. Rechargeable devices can be seen as eco-friendly, as they prevent the pollution problems that stem from single-use bat-teries. For example, buying a chargeable razor or facial cleaner over battery ones is more eco-friendly.
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Eco Friendly DevicesFloor
Sweeper
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Record how long a floor sweeper can last on an electrochemical battery.
How we can extend how long the floor sweeper operates for?
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S e s s i o n
Monograph20
4Try to use the models and the theories you have learned to create a common household appliance that is driven by green energy.
16. Finger Racing
18. Rainfall Warning Device
17. Being Prepared
19. Floor Sweeper
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ModelReview
77 7877 78
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