12345 a stimulus is a(an) 1.reaction to an external event. 2.reaction to an internal event....

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A stimulus is a(an)

1. reaction to an external event.

2. reaction to an internal event.

3. internal or external response.

4. internal or external signal.

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For a behavior to evolve under the influence of natural selection, that behavior must be

1. directed by genes.

2. neither adaptive nor harmful.

3. acquired through learning.

4. related to predator avoidance.

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Animals that have very simple nervous systems cannot

1. detect external stimuli.

2. process information from their senses.

3. respond to stimuli.

4. exhibit complex behaviors.

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Suppose two animals exhibit different responses to the same stimulus. Which of the following would

NOT be a plausible explanation for this difference?

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25% 1. Only one of the animals is sensitive to that stimulus.

2. The animals’ nervous systems process information differently.

3. The animals’ muscular and skeletal systems are different.

4. Different experiences have caused the animals to learn different responses.

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When disturbed, certain moths lift their front wings to expose eyelike markings on their hind wings. This behavior

would be most effective against predators that hunt by

1. sound.

2. smell.

3. sight.

4. touch.

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Which of the following terms is NOT closely related to the others?

1. innate behavior

2. learned behavior

3. inborn behavior

4. instinct

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The Fischer’s lovebird builds its nests with long strips of vegetation that it cuts with its beak. A closely related species, the peach-faced lovebird, cuts shorter strips for its nests. When these two species are interbred, the hybrid offspring cut strips of intermediate length for their nests. These observations suggest that this aspect of nest building is

1. an innate behavior.

2. the product of insight learning.

3. influenced by imprinting.

4. a behavioral cycle.

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Complex inborn behaviors include each of the following EXCEPT

1. web building in spiders.

2. nest building in birds.

3. potato washing in macaques.

4. suckling of newborn mammals.

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Young sea turtles head for the ocean immediately after they hatch. This behavior

is most likely1. innate.

2. learned through trial and error.

3. classically conditioned.

4. the result of habituation.

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You could conclude that a behavior is innate rather than learned if you showed that

25%

25%

25%

25%1. the behavior is different in individuals that have

had different experiences.

2. some individuals perform the behavior and some do not.

3. individuals become better at performing the behavior the more they practice it.

4. all individuals perform the behavior the same way each time.

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Trial-and-error learning is also known as

1. operant conditioning.

2. insight learning.

3. classical conditioning.

4. innate behavior.

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Insight learning is a form of behavior that

1. is characterized by decreased responsiveness to unimportant stimuli.

2. involves random responses that lead to either reward or punishment.

3. involves applying something already learned to a new situation.

4. is performed correctly without any previous experience.

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The process in which an animal stops responding to a repetitive stimulus is called

1. habituation.

2. classical conditioning.

3. operant conditioning.

4. instinct.

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Any change in which a behavior is altered as a result of experience is called

1. habituation.

2. operant conditioning.

3. innate behavior.

4. learning.

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In Pavlov’s experiments on classical conditioning, dogs

1. learned to associate food with salivation.

2. learned to ring a bell whenever they were hungry.

3. associated a stimulus with a reward.

4. were conditioned to produce an innate behavior in response to food.

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Aquarium fish often swim to the water’s surface when a person approaches. Their

behavior has probably formed through1. instinct.

2. classical conditioning.

3. imprinting.

4. insight learning.

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If a dog that barks when indoors is always let outside immediately, it will learn to bark whenever it wants to go

outside. This change in the dog’s behavior is an example of

1. classical conditioning.

2. operant conditioning.

3. insight learning.

4. imprinting.

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People who move into an apartment near railroad tracks are awakened at night each time they hear a train go by.

After about a week, they can sleep through the night, even though the trains continue to run on the same schedule. The change in their sleeping behavior is an example of

1. classical conditioning.

2. operant conditioning.

3. habituation.

4. insight learning.

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When you use knowledge and experience to figure out why a lamp in your house will not

light, you are using1. classical

conditioning.

2. insight learning.

3. innate behavior.

4. trial-and-error learning.

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The type of learning that results from the association of two stimuli in the environment

is called1. classical

conditioning.

2. operant conditioning.

3. habituation.

4. trial-and-error learning.

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A rat that successfully runs a maze is rewarded with food. Each time the rat runs the same maze, it makes fewer

mistakes before it reaches the food. The rat is learning to find the food through

1. classical conditioning.

2. operant conditioning.

3. habituation.

4. insight learning.

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For young geese to imprint on an object, that object must

1. move.

2. be some kind of animal.

3. look like an adult goose.

4. be the same size as an adult goose.

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The ability of salmon to recognize their home stream at spawning time is an

example of1. insight learning.

2. competition.

3. imprinting.

4. communication.

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Imprinting is a form of behavior that

1. is restricted to birds.

2. is often used in the training of adult animals.

3. occurs during a specific time in young animals.

4. always involves the sense of sight.

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If a young song sparrow is raised in isolation in a soundproof chamber, it will sing a nearly normal song when it is mature. However, it will be able to sing more variations

of the song if it is allowed to hear other birds sing as it grows. These findings indicate that

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25%

25%

25% 1. the ability of song sparrows to sing is a learned behavior.

2. song sparrows use classical conditioning to teach themselves to sing.

3. sounds produced by other birds cause young song sparrows to sing.

4. song development in this species involves both innate behavior and learning.

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After a young duck imprints on a nonliving model of an adult duck, the young duck will

1. then imprint on its mother.

2. then imprint on any real adult duck.

3. follow only that model.

4. follow any other kind of model.

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Geese that are exposed to a moving box during the first two days after hatching will imprint on the box. Geese that

are totally isolated from any moving objects during the same period will never imprint on anything. These results

show that

25%

25%

25%

25%1. young geese must see some type of box to imprint

correctly.

2. the first two days after hatching are a critical period for imprinting in geese.

3. geese have an instinctive tendency to avoid moving, box-shaped objects.

4. geese must be exposed to their mother more than two days after hatching to imprint on her.

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A circadian rhythm is a cycle that

1. is related to the phase of the moon.

2. is related to the temperature of the air.

3. has a daily pattern.

4. has a seasonal pattern.

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Migration is a behavior that is usually influenced by

1. changing seasons.

2. the phase of the moon.

3. the rise and fall of tides.

4. the time of day.

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The Australian burrowing frog spends the hot, dry summer months underground, sealed in a cocoon. The behavior of

this frog during these months is best described as

1. a circadian rhythm.

2. a ritual.

3. territoriality.

4. dormancy.

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An animal is most likely to enter into dormancy when

1. it is advantageous to be active.

2. resources are most difficult to find.

3. food is very plentiful.

4. the weather is very mild.

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Animals are least likely to migrate out of an area where

1. there is little or no seasonal change in weather.

2. food becomes scarce during part of the year.

3. competition for resources increases during part of the year.

4. winters are very cold and snowy.

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Which of the following is NOT a type of social behavior?

1. courtship

2. habituation

3. aggression

4. competition

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The members of a society

1. belong to at least two species.

2. exhibit a type of social behavior.

3. act independently for each individual’s benefit.

4. are usually unrelated to one another.

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It is advantageous for grazing mammals to gather in groups because groups

1. can make the available food resources last longer.

2. can migrate more easily than individuals can.

3. are more difficult for predators to locate than individuals are.

4. offer greater protection from predation.

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Closely related species often look similar but have courtship behaviors that are slightly different. One function of courtship in such species would be to

1. increase competition between the species.

2. increase communication between the species.

3. ensure that mating occurs between members of the same species.

4. promote the evolution of new species through interbreeding.

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In some species of balloon flies, males spin balloons of silk and carry them while flying. If a female approaches one of

the males and accepts his balloon, the two will fly off to mate. This type of behavior is an example of

1. aggression.

2. territorial defense.

3. courtship.

4. language.

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The resources that an animal protects in its territory can include all of the following

EXCEPT1. food.

2. nesting sites.

3. potential mates.

4. predators.

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An animal can benefit most by defending a territory if

1. that territory has more resources than surrounding areas.

2. that territory has many predators.

3. there are more than enough resources in that territory for all competitors.

4. the animals it defends against do not use the same resources.

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Competition for limited resources can involve each of the following EXCEPT

1. rituals.

2. circadian rhythms.

3. displays.

4. aggression.

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Dolphins communicate with one another mainly through

1. sound.

2. visual displays.

3. chemical signals.

4. pheromones.

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A pheromone is a type of

1. visual signal.

2. sound signal.

3. chemical messenger.

4. defensive display.

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What would be the best way for an animal to communicate its ownership of an area’s resources to other individuals

that visit the area when the owner is not around?

1. Use colors and patterns on its body as visual displays.

2. Produce sound signals while patrolling the area.

3. Leave pheromones near the boundaries of the area.

4. Show aggression when approached by other individuals.

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Animals that use language are those that have the greatest capacity for

1. innate behavior.

2. behavioral cycles.

3. habituation.

4. insight learning.

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Nocturnal animals that have a poorly developed sense of smell are most likely to

communicate by1. sound signals.

2. visual displays.

3. pheromones.

4. chemical signals.

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Natural selection favors the evolution of any behavior that is adaptive and influenced by

genes. _________________________1. True

2. False

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Some birds navigate by detecting Earth’s magnetic field.

_________________________1. True

2. False

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A mammal will begin to shiver when its body temperature drops below a certain point. Therefore, low body temperature is a stimulus for shivering behavior.

_________________________

1. True

2. False

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Learned behaviors appear in fully functional form the first time they are performed.

_________________________1. True

2. False

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When a marsupial embryo crawls into its mother’s pouch to complete its development, it is exhibiting an innate

behavior. _________________________

1. True

2. False

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An “invisible fence” delivers a mild shock to a dog each time the dog tries to leave a defined area. Through classical conditioning, the dog

eventually learns to avoid the shock by staying inside the area. ______________________________

1. True

2. False

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A cat that runs into the kitchen when it hears a can being opened shows that its behavior has been modified through

reasoning. ______________________________

1. True

2. False

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Imprinting involves both innate and learned behavior. _________________________

1. True

2. False

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Young salmon use their sense of sight to imprint on the stream in which they hatch.

_________________________1. True

2. False

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Most bats sleep during the day and hunt or forage at night. This activity pattern in bats is an example of a migration

cycle. ______________________________

1. True

2. False

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Animals exhibit social behavior when they interact with members of different species.

_________________________1. True

2. False

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When related individuals help each other survive and reproduce, they decrease their own evolutionary fitness.

_________________________

1. True

2. False

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Competition is most likely to occur when the resources in an area are limited. _________________________

1. True

2. False

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Some animals produce pheromones as a type of chemical signal.

_________________________1. True

2. False

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Animals of species X live near waterfalls, where noise levels are high due to the falling water. Most predators of species X hunt by using

vision. Therefore, chemical signals would be the best way for members of species X to communicate with each other while minimizing their

vulnerability. _________________________

1. True

2. False

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A snail will withdraw into its shell if it is prodded with a sharp object. In this behavior, prodding is the

____________________ and the snail’s withdrawal is the response.

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Unlike learned behavior, a(an) ____________________ behavior is performed

correctly the first time an animal attempts it.

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All behaviors that are altered as a result of experience are ____________________

behaviors.

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If a dog learns to ignore vehicles that drive past its house without stopping, the dog’s behavior has probably been

altered through the type of learning known as _________________________.

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For an animal to become habituated to a stimulus, the stimulus must NOT be either

____________________ or rewarding.

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To find out which key will open a lock, you try several until one works. This kind of learning is

called __________________________.

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When an animal associates a stimulus with a reward or punishment, it learns by the process

known as _________________________.

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If you infer the meaning of a word from the meanings of its word roots, you are exhibiting the type of learning called

_________________________.

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Behavioral cycles that repeat every 24 hours are called _________________________.

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Whenever animals interact with members of their own species, they are exhibiting ____________________ behavior.

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During courtship, pairs of western grebes swim side by side with their wings held back, their necks arched, and their beaks angled upward. The male and female then build a nest together. This elaborate set of

courtship behaviors constitutes a(an) ____________________.

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A specific area that is occupied and protected by an animal is called a(an)

____________________.

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Apes shake branches, make arm gestures, and vocalize loudly when competing with one another. These behaviors

are manifestations of ____________________.

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If an animal produces a sound and another animal obtains information by hearing the sound, the two animals are

engaging in a form of ____________________.

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Female silkworm moths release the chemical bombykol, which can attract male moths of the same species from

several kilometers away. In this instance, bombykol functions as a(an) ____________________.

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What body systems are involved when an animal responds to a stimulus?

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Define innate behavior.

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Why is it important for the suckling of a newborn mammal to be an innate behavior?

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What is classical conditioning?

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How is habituation useful to an animal?

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List the four major types of learning.

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Some bears in Yosemite National Park will break into a parked car in search of food if they see a cooler in the car. Explain what type of learning is responsible for the bears’

behavior.

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Explain how imprinting in young geese involves both innate and learned behavior.

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Explain why dormancy and migration are beneficial.

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Why is it an evolutionary advantage for an animal in a society to help other members of

the society?

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What are the functions of courtship?

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Flocks of geese from various sites in North America may congregate at the same lake to rest and feed during their

migrations. Does such a congregation constitute a society? Explain why or why not

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Why does it make sense for an animal to defend its territory against members of its own species but

not against members of most other species?

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Some leeches are attracted to the sweat of the animals on which they feed, including humans. Does sweat function as

a pheromone in this situation? Explain why or why not

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List the types of signals animals may use to communicate with one another.

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Starlings usually fly in a loose formation, but if a falcon (a predator) flies above them, the starlings form a tight flock. Falcons rarely attack birds

in a flock. Is the flocking behavior of starlings favored by natural selection? Explain your reasoning

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The front end of some caterpillars becomes larger when the caterpillar is disturbed by a potential predator. The caterpillar then waves this enlarged front end, which looks very similar to the head of a snake.

How is this behavior an adaptive advantage?

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Describe habituation in the shore ragworm.

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Contrast classical and operant conditioning.

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Shortly after hatching, before seeing anything else, a duckling sees a dog walking slowly in front of it. What will

probably happen the next time the dog walks in front of the duckling? Explain

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As a baseball zooms toward you, you blink your eyes and then catch the ball. Which of your reactions is a behavior?

Which is a response? Explain

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Discuss the relative costs and benefits of defending small and large territories.

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When many animals compete, they use rituals and displays before—or instead of—trying to harm their opponent. For example, cats hiss at

one another to communicate aggression. Why are rituals and displays an advantageous adaptation in showing aggression?

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Describe communication in the cuttlefish.

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Explain how it is possible for animals to communicate without having language, and what kinds of information

animals communicate with nonverbal signals.