1.2 warren mabee08-06-09 mabee 2008 processing and
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BiBioenergy:Processing and Transport Options and IssuesOptions and Issues
Warren E. MabeeForest Products Biotechnology, Department of Wood ScienceFaculty of Forestry University of British ColumbiaFaculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
warren.mabee@ubc.ca
Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC QIEEP WorkshopJune 08-09, 2008
Queen’s University, Kingston, ON
Looking back and forward…
Hydrocarboneconomy
Carbohydrateeconomy
Carbohydrateeconomy
log (primary energy use) by category
economy1800-2050
Industrial revolution
economy1990-21??
economy??-1800
Agricultural-based
Biomass & bl
Oil & GasCoal
00 40 80 20 60 00 20 40 60 80 00 20 40 60 80 00
& renewables
Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC
170
174
178
18 18 190
19 194
19 198
200
20 204
20 208
210
Oil & World Events$120
K t
Y2K 9-11 Venezuala
Oil Strike
(US$/barrel West Texas Crude Oil)
Hurricane Katrina29 Aug 2005
$80
$100 Kyoto
Protocol10 Dec 1997
Oil StrikeDec 2002
- Feb 2003Iraq War20 Mar 2003 >
$60
$20
$40
$0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Sources: (1) WorldOil.Com. 2004-2008.
Efficiency of energy recoveryConversion efficiency
(ηe)Avg. energydelivered
(GJ/bdt wood)( )
Open fire 0.05 1
Traditional wood stove 0.36 7.2
Charcoal 0.44-0.79 8.8-15.7
Wood pellet stove 0.78-0.81 15.6-16.2
Note: Average energy in wood, bone-dry basis: 16-25 GJ/bdtonne
Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC
Sources: Mabee et al. 2001; Karlsson, Gustavsson 2003.
Power generation unitsCombust wood chips or pellets in a power boilerCan use mill wastes or Can use mill wastes or hogfueleg: Williams Lake Power Facility, BC (65 MW)
Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC
Combined Heat and PowerCan deliver both heat and power (electricity)Can be used in District Can be used in District Heating systems– Residential
I d t i l– Industrial– Institutional
Allows optimal energyrecovery from the feedstock
Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC
Efficiency of energy recoveryConversion efficiency
(ηe)Avg. energyrecovered
(GJ/bdt wood)( )
Combined Heat & Power (CHP) 0.30 - 0.44 6 - 8.8
Steam-turbine power boiler 0 40 8Steam-turbine power boiler 0.40 8Gasifier/power generator 0.47 9.4CHP with Flue Gas heat 0 70 0 80 14 16recovery 0.70 - 0.80 14 - 16
Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC
Sources: Mabee et al. 2001; Karlsson, Gustavsson 2003.
Biorefining Platforms
BIOMASS
ThermochemicalBiologicalTraditional ThermochemicalPlatforms
BiologicalPlatforms
TraditionalPlatforms
BIOENERGY
BIOFUELS
BIOPRODUCTS
Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC
BIOFUELS
Pulp and paper ‘refinery’
SULPHITE PULPINGCHEMI-MECHANICAL
(BCTMP) PULPINGWOOD
Impregnation
SULPHITE PULPING (BCTMP) PULPING
Sulphite Liquor Impregnation
KRAFT PULPING
ImpregnationBlack Liquor
Impregnation
Pulping
Washing
RecoveryCycle
P l
Impregnation
Refining
Washing
P lSpent Sulphite
Impregnation
Pulping
Washing
RecoveryCycle
E P lPulp40-55% Yield
Lignosulphonates
Pulp70-85% Yield
Spent SulphiteLiquor
Sil i h i l
Energy Pulp48-60% Yield
Bleaching
Drying
Papermaking
Silvichemicals
Energy
Forest Products Biotechnology at UBCPaper
Biological biorefineryT d ffTrade-off:
feedstock cost vs
process complexityLIGNOCELLULOSESUGAR STARCH
Pretreatment
Fractionation
Pretreatment
Fractionation
Pretreatment
FractionationFractionation Fractionation Fractionation
EnzymaticHydrolysis
EnzymaticHydrolysis
Fermentation
Recovery
Fermentation
Recovery
Fermentation
Recovery
Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC
BIOFUELS & BIOPRODUCTS BIOENERGY
BIOPRODUCTS
Thermochemical biorefineryBIOMASS
Fast pyrolysisFast pyrolysis to Bio oilFast pyrolysis
FractionationUpgrade Gasify ReformTurbineBoiler
to Bio-oil
pg y
Synthesis
Methanol, Fi h
ChemicalsHydrogenFischer-
Tropsch, etc.Bio-oilHeat Electricity
Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC
BIOENERGY BIOFUELS BIOPRODUCTS
BiorefineryCompanyCompany
Bulk polymers:Polylactide (PLA), 3-hydroxypropionic acid, 1,3-propanediol, etc.
BIOLO
NatureWorks, DuPont, Cargill
GICA
L
Nutraceuticals:xylitol, arabitol, etc.
Codexis
Platform chemicals: DuPontGlycerol, furfural, levulinic acid, succinic acid, etc.
DuPont
Biofuels:ethanol, bio-hydrogen, etc.
THERM
Iogen, AbengoaM
OCH
EM
Biofuels:bio-oil, methanol, ethanol, Fischer-Tropsch, BTL, etc.
Choren
Bioenergy: Williams Lake
MICA
L
gyelectricity, steam, combined heat & power (cogen), district heating, wood pellets, etc.
Williams LakeBioenergy Facility
Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC
Efficiency of energy recoveryBiofuelYield
(l/bdt wood)
Avg. energyrecovered
(GJ/bdt wood)(l/bdt wood) (GJ/bdt wood)
Fischer-Tropsch fuels 75 - 201 2.9 - 7.6Syngas-to-ethanol 146 3.1Wood-to-ethanol 124 - 303 2.6 - 6.4
Straw-to-ethanol 109 - 270 2.3 - 5.7
Forest Products Biotechnology at UBCSources: Mabee et al. 2006; Spath Dayton 2003; Wingren et al. 2003;
Tijmensen et al. 2000; NREL 2000; Putsche 1999.
22,000,000W d R id G ti 5 000Eth l P t ti l
Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC
11,000,000
0
Wood Residue Generation(Metric tonnes/year)
5,000
100
5
Ethanol Potential(Million Litres/year)
Bioconversion catchmentsHigh yields
SwitchgrassHybrid poplarBlack spruce
Low yields
Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC0 40 80 120
kilometres
y
Bioconversion catchmentsHigh yields
200 M L/a facilities = 1800 3000 d f d kSwitchgrass
Hybrid poplarBlack spruce
~ 1800-3000 tonnes per day feedstock
Low yields
Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC0 40 80 120
kilometres
y
Thermochemical catchments
SwitchgrassHybrid poplarBlack spruce
Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC0 100 200 300
kilometres
Thermochemical catchments
1.2 B L/a facilities~ 17,000-20,000 tpd feedstock
SwitchgrassHybrid poplarBlack spruce
17,000 20,000 tpd feedstock
Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC0 100 200 300
kilometres
Energy cost of transport
1 2
1.4MJ/tonne/km travelled
1
1.2
0.6
0.8
0 2
0.4
0
0.2
Road Rail Ship
Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC
Road Rail Ship
Resource-reliant communitiesMajority of resource-reliant communities that have pulp and paper capacity are found in Eastern Canada – most
i hi b 100 k f h G L k b iwithin about 100 km of the Great Lakes basin
Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC
Take-home messagesBioenergy technologies are varied and display a range of efficiencies (as measured by heat recovery)
The biorefinery concept can maximize returns and improve the economic performance of bioenergy improve the economic performance of bioenergy technologies
Different technologies operate best at different scales
Opportunities exist around existing infrastructure in the Great Lakes region
Forest Products Biotechnology at UBC
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