11. 3 kidney.ppt
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by kidney
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11.3 Osmoregulation in mammals
a.explain the process of ultrafiltration, reabsorption and
secretion in the formation of urine
b.explain the role of ADH and aldosterone, and the related
hormones in regulating water, sodium and potassium ions of
urine
c.explain the regulation of pH of tissue fluid.
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview of kidneyfunctions
Regulation of blood ionic composition
Regulation of blood pH
Regulation of blood volume
Regulation of blood pressure Maintenance of blood osmolarity
Production of hormones (calcitrol anderythropoitin)
Regulation of blood glucose level
Ecretion of wastes from metabolic reactionsand foreign substances (drugs or toins)
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Structure of the kidney
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$ach "idne#
contains around a
million units called
nephrons
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Kidneys produced urine and
excreted it out from the body.
situated in the dorsal of the
abdomen.
STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEYS
$ach "idne#
% has a cortex &outer' la#er,% medulla &inner'% pel(is &opens into ureter'% consists of numerous tubular
unit called nephrons% $ach "idne# consist of about
one million nephrons.
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SECTI!"# $I"%"' o( )I$!E*+!CTI!"# !IT -
!E/!
Proximal
convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted
tubule
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FUNCTIONAL UNIT : A NEPHRON
Distal con(oluted
tubule
)roximal con(oluted tubule
Distal con(oluted
tubule
)eritubularcapillaries
*ollecting
ductDescending
limb
Ascending
limb
Loop of
Henle
+asa
ecta
Afferent
arteriole fromrenal arter#
$fferent arteriole
from glomerulus
-ranch of (ein
lomerulus
-owmann capsule
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$ach nephron consists of /
i % a -owman0s capsule which begins in the
cortex.ii% continues to form the proi!"#
con$o#uted tu%u#ewhich leads to the
medulla.
iii % form a %shaped loop called #oop of
Hen#eand leads on to form theiii % dist"# con$o#uted tu%u#ebefore opens
into
i(% a co##ectin& duct'
( % 2n the -owman0s capsule is a little mass
of capillaries, arise from a branch of the
renal arter# glomerulus.
(i% capillaries lea(e the glomerulus to
surround the tubule before enter a branch
of the renal (ein.
A Nephron
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The ro#e of kidney
(' As "n ecretory or&"n/ &excretion'
produces urinein which certain products ofmetabolism and excessi(e inta"e of certain chemicals
toxic substances are ecreted out of the %ody.
)' As "n os!ore&u#"tory or&"n: *os!ore&u#"tion+
it controls the regulation of the
i %% $o#u!eof water in the bod#
ii 4 os!otic pressure iii 4 ions concentr"tion
i( 4 blood pH
Excretion- the removal of the metabolites that have exceeded a
critical concentration
Osmoregulation- control the regulation of the volume &com osition o bod luid. s3lt 3n 3ter
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1. !R"#E $ORM%&"O#
a) Ultrafiltration
b) Reabsorption / selective reabroption
c) Secretion
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Hi t l f l
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Histology of a renalcorpuscle
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!'&R%$"'&R%&"O# is
A process in which smaller molecules are filtred from the
blood in the glomerulus into the -owman capsule
(a) Details of filtration membrane
Filtration slit
Pedicel
Fenestration (pore) of glomerular
endothelial cell: prevents filtration of
blood cells but allos all components
of blood plasma to pass through
!asal lamina of glomerulus:
prevents filtration of larger proteins
Podoc"te of visceral
la"er of glomerular
(!oman#s) capsule
$
%
8 52L!A!2O6 7$7-A6$ 8
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Filtration slitPedicel of podoc"te
Fenestration (pore) of
glomerular endothelial cell
!asal lamina
&umen of glomerulus
(b) Filtration membrane
' *+,---x
(a) Details of filtration membrane
Filtration slit
Pedicel
Fenestration (pore) of glomerular
endothelial cell: prevents filtration of
blood cells but allos all components
of blood plasma .ater small solute0 to pass through
Podoc"te of visceral
la"er of glomerular
(!oman#s) capsule
$
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$ORM%&"O# O$ !R"#E ultra*ltrationreabsorptionsecretion
involves
1. !'&R%$"'&R%&"O#
Process occurs at the glomerulus+iameter of the eferent arteriole which carries
blood out of the glomerulus issmaller than thea,erent arteriole which carries blood into theglomerulus&he high hydrostatic pressure develops in theglomerulus
&he high hydrostatic pressure causes manyconstituents of blood plasma to be *ltered out fromthe glomerulus into -owman.s capsule (ultra*ltration)&he *ltrate is called glomeruler *ltrate
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%,erent
arteriole
E,erentarteriole
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!he concentration of each of these solutes is
thes"!eas it is in the blood plasma.Howe(er, as the plasma contains plasma
proteins in solution, so the total concentration
of all solute is greater in the blood plasma.!herefore, plasma has a lower solute
potential than the glomerular filtrate.
lomerular filtrates is hypotonicto the blood
plasma.
5iltrate then mo(es along the nephron for
reabsorption to occur
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Ren"# corpusc#eof a
human
6ote/
1. 2nterlobular arter# and its
endothelial and smooth
muscle cells8
9. the (ascular &top left' and
urinar# &bottom' poles8
3. the capillar# plexus of the
glomerulus and
-owman:s capsule8
;. the distal con(oluted
tubule &abo(e the
corpuscle'.
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Proi!"# "nd dist"#con$o#uted tu%u#es.
7allor#%ax
6ote/
1. )roximal ones ha(e
brush borders, an
acidophilic c#toplasm andbasal striations can be
seen in some places8
9. Distal ones ha(e a less
acidophilic c#toplasm.
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)'' SELECTI,E REA-SORPTION
( by proximal convoluted tubule)
=>? occurs in the proximal con(oluted tubule
@electi(e reabsorption occurs b# diffusion "nd
"cti$e tr"nsport .
A## ucose. "!ino "cids. $it"!ins so!es"#ts are reabsorb b# acti(e transport. Ure" is
not re"%sor%ed.
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Selective reabsorption
"s (iltere (li :o;es 3long t
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reabsorption and secretion in theproimal convoluted tubule
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!he substances &such as glucose and amino acids'
diffuse from filtrate to the cells of the tubule wall.!he cubical epithelial cells which line the tubule
wall ha(e numerous microvilli on their free
surfaces which increase the surface area of wall
exposed to the glomerular filtrate. @ubs. then are actively transported into the
basal channel where the# diffuseinto the blood
capillaries.
!he solutes than carried awa# in the blood, so
maintaining the conc. gradient.
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@ome mineral ions such as sodium ions are
acti(el# transported across the infoldedmembrane. !he# are followed b# chloride
ions.B & C this increased osmotic pressure of
the cell cause water to be ta"en up
osmoticall#' !he remo(al of amino acids, glucose and
mineral ions ma"e the filtrate more dilute and
water potential increases
/"ter &E?' then mo(es out b# osmosis and
is caried awa#.
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At the end of the proximal tubule, a balanced
has been reached and the filtrate is isotonicwith
the plasma. @o, as the filtrate enters the loop of Henle, it is
isotonic to the blood and contains water, some
salt and urea
%bout 123 of water / some salts arereabsorbed
into the blood capillaries by osmosis /active transport
If a person is suering from diabetes melitus, theconcentration of glucose in the ltrate may be higher thanusual. It may therefore not all glucose be reabsorbed. This iswhy glucose may appear in the urine of a suerer
( glycosuria). 29
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e3
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RE%-4ORP&"O# at 'OOP O$ HE#'E!he fitrate now onl# contain water, some salts urea
passes along the loop of Henle.
About 9>? of water some salts are reabsorbedinto the blood capillaries b# osmosis acti(e transport.
!hen it continue to pass through distal con(oluted tubule
and collecting duct, where some water salts are
reabsorbedinto the blood capillaries depends on blood
osmotic pressure.
the reabsorption of water regulated b# ADH &antidiuretic
hormone'the reabsorption of salts regulated b# Aldosterone
hormone. 75
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ROLE THE LOOP OF HENLE
to ma"e tissue fluid and the tissues
!edu##"of the between the nephron
& interstitial tissues' $ery concentr"ted0ith so#utes'
& lowest water potential in the bod#'
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Ro#e of #oop of Hen#e
C !he wor"ing of the loop of Henle
!he ascending limb acti(el# transported 6aFout
of the filtrate into surrounding tissues. *l%follows
pasi(el#.
@urrounding tissue becomes more concentrated
with salt than the filtrate. Gater molecules cannot
follow b# osmosis as the wall of ascending limb
is impermeable to water.
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!he #on&erthe loop, the more sodium chloride
can be transported and the !ore
concentr"ted the medulla tissues canbecome.
!he deeper part of the medulla near the pel(is
becomes most concentrated and so has the
#o0est 0"ter potenti"#'
!here is a water potential gradient between
the deep part of the medulla and the part near
the cortex.
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6aF4F pump in the thic" ascending limb of the
loop of Henle
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The 1ist"# Con$o#uted Tu%u#e
!he cells of the wall of the distal con(olutedtubule &D*!' are si!i#"r to those of proximal
con(oluted tubule.
!he role is to reabsorbs (ar#ing Iuantities of
inor&"nic ionsaccording to the bod#Js needs
2t also can secrete substances into the filtrate.
5or example, it contro#s the pH of the blood b#
secreting the h#drogen ions into the filtratewhen the blood is too acidic and if it is too
al"aline it secretes h#drogen carbonate ion into
the filtrate.
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tubular Secretion
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"lthogh rine (or:3tion occrs pri:3rily
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4
$i((erent concentr3tionD
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9O#4ER:%&"O# "4 % ;E< &O
&ERRE4&R"%' %+%P&%&"O# %s the *ltrate =ows inthe collecting ductpast interstitial =uid ofincreasing osmolarity0
more water moves outof the duct by osmois0thereby concentratingthe solutes0 including
urea0 that are leftbehind in the *ltrate
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1. 4E9RE&"O#
As filtered fluid mo(es along tubule and through collecting duct,other material secreted into fluid such as wastes, drugs, and
excess ions 4 remo(es substances from blood
!he process in(ol(es the pumping out of the waste
products from the peritubular capillaries into the tubule
&)*! and D*!'
!he waste products such as urea, uric acid ammonia
and h#drogen ions arepumped out of the blood
capillaries into the distal con(oluted tubule b# acti(e
transport.
@ome drug, h#drogen ions, ammonium and other toxin
b# simple diffusion, along the )*!.
!he final glomerular filtrate which remains in the
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.. 4E9RE&"O#
4ome drug and other toin by simple di,usion0
along the tubule&he *nal glomerular *ltrate which remains inthe collecting duct is called urine
&he ma>or constituents of urine are ?@3 ofwater0 163 nitrogenous products (urea0 uric
acid0 ammonia0 creatinine)0 A63 salts / bilepigments$rom the collecting ducts0 urine is channelledinto the pelvis / carried out of the kidney by theureter to the urinary bladder / ecreted out of thebody by urethra
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4 f *lt ti b ti d
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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4ummary of *ltration0 reabsorption0 andsecretion in the nephron and collecting duct
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& egulation of blood water potential4 by kidney of mammals'
1efinition :
C 2s the process of controlling of the
0"ter content and the concentr"tion of
s"#t2 inor&"nic ionsin the bod#
& animal or proto
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The os!otic concentr"tion of the %#ood !ust %e!"int"ined "t " ste"dy st"te 3'
I!port"nce :
!o bathed bod# cells in isotonic tissue f#uid withtheir c#toplasm
!his pre$ents ecessi$e "!ounts of 0"ter
entering or lea(ing cells osmoticall# which woulddamage the cells.
*ells can carr# out metabolic reactions efficient#y
( Regulation of blood water potential by kidney of mammals )
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5
Osmoregulation K. achie(ed with the help of
A1H or $"sopressin that controls thepermeabilit# of the wall of D*! and *D
&collecting duct'
Antidiuretic hor!one * A1H +
)roduced in hypoth"#"!us stored in posterior pituit"ry "nd.
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Antidiuretic hor!one * A1H +
Function A1H :
1.!he presence of ADH, increases the permeabilit# of thewall of dist"# con$o#uted tu%u#eand co##ectin& ducts
to water.
H2O in filtrate cortex & medulla blood capillary
(in DCT) reabsorb
9. Also increases the permeabilit# of the collecting duct
with ure". rea from filtrate diffuses into the interstitial
fluid of medulla. Increases the osmotic conc ( decreasewp)of the medulla tissue resulting in the reabsorption of
water from the decending limb of Henle.
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!he presence of ADH causes the production
of hypertonic or concentr"ted urine
( More DH ! more concentrated urine
absence"less DH ! dilute(#ypotonic urine)
Ho0 this condition h"ppens4
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1. !he receptor 8 os!oreceptor situated in
h#pothalamus will detect the ch"n&es in theblood osmotic concentration & 0"ter potenti"#+
9. 2f the blood osmotic concentration flowing near the
osmoreceptors below than the normal level .
impulses are transmitted to the posterior pituit"ry"nd and is stimulates to release AH into the
blood
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When blood osmotic concentration is
high !Dexcessive s$eatin% in%est excess salt not take inade'uate $ater it diet
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3. ADH circulates in the blood and affects on its
t"r&et ce##s, the cells of the walls of the distal
convoluted tubule and collecting duct
;. !he membrane of the cells become !ore
per!e"%#e to 0"ter, and water molecule is
reabsorb from filtrate into cortex and medulla
and .
E. !his will produced a less (olume and
hypertonic urine and excreted out of the bod#
b# the "idne#
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. !his process also increases the blood osmotic
concentration (wp) bac" to normal as waterdrawn in from nephron tubule into the (asa
recta.
.. !he osmoreceptors also stimulate a sens"tion
of thirst.
=. Although the wp has been controlled, s0e"tin&
will ha(e #ed to " reduction in the (olume of
bod# fluids which is restored b# drin"ing.
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M. Ghen the blood osmotic concentration
(wp) rises bac" to normal, theosmoreceptors are not longer stimulated.
1>. !he release of ADH is reducedstopped, the
cells of the walls of D*! and *D becomemuch morei!per!e"%#e to 0"ter.
11.!he water remains in the urine, hypotonic
urine is produced and the wp becomes
lowered as more water is lost relati(e to thesolutes.
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!he reabsorption of water in the "idne# is
regulated b# antiduresis hormone &ADH'
released b# pituitar# gland
)2!2!AN LA6D
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The "$/ or 3nti iretic hor:one is respons
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&HE RO'E O$ %'+O4&ERO#E&o control the concentration of sodium
and potassium ions in the blood
Sodium"lthogh 9= o( the soi: h3s 3lre3y
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!he5ut"o!eru#"r "pp"r"tus *67A+, is a
specialised tissue in the (accinit# of the arterioles
leading to glomeruli of the "idne#
respondto a decrease in blood pressure
or blood (olume b# releasing
en
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2
#o > rennin
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Renin initiates the con(ersion of
"n&iotensino&en&plasma protein' to itsacti(e form, "n&iotensin I& in the
bloodstream' which then is con(erted to
"n&iotensin II8
An&iotensin II :
a' act directl# to incre"se %#ood pressureb#
causing arterioles to constrict.
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b' act to incre"ses %#ood
$o#u!e b#
i' signaling )*! to reabsorp more
6a*l and water
ii' signaling the adrenal gland toreleased "#dosterone, and this
hormone will stimulates the
acti(e reabsorption of 6aF
&and *l%' across the cells walls
of the 1CT. esults in the
mo(ement of water out of 1CT
b# osmosis into the blood.
"$E!"# %#"!$
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O@7OLA2!N of the blood
High concentration high osmotic pressure low G)
Drin"ing reduces the osmolarit# of the blood and inhibit the secretion of ADH
!he blood pressure rises
until it returns to the setpoint.
!hus, the releasing of renin
, lead to an incre"se in
%#ood $o#u!eand %#oodpressure. results that
complete the feedbac"
circuit b# suppressing the
further release of renin..
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HO7O6AL *O6!OL O5 2D6$N b# negati(e feedbac" mechanism
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#ormal bloodsodium concentration
,lood volume
and blood
pressure rises
Less renin
producedLess angiostensin 22
formed
Adrenal cortex
produces less
aldosterone
#ormal bloodsodium
concentration
Adrenal cortex
produces more
aldosteron
7ore angiostensin 22
formed
7ore renin
produced
-lood (ol.and
pressure f"##s
-a. rises
-a. falls
-a. falls
-a. rises
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9
&HE REB!'%&"O# O$ -'OO+ pHby Kidney
#ormal blood pH is D5
-lood and interstitial fluid ha(e a pH of about 9'
!he pH must be "ept constant or within narrow limit
because en
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0
9an blood pH change from the set pointD5
high 9O1 concentration due to cellular respiration
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egulation of blood pH
ole of "idne#
eabsorption of bicarbonate and h#drogen ions
$xcretion of bicarbonate and h#drogen ions
-lood and interstitial fluid ha(e a pH of about 9''!he presenceof carbon dioxide reduces the blood pH
Abrupt change in blood pH is pre(ented b# the presence of
plasma proteins in the blood, while h#drogen carbonate and
phosphate ions act together as %uffers.
-# peritubule of
"idne#
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2f the blood pH is f"## %e#o0 9', due to high *O9 concK.
the cells of the )*! and D*!, combine water and carbon
dioxide to form carbonic acid which the dissociates into HF
and H*O3% .
H*O3% ions are acti(el# absorb into the blood combine with
excess HF ions in the blood, pH of %#ood rise to thenor!"# st"te
h#drogen ions from dissociation of carbonic acid are acti(el#
pumped into the filtrate& lumen of D*!' , and combine with
H)O;9% to form H9)O;% and are excreted in the urine
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eninne o( the (nctions o( the Biney is to :onitor
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correcti;e 3ction i( it shol rop. The Biney oes this
top related