102 l4 geoinfo raster geoprocessing 03mar13.pptx
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Geo-processing
Geo-processing is a process which turns
geospatial data to useful spatial informationand map to intelligent , dynamic map.
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Raster data were processed separately and usedfor different purposes
Raster Data-Spatio temporal modeling in
environmental application
Vector Data- Digital mapping and resources
inventories
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Scanned Photograph Black & white or color
Remote sensing image
Tiff Scanned Map
Thematic Map
Raster Data
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Image should be geo referenced
Each layer depicts earth a specialcharacteristics of such as topography, soil type
hydrology, vegetation cover.
Rater layer are used to represent continuousspatial phenomena such as elevation,
temperature, pollution concentration.
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Resolution
Dimension represented by each cell. The
minimum linear dimension of the each cells,
expressed in dots per inch on an image or as
actual ground measurement is known as spatial
resolution
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Bits & Image Depth
The amount of computer memory spaced
expressed in terms of bits, that is used to stored
the value of a raster cell is called image depth.
Minimum image depth is one bit
One bit= one and zero
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Black and white scan map one & Zero value
Grey scale map and Aerial photograph
contains- Eight bit
256 bit level of grey image. This image know
as pseudo color image. With red, blue and
green, primary colors. This may be combine indifferent proportion to found different color
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File format of Raster Data
Generic raster file formats
Raster data interchange format
Raster data compression format Remote sensing format
Proprietary format of GIS S/W products
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Generic Raster file format
ASCII file format
Binary file format
These are device independent. It means theyare usable by different application regardless
of hardware and software problems
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Raster data Interchange format
Tagged image file format (TIFF)- Non
proprietary and independent. This format is
widely used by all the organization,
cartographers, commercial purposes, research
purposes.
When tiff is geo referenced known as Geo
reference tiff
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Raster data compression format
It is very essential feature because digital
image file are normally huge and require
immense physical storage resources. The
objective of data compression is to store large
data file to small space. For this GIFF, JPEG are
common format
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Proprietary raster Geospatial data
format
Raster data format are system specific format
of GIS S/W such as
ESRI-Arc GIS
Intergraph/ Erdas-.Img. Grass
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Raster Geo processing and Digital
Image processing
Modal for specific problem
Decision making
Problem solving
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Advantages & Limitations of Raster
Geo processing
Effective representation of continuous surface.
The raster data model represents spatial
phenomena such as topography, land use land
cover and air quality
Fast computer processing:- The process of
overlaying different layer of spatial data is
raster format is simple and less complex.
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Fast display of surface data
Ability to handle large database
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Application which are more easy on
Raster format
Flow of water
Spread of wild fire
Dispersion of pollutant Growth of Settlement
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Application which are more easy on
Vector format
Parcel
Land
Line Street
Coast line
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Acquisition of Raster Geospatial Data
GIS user used to create their own data.
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Us country USGS produce and maintain three
important raster all layer of all over the country
Digital Orthoquadrangle (DOQ)
Aerial photograph is which image
displacement caused by camera tilt and terrain
relief has been removed
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Digital Raster Graphics
Scanned image
1:24000
1:20,000
1:1000000
1:250,000
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Digital elevation model
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Geo reference Raster Data
Image to map rectification
1 Spatial interpolation by co-ordiante
transformation
2- Attribute Interpolation by sampling
Nearest neighbors
Bilinear Interpolation
Cubic Convolution resampling
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Image to Image Registration
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Pre Processing & Editing Raster Data
Image rectification & restoration
Raster data editing
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Image rectification
Image rectification and restoration are the
process that correct the distortion and error,
which comes during data acquisition.
The process are normally applied before the
data are actually used in any applications.
They are commonly called image processing
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Geometric correction
Radiometric correction
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Raster Data editing
Filing holes and Gaps
Edge smoothing or boundary simplification
FilteringErase delete
Thining
ClippingDrawing
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Mosaicking Raster Image
It is a composite picture that is made by
piecing together two are more aerial
photographs or scanned image or satellite
photographs or scanned image or satelliteimage . Many soft were have a ficility to
provide mosaic
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Mosaic
Three categories
Controlled mosaic
Semi controlled mosaic Uncontrolled mosaic
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Raster data were processed separately and usedfor different purposes
Raster Data-Spatio temporal modeling in
environmental application
Vector Data- Digital mapping and resources
inventories
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After Mosaicking
Histogram Matching
Feathering
The purposes of feathering is to blend or blur
the scene between mosaicking images. This is
achieved by changing the grey scale value of the
cell according to the weighted average of their
distance from the edge of the image
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Raster Geospatial Data analysis
Logical operation
Arithmetic operation
Overlay operation
Geometric operation
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