100 q&a of cambridge o level economics ::
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7/23/2019 100 Q&A of Cambridge O level Economics :: www.O-Alevel.com
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2* Pcby kt fgbjy e{ ~ukdg gmbtykdky{ al igfbji1 _5fbuotV
^ukdg gmbtykdky{ al igfbji kt b ugt~ajtk|gjgtt al rwbjyky{ igfbjigi iwg ya dcbj`g kj ~ukdg al b
daffaiky{*
5* Pcby kt fgbjy e{ ~ukdg gmbtykdky{ al igfbji1 _7fbuotV
^ukdg gmbtykdky{ al igfbji kt b ugt~ajtk|gjgtt al rwbjyky{ igfbjigi iwg ya dcbj`g kj ~ukdg al b
daffaiky{* Ky dbj eg dbmdwmbygi wtkj` b laufwmb*
' DCBJ@G KJ RWBJYKY[ IGFBJIGI^GI 6
' DCBJ@G KJ ^UKDG
Ycgug bug lk|g y{~gt al gmbtykdky{ pcgug ycg |bmwg ubj`gt luaf > ya kjlkjky{* Ycg{ bug?
^gulgdym{ kjgmbtykd # gmbtykdky{ |bmwg kt grwbm ya >+ ^gulgdym{ gmbtykd # gmbtykdky{ |bmwg kt grwbm ya kjlkjky{+ Gmbtykd # gmbtykdky{ |bmwg kt `ugbygu ycbj 2+ Kjgmbtykd # gmbtykdky{ |bmwg kt mgtt ycbj 2+ Wjkybu{ gmbtykd # gmbtykdky{ |bmwg kt grwbm ya 2+
Jayg8 & Dbjikibygt dbj kjdmwig tkf~mg ikb`ubft al ikllgugjy y{~gt al gmbtykdky{*
4* Iktdwtt pc{ ycg ~ukdg gmbtykdky{ al igfbji lau ycg kygft fgjykajgi kj ycg
buykdmg fk`cy ikllgu* _7fbuotV
Jayg8 & Cgug- ja jggi al iglkjkykaj tkjdg kj ~buy d iglkjkykaj al gmbtykdky{ cbt eggj `k|gj+
Ycg kygft fgjykajgi kj ycg buykdmg bug dmayckj` bji laaypgbu- ya`gycgu pkyc dguybkj ~gulwfgt-
cbku&ty{mgt- dgmm&~cajgt bji cawtgcami b~~mkbjdgt*
Lkuty al bmm dmayckj` bji laay pgbu dbj eg dmbttklkgi bt b ebtkd cwfbj jggi pcgug ~ga~mg lkji
|gu{ ikllkdwmy ya mk|g pkycawy ycby* Yckt fgbjt bj{ ~gutaj kt ugbi{ ya ew{ ycgtg ~uaiwdyt by bj{
~ukdg tkjdg ycg{ iki jay cb|g b dcakdg* Ta- ycgtg ~uaiwdyt bug kjgmbtykd ~uaiwdy pcgug b dcbj`g
kj ~ukdg pkmm cb|g b |gu{ tfbmm au tafgykfg ja gllgdy aj rwbjyky{ igfbjigi*
Aj ycg aycgu cbji- ~gulwfgt- cbku&ty{mgt- dgmm&~cajgt bji cawtgcami b~~mkbjdgt bug ~uaiwdyt
pckdc cb|g mayt al twetykywygt b|bkmbemg kj ycg fbuogy* Yckt fgbjt by bj{ ykfg dajtwfgut dbj
dcaatg egypggj ycgtg twetykywygt pckdc bug ojapj bt gmbtykd ~uaiwdy pcgug b dcbj`g kj ~ukdg
pkmm cb|g b tk`jklkdbjy kf~bdy aj ~ukdg*
E{8 Bmkf PPP*A&Bmg|gm*da*dd 2
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Kj f{ a~kjkaj- ycg ~ukdg gmbtykdky{ al igfbji lau kygft fgjykajgi kj ycg buykdmg ikllgut egdbwtg
tafg bug jgdgttkykgt bji tafg cb|g mayt al twetykywygt*
9* Iglkjg ~ukdg gmbtykdky{ al igfbji bji tw``gty pc{ ikllgugjy `aait cb|g
ikllgugjy ~ukdg gmbtykdky{1 _7fbuotV
^ukdg gmbtykdky{ al igfbji dbj eg iglkjgi bt b ugt~ajtk|gjgtt al rwbjyky{ igfbji iwg ya
dcbj`g kj ~ukdg al ycg ~uaiwdy* Ycgug bug |bukawt ugbtajt pc{ ikllgugjy `aait cb|g ikllgugjy
~ukdg gmbtykdky{ al igfbji*
Lkutym{- tafg `aait bug jgdgttkykgt mkog `bt- laai- dmayckj` gyd pcgug ~ga~mg ia jay cb|g bj{
dcakdg lau dajtwf~ykaj* Yckt fgbjt dcbj`g kj ~ukdg pkmm jay cb|g fwdc gllgdy aj rwbjyky{
igfbji* Ycgtg `aait bug kjgmbtykd `aait*
Tgdajim{- tafg `aait bug mwswukgt twdc bt dbut pcgug ycgug kt b|bkmbekmky{ al fbj{ twetykywygt kj
ycg fbuogy* Yckt fgbjt dcbj`g kj ~ukdg pkmm cb|g b tk`jklkdbjy gllgdy aj rwbjyky{ igfbji* Ycgtg
`aait bug gmbtykd `aait*
7* Iktdwtt pcgycgu ojapmgi`g al ~ukdg gmbtykdky{ al igfbji kt al wtg ya b
daf~bj{ tgmmkj` camkib{ yawut* _7fbuotV
Jayg8 & Cgug- ja jggi al iglkjkykaj tkjdg kj ~buy d iglkjkykaj pbt `k|gj*
Yckt dajdg~y kt wtgi lau ~uaiwdgut ya gs~gdy ycg tbmgt bji ug|gjwgt al ycgku daf~bjkgt*
Lkuty al bmm- gmbtykd ~uaiwdyt bug ycatg pckdc cb|g |bukgy{ al twetykywygt pcgug dajtwfgut cb|g
|bukgy{ al dcakdg kj ycg fbuogy* Ta- igdugbtg kj ycg ~ukdg pkmm kjdugbtg ycg ug|gjwg lau ycgtg
~uaiwdyt*
Aj ycg aycgu cbji kjgmbtykd ~uaiwdyt bug ycatg pckdc ia jay cb|g |bukgy{ al twetykywygt bji ycatg
`aait pckdc kt ojapj bt jgdgttkykgt* Ta dajtwfgut cb|g ya dajtwfg ycgtg `aait by bj{ ~ukdg*
Ycg ug|gjwg lau ycgtg ~uaiwdyt dbj eg kjdugbtgi e{ kjdugbtg kj ycg ~ukdg al ycgtg ~uaiwdyt*
G|gjywbmm{- camkib{ yawut pawmi cb|g bj gmbtykd igfbji tkjdg ycgug bug fbj{ ~ga~mg iakj` ycg
tbfg ewtkjgtt pckdc fgbjt ycgug bug mayt al twetykywygt* Ta- ~uaiwdgu cbt ya igdugbtg ycg ~ukdg
kj auigu ya kjdugbtg ycgku ug|gjwg kj yckt ewtkjgtt*
E{8 Bmkf PPP*A&Bmg|gm*da*dd 5
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;* Iglkjg @uatt Iafgtykd ^uaiwdy* * _4fbuotV
@uatt Iafgtykd ~uaiwdy dbj eg iglkjgi bt ycg yaybm fajg{ |bmwg al `aait bji tgu|kdgt
~uaiwdgi kj b dawjyu{ lau b `k|gj ~gukai al ykfg* Yckt kjikdbyau kt pkigm{ wtgi ya fgbtwug ycg
tybjibui al mk|kj` al dawjyukgt*
2>* Cap pawmi bj kjdugbtg kj kyt gs~auyt bllgdy ycg ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjyt al b
ig|gma~kj` dawjyu{1 _9fbuotV
Ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjy kt b lkjbjdkbm tybygfgjy pckdc tcapt b dawjyu{t kf~auyt bji gs~auyt
yubjtbdykajt pkyc ycg ugty al ycg paumi* Kjdugbtg kj gs~auyt al `aait bji tgu|kdgt kf~ua|g ycg
dwuugjy bddawjy al ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjy* Ky fbogt b lb|aubemg dwuugjy bddawjy ebmbjdg* Tgdajim{
kjdugbtg kj gs~auyt kjdugbtgt ycg kjlmap al laugk`j dwuugjd{ kjya ycg dawjyu{ pckdc fgbjt ycg
yaybm ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjy pkmm eg kj b twu~mwt ~atkykaj* Kj aycgu pauit ycg dawjyu{t gdajafkd
~atkykaj pkmm eg kf~ua|gi*
22* Pc{ fk`cy bj kjdugbtg kj @uatt Iafgtykd ^uaiwdy kf~ua|g ycg tybjibuit al
mk|kj` kj ycg dawjyu{1 _
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Ycg fkjkj` bji gs~auy al fkjgubmt bji ~ugdkawt tyajgt kt b |gu{ kf~auybjy ~buy al ycg
Jbfkekbj gdajaf{* Ky pbt ug~auygi ycby igt~kyg b tcbu~ igdugbtg kj ycg rwbjyky{ al ycgtg
gs~auyt egypggj2;;7 bji 2;;; ycg gs~auy |bmwg al ycg kygft uatg kj ycby ~gukai*
24* Pcgug ycg fkjgubmt bji ~ugdkawt tyajgt pawmi eg ugdauigi kj ycg Jbfkekbj
ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjyt1 _5V
Ycg fkjgubmt bji ~ugdkawt tyajgt pkmm eg ugdauigi kj ycg dwuugjy bddawjy |ktkemg gs~auy*
29* Iktdwtt pcby fgbtwugt b `a|gujfgjy fk cy ybog ya kjlmwgjdg kyt dawjyu{t
ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjyt* _>5- pckdc ~wtcgi ycg WO lwuycgu kjya b |ktkemg yubig iglkdky ycg mbu`gty tkjdg ugdauit eg`bj*
27* Gs~mbkj pcby kt fgbjy e{ b |ktkemg yubig iglkdky bji kigjykl{ kj pckdc ~buy al ycg
ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjyt ycg iglkdky pawmi eg ugdauigi* _4V
Gsdgtt al kf~auyt al `aait a|gu kf~auyt kt ojapj bt |ktkemg yubig iglkdky* \ktkemg yubig iglkdky pkmm
eg ugdauigi wjigu dwuugjy bddawjy |ktkemg gs~auyt*
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db~kybm bddawjy pkmm bmta ugiwdg ycg dajdguj lau ycg |ktkemg yubig iglkdky* Fauga|gu iglkdky fk`cy eg
lau b tcauy yguf*
Capg|gu ky kt tbki ycby yckt kt b mbu`gty ugdauit tkjdg ycg ugdaui eg`bj* Ta yckt fwdc iglkdky kj ycg
|ktkemg yubig fk`cy eg b `ugby dajdguj lau bj{ dawjyu{*
20* Igtdukeg pcby ~amkdkgt b `a|gujfgjy fk`cy wtg kl ky pktcgi ya eukj` b |ktkemg
yubig iglkdky kjya twu~mwt* _9V
Ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjy igbmt pkyc b dawjyu{t gs~auyt bji kf~auyt* Lkutym{ ya kjlmwgjdg ycg gs~auy
`a|gujfgjy dbj `k|g twetkikgt ya ycg iafgtykd lkuft* Ycgtg twetkigt gjdawub`g ycg iafgtykd
lkuft bji ycg{ kjdugbtgt ycgku awy~wy* Bt b ugtwmy- ycg dawjyu{t gs~auy bmta ygjit ya uktg*
Tgdajim{ `a|gujfgjy dbj kjlmwgjdg ycg ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjy e{ kjlmwgjdkj` kf~auyt bmta* Yckt
fb{ eg kj ycg lauf al ybs aj kf~auyt bji mkfkykj` ycg jwfegu al ~c{tkdbm kf~auyt kjya ycg dawjyu{*
23* Iktdwtt ycg aycgu dajtgrwgjdgt al ~wutwkj` ypa al ycg ~amkdkgt {aw cb|g
fgjykajgi* _' al ycgku kjdafg aj
laai pckmg ycg ukdcgty cawtgcamit t~gjy 24' al laai*
2;* Ia ycgtg lk`wugt fgbj ycby ycg bdywbm bfawjy ycby ycg ukdcgty cawtgcamit t~gjy
aj laai kt mapgu ycbj ycby t~gjy e{ ycg ~aaugty cawtgcamit1 Gs~mbkj {awu
bjtpgu* _9V
Jay by bmm* Ycg ~aaugty cawtgcami t~gjit b ck`cgu ~gudgjyb`g al ycgku kjdafg aj laai bji
ukdcgty cawtgcami t~gjit mapgu ~gudgjyb`g al ycgku kjdafg aj laai* Kl pg daj|guy yckt
~gudgjyb`g kjya bdywbm fajg{- ycg ukdcgty cawtgcami pkmm t~gji faug bfawjy al fajg{ aj laai
daf~bugi pkyc ~aaugty cawtgcami*
G` * Bmk `gyt ) 2>>>> bt ckt kjdafg bji t~gjit 2>' aj laai pckdc fgbjt cg t~gjit )2>>> lau
laai
E{8 Bmkf PPP*A&Bmg|gm*da*dd
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Keubckf `gyt )4>>> bt ckt kjdafg bji t~gjit 4>' aj laai pckdc fgbjt cg t~gjit
);>> ajm{*
5>* Bjbm{xg ycg fayk|gt ycby fk`cy dbwtg b ~gutaj ya tb|g ubycgu ycbj ya t~gji* _
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gs~makybykaj al gdajafkd ugtawudgt pckdc fk`cy eg b ~uaemgf lau ycg lwywug `gjgubykajt*
Gdajafkd `uapyc bmta dugbygt mayt al gsygujbmkykgt twdc bt ~ammwykaj* Kj f{ a~kjkaj- ycgug bug
faug bi|bjyb`gt ycbj iktbi|bjyb`gt pckdc fgbj gdajafkd `uapyc kt egjglkdkbm*
54* Gs~mbkj pc{ b ugiwdykaj kj yubig ebuukgut fk`cy kjdugbtg b daf~bj{t ~ualkyt*
_9V
Yubig ebuukgut bug ycg ugtyukdykajt lbdgi e{ ycg lkuft kf~auykj` `aait bji tgu|kdgt* Yckt bmta
kjdugbtgt ycg lkuft daty al ~uaiwdykaj* Pcgj ycgug kt ugiwdykaj kj yubig ebuukgut- ycgug kt bj
kjdugbtg kj yubig pckdc fgbjt ycg jwfegu al ew{kj` bji tgmmkj` kjdugbtgt* Yckt eukj`t b ~atkyk|g
gllgdy aj b daf~bj{t ~ualkyt bt ycg daty lbdgi e{ ycg daf~bj{ iwg ya yubig ebuukgut igdugbtgt*
Ycg ~ualkyt bmta kjdugbtg egdbwtg ycg daty al ubp fbygukbmt bmta igdugbtgt pcgj ycgug kt b
igdugbtg kj yubig ebuukgut* Fauga|gu- kf~auygi ubp fbygukbmt fb{ eg dcgb~gu ycbj iafgtykd
fbygukbmt* Ugiwdykaj kj yubig ebuukgut kjdugbtgt daf~gykykaj bji lkuft dawmi ew{ kj~wyt by
dcgb~gu ubyg*
59* Gs~mbkj pc{ kj|gtyfgjy kt kf~auybjy kj bj gdajaf{* _
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57* Igtdukeg ycg fbkj uamg al bj gjyug~ugjgwu* _5V
Gjyug~ugjgwu kt ycg tgdaji cwfbj ugtawudg jggigi kj ycg ~uaiwdykaj pcgug ycg{ bug kj dcbu`g
al bmm ycg aycgu lbdyaut al ~uaiwdykajt* Ycg{ bmta ybog uktot al ycg lkuf by ycg tbfg ykfg pauo lau
~ualkyt*
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Kj ycg WO lawu mbu`g tw~gufbuogy daf~bjkgt iafkjbyg ycg tbmg al laai ewy ycgug bug bmta
fbj{ tfbmm laai tca~t*
4>* Iglkjg b lksgi daty bji b |bukbemg daty- bji kigjykl{ ajg lksgi daty bji ajg
|bukbemg daty ycby ycg tw~gufbuogy fk`cy cb|g* _9V
Lksgi daty dbj eg iglkjgi bt ycg daty al lksgi lbdyaut pckdc iajay dcbj`gt pkyc ycg mg|gm al
awy~wy* \bukbemg daty dbj eg iglkjgi bt ycg daty al |bukbemg lbdyaut pckdc dcbj`gt au |bu{ pkyc
ycg dcbj`gt kj awy~wy* Gsbf~mg al lksgi daty al ycg tw~gufbuogy fb{ eg kjygugty aj mabj bji
|bukbemg daty fb{ eg pb`gt*
42* Iktdwtt pc{ b tfbmm laai tca~ fk`cy twu|k|g pcgj ycgug bug |gu{ mbu`g
tw~gufbuogyt* _
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ycg tw~gufbuogy dbj wtg |bukawt ygdcjkrwgt twdc bt ycg ygdcjkrwg al ik|ktkaj al mbeawu*
Tgdajim{ ckukj` rwbmklkgi fbjb`gut dbj bmta eg ~attkemg lau ycg tw~gufbuogy pckdc pkmm eukj`
jgp kigbt bji kj|gjykaj ojapj bt fbjb`gukbm gdajafkgt al tdbmg* Fauga|gu ycg tw~gufbuogy
dbj bmta gjha{ lkjbjdkbm gdajafkgt al tdbmg e{ eauuapkj` mabjt by dcgb~gu kjygugty ubygt* Ycg{
dawmi bmta gjha{ gsygujbm gdajafkgt al tdbmg kj ycg lauf al b|bkmbekmky{ al tokmmgi mbeawu laudg kj
ycg kjiwtyu{* Ycg{ dawmi bmta cb|g b `aai ug~wybykaj iwg ya bj gsygujbm gdajafkgt al tdbmg*
49* Wtkj` gsbf~mgt- dajyubty b ikugdy ybs pkyc bj kjikugdy ybs* _9V
Ikugdy ybs kt b ybs ybogj luaf kjdafg bji pgbmyc al ycg ~ga~mg bji ~ualkyt al ycg ewtkjgttgt
pcgug bt kjikugdy ybsgt bug ybs ybogj luaf ycg t~gjikj` al `aait bji tgu|kdgt* Ycg ewuigj al
kjikugdy ybs dbj eg yubjtlguugi ya bjaycgu ~gutaj ewy ycg ewuigj al ikugdy ybs dbjjay eg
yubjtlguugi ya bjaycgu* Kjdafg ybs kt b ikugdy ybs? Tbmgt ybs kt bj kjikugdy ybs*
47* Iktdwtt cap b `a|gujfgjy fk`cy wtg ybsbykaj ya bllgdy ycg iktyukewykaj al
kjdafg* _
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rwbjyky{ al bjaycgu* Aj ycg aycgu cbji fgikdkjg pckdc kt b jgdgttky{ pkmm cb|g b |gu{ map ~ukdg
gmbtykdky{ al igfbji egdbwtg ~ga~mg cb|g ya ew{ by bj{ ~ukdg*
40* Wtg ycg dajdg~y al gmbtykdky{ ya iktdwtt cap kjikugdy ybsgt fb{ eg wtgi e{ b
`a|gujfgjy ya?
kjdugbtg kyt ug|gjwg-
Ya kjdugbtg ycg ug|gjwg- `a|gujfgjy cbt ya ybs aj ycatg `aait pckdc cb|g b map ~ukdg gmbtykdky{
al igfbji au ycatg `aait pckdc kt kjgmbtykd* Egdbwtg ycgtg `aait fb{ eg b jgdgttky{ au cbeky
laufkj` `aait pcgug ~ga~mg pkmm eg ugbi{ ya ew{ by bj{ daty twdc bt yaebdda*
Igdugbtg kf~auyt*
Ya igdugbtg ycg kf~auyt- `a|gujfgjy cbt ya ybs aj ycatg `aait pckdc cb|g b ck`c ~ukdg
gmbtykdky{ al igfbji au ycatg `aait pckdc kt gmbtykd* Egdbwtg ycgtg `aait fb{ cb|g mayt al
twetykywygt ta ycby ~ga~mg fk`cy tpkydc ya b iafgtykd `aait*
Ycg ubyg al kjlmbykaj kj tafg ig|gma~gi dawjyukgt cbt ugfbkjgi map lau tg|gubm {gbut*
43* Pcby kt fgbjy e{ kjlmbykaj1 _4VKjlmbykaj kt iglkjgi bt b ~gutktygjy uktg kj ycg `gjgubm ~ukdg mg|gm
4;* Gs~mbkj cap b ugybkm ~ukdg kjigs #kjigs al dajtwfgu ~ukdgt+ kt dbmdwmbygi* _0V
Kjlmbykaj kt fgbtwugi wtkj` ugybkm ~ukdg kjigs au dajtwfgu ~ukdg kjigs* Wtkj` yckt kjtyuwfgjy- b
lbfkm{ gs~gjikywug twu|g{ kt dbuukgi awy pcgug ycg{ dcaatg b ebtogy al tbf~mg `aait bji
tgu|kdgt pcgug ycg cawtgcami dajtwfgt faty* Ycgtg `aait bug `k|gj ikllgugjy pgk`cyt
ig~gjikj` w~aj ycg ~gudgjyb`g al dajtwf~ykaj bji kjdafg t~gjit aj ycgtg `aait* Ycgj b
{gbu kt dcatgj bt b ebtg {gbu bji kjigs al ycg ebtg {gbu kt `k|gj bt 2>>* G|gjywbmm{ ycg dcbj`g
al kjigs egypggj ycg ebtg {gbu bji dwuugjy {gbu kt dbmdwmbygi*
E{8 Bmkf PPP*A&Bmg|gm*da*dd 25
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9>* Gs~mbkj ypa ~attkemg dbwtgt al kjlmbykaj* _9V
Ajg al ycg faty kf~auybjy dbwtgt al kjlmbykaj kt igfbji ~wmm kjlmbykaj pcgug ~ukdgt bug ~wmmgi w~
iwg ya kjdugbtg kj b``ug`byg igfbji al ycg dawjyu{* B``ug`byg igfbji kjdugbtg iwg ya
kjdugbtg kj dajtwf~ykaj- kj|gtyfgjy- `a|gujfgjy t~gjikj` au jgy gs~auy au tafgykfgt
dafekjbykaj al bmm ycgtg lbdyaut* Kjlmbykaj dbj bmta dbwtg iwg ya kjdugbtg kj ycg daty al ~uaiwdykaj
twdc bt daty al ubp fbygukbmt- mbeawut- akm gyd* Yckt kjdugbtg kj daty ugiwdgt ycg tw~~m{ bt b
ugtwmy ~ukdgt bug ~wmmgi w~*
92* Bj bkf al `a|gujfgjy ~amkd{ kt wtwbmm{ jay ya mgy ycg ubyg al kjlmbykaj egdafg
ck`c* Pc{ kt yckt1 _
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94* Tafg dawjyukgt wtg ~uaygdyk|g fgbtwugt kj kjygujbykajbm yubig* Igtdukeg ypa
y{~gt al ~uaygdykaj b `a|gujfgjy dbj wtg kj kjygujbykajbm yubig* _9V
Ycgug bug |bukawt ~uaygdyk|g fgbtwugt `a|gujfgjy dbj wtg kj kjygujbykajbm yubig* Ajg al ycg
kf~auybjy fgbtwugt kt ybukll pcgug `a|gujfgjy kf~atgt ybs aj kf~auygi `aait bji tgu|kdgt*
Yckt mkfkyt ycg kf~auy bji kjdugbtg ycg gllkdkgjd{ al iafgtykd lkuft* Tgdajim{ rwayb kt bmta bj
kf~auybjy fgbtwug pcgug `a|gujfgjy ~c{tkdbmm{ mkfkyt ycg jwfegu al kf~auyt kj ya ycg dawjyu{*
Yckt ugiwdgt ycg |amwfg al kf~auyt* Cgjdg iafgtykd dajtwfgut pkmm cb|g ya igfbji ycg awy~wy
al iafgtykd lkuft*
99* Gs~mbkj pkyc ycg wtg al ajg gsbf~mg pcby kt fgbjy e{ b jbywubm ugtawudg al b
dawjyu{1 _4V
Jbywubm ugtawudgt bug ycg ugtawudgt `klygi e{ jbywug* Mbji kt bj gsbf~mg al jbywubm ugtawudg*
Mbji kjdmwigt tgbt bji uk|gut- laugtyt bji igtguyt gyd* Pg wtg mbji ya ewkmi ycg ~ugfktgt bji
pkycawy yckt lbdyau ~uaiwdykaj ky kt kf~attkemg ya dbuu{awy ~uaiwdykaj bddauikj` ya gdajafkd
ycgau{*
97* Lau fbj{ dawjyukgt kjygujbykajbm yubig kj|am|gt wtkj` ycgku jbywubm ugtawudgt
e{ tgmmkj` ycgf ya aycgu dawjyukgt* Iktdwtt pcgycgu ky kt pktg lau b dawjyu{ ya
gs~maky kyt jbywubm ugtawudgt ubycgu ycbj ya dajtgu|g ycgf* _0V
Gs~makybykaj bji dajtgu|bykaj eayc cbt datyt bji egjglkyt yaa* Wtkj` ycg gdajafkd ugtawudgt kt
gs~makykj` bji jay wtkj` dbj eg ug`buigi bt dajtgu|kj`* Ycgug bug mayt al egjglkyt al gs~makykj`
ycg ugtawudgt twdc bt gf~ma{fgjy- kjdafg bji kf~ua|gfgjy kj ycg tybjibui al mk|kj`* Ewy kl b
dawjyu{ `agt aj gs~makykj` ycg gdajafkd ugtawudgt bewjibjym{ ycg lwywug `gjgubykaj fb{ lbdg
~uaemgft* Ycg{ fb{ jay cb|g gjaw`c gdajafkd ugtawudg lau ~uaiwdykaj* Aj ycg aycgu cbji pg
cb|g ya ogg~ kj fkji ycby ugtawudgt dbj eg ugjgpgi bji tafg dbj eg wtgi b`bkj bji b`bkj*
Lau gsbf~mg kjtygbi al akm- ycgug kt bj kj|gjykaj al tambu gjgu`{* Ta gs~makykj` ycg akm fb{ jay
dbwtg bj{ ~apgu tcauyb`g lau lwywug `gjgubykaj*
E{8 Bmkf PPP*A&Bmg|gm*da*dd 29
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9V
Ycg fbhau fbduagdajafkd ~amkdkgt bug lwmm gf~ma{fgjy- ~ukdg tybekmky{- bji lb|aubemg ebmbjdg al
~b{fgjy- gdajafkd `uapyc bji ugiktyukewykaj al kjdafg* @a|gujfgjy cbt ya t~gji kyt
gs~gjikywug kj auigu ya bdckg|g ycg fbskfwf gdajafkd ~amkdkgt* Ycgug pkmm eg a~~auywjky{ daty al
t~gjikj` aj cgbmycdbug bji giwdbykaj- egdbwtg yckt pkmm ugiwdg ycg `a|gujfgjy gs~gjikywug
gmtgpcgug* Kl yckt cb~~gjt ycgug fk`cy eg bj wjlb|aubemg dcbj`g kj ycg tybyg al ycg gdajaf{*
Yckt ~amkd{ fb{ kf~ua|g b|bkmbekmky{ al bji tokmmt al pauolaudg- kjdugbtg ~uaiwdykaj bji maj`&yguf
`uapyc bji gf~ma{fgjy* Ewy- capg|gu kl ycg ugtawudgt bug euaw`cy luaf a|gutgbt- ycgug pkmm eg b
ik|gutg gllgdy aj ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjy* Kl ycg gs~gjikywug aj cgbmyc bji giwdbykaj dafgt luaf
kjdugbtgi ybsbykaj- ky pkmm gllgdy aj ycg iktyukewykaj al kjdafg* Fauga|gu kjdugbtg kj `a|gujfgjy
gs~gjikywug kt ikugdym{ mkjogi ya kjdugbtg kj ycg ~ukdg mg|gm*
E{8 Bmkf PPP*A&Bmg|gm*da*dd 27
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Kj f{ a~kjkaj- ky kt |gu{ ikllkdwmy ya bdckg|g bj gdajafkd bkf pkycawy matkj` bjaycgu* Ta ycg
`a|gujfgjy cbt ya `k|g kf~auybjdg ya ycatg bkft pckdc `k|gt fbskfwf egjglky lau ycg ~ga~mg*
Gf~ma{gut bug dajdgujgi ya fbog ycg egty wtg al ycg lbdyaut al ~uaiwdykaj* Pauogut bug
Dajdgujgi ya fbog ycg egty dcakdg kj tgmgdykj` bj addw~bykaj*
9;* Gs~mbkj ycugg yckj`t- aycgu ycbj pb`gt- ycby fk`cy kjlmwgjdg b ~gutaj kj ycgku
dcakdg al addw~bykaj* _* Iktdwtt pckdc lbdyau al ~uaiwdykaj fk`cy eg faty tk`jklkdbjy kj ycg a~gubykaj
al b mwswu{ caygm* _9V
Ycg ugtawudgt wtgi kj ycg ~uaiwdykaj al `aait bji tgu|kdgt bug ojapj bt lbdyaut al ~uaiwdykaj*
Ycgtg kjdmwig mbji- mbeawu- db~kybm bji gjyug~ugjgwu* Tkjdg ky kt b mwswu{ caygm- ky kt ugbmm{
jgdgttbu{ ya cb|g b ugbtajbemg db~kybm ya tybuy ycg ewtkjgtt bji wtwbmm{ caygmt bug mbeawu
kjygjtk|g* Mbji bji bj gjyug~ugjgwu bug bmta jggigi kj ycg a~gubykaj al b mwswu{ caygm* Kj f{
a~kjkaj db~kybm kt faty tk`jklkdbjy kj a~gubykj` al b mwswu{ caygm*
72* B caygm pkmm allgu b |bukgy{ al hae a~~auywjkykgt* Pauogut kj tafg al ycgf pkmm eg
~bki faug ycbj pauogut kj aycgut* Iktdwtt pc{ yckt fk`cy eg ta* _2>V
Ycgug bug |bukawt ugbtajt pc{ tafg pauogut bug ~bki faug ycbj aycgut* Ajg al ycg faty
kf~auybjy ugbtaj kt ycby ycg mg|gm al yubkjkj` bji giwdbykaj* Mwswu{ caygmt jggi rwbmklkgi bji
yubkjgi pbkygut bji fbjb`gut pca t~gji ib{t al yubkjkj` bji giwdbykaj pcgug bt b pbydcgu kj b
mwswu{ caygm fb{ jay jggi ya cb|g twdc bj giwdbykajbm rwbmklkdbykaj* Ta- ycgug pkmm eg ikllgugjdg
kj ycg pb`gt* Tgdajim{- pauogut fb{ eg kj|am|gi kj yubig wjkajt pckmg aycgut fb{ jay pckdc pkmm
fbog tafg ikllgugjdg kj ycg pb`gt* Yckuim{- kl ycgug kt b uamg al ycg `a|gujfgjy kj fkjkfwf
E{8 Bmkf PPP*A&Bmg|gm*da*dd 2
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pb`g mg`ktmbykaj pckmg aycgu addw~bykajt fk`cy jay- ycgj ycgug fk`cy eg bj gsktygjdg al pb`g
ikllgugjdg egypggj pauogut* Fauga|gu mwswu{ caygmt fb{ cb|g b fwtkd ebji pcgug ycg{ bug kj
jggi al ~buykdwmbu tokmmt bji ybmgjyt pckdc ugtwmyt b ikllgugjdg kj pb`gt egypggj pauogut*
Igdmkjg kj paumi tw~~m{ al dayyaj
Ycg mbu`gty ~uaiwdgut al dayyaj bug Dckjb- ycg WT- Kjikb bji ^boktybj* E{ 5>>2 ycgug cbi
eggj lk|g {gbut al igdmkjkj` kjygujbykajbm dayyaj ~ukdgt- ta kj ycby {gbu ky pbt gs~gdygi
ycby dayyaj ~uaiwdykaj pawmi lbmm bt lbufgut pgug iktdawub`gi luaf `uapkj` ycg dua~ e{
ycg map ~ukdgt* Yckt ugiwdykaj kj tw~~m{ pbt ycgj gs~gdygi ya dbwtg ~ukdgt ya uktg kj ycg
lammapkj` {gbu- 5>>5- pcgj ycg dayyaj pbt ~wy ajya ycg fbuogy*
Ycg lbmm kj ~uaiwdykaj pbt gs~gdygi ya addwu kj dawjyukgt ycby pgug ycg faty gllkdkgjy- ewy
ycgug pawmi eg b lbmm kj ~uaiwdykaj kj aycgu dawjyukgt bmta* Bmycaw`c Kjikb ~uaiwdgt
dayyaj- kyt b|gub`g {kgmi ~gu cgdybug kt cbml al ycg paumi b|gub`g* Yckt kt egdbwtg al map
tggi rwbmky{- kjtwllkdkgjy ~gty dajyuam bji ~aau kuuk`bykaj iwg ya kuug`wmbu ubkjlbmm *
75* Gs~mbkj pc{ map ~ukdgt fk`cy iktdawub`g lbufgut luaf `uapkj` dayyaj* _4V
Map ~ukdgt fgbjt ycgug pkmm eg mapgu ug|gjwg kj ycg ewtkjgtt* Yckt mapgu ug|gjwg pkmm ugtwmyt
faug mapgu ~ualkyt* Ycguglaug ~uaiwdgu pkmm eg wjpkmmkj` ya ~uaiwdg bt fwdc bt eglaug*
74* Wtkj` b igfbji bji tw~~m{ ikb`ubf- gs~mbkj ycg dcbj`gt kj ~ukdg ycby pgug
gs~gdygi ya addwu egypggj 5>>2 bji 5>>5* _7V
Ikb`ubf tcapkj` b igdugbtg kj tw~~m{
Ycg ~ukdgt al dayyaj igdugbtg egdbwtg kj ycgtg {gbut- k y pbt gs~gdygi ycby ycg ~uaiwdykaj al
dayyaj pawmi lbmm* Yckt lbmm kj tw~~m{ kt tcapj kj ycg ikb`ubf pcgug ycg auk`kjbm tw~~m{ dwu|g TT
tckly ya ycg mgly ya~ T2T2* Yckt ugiwdykaj kj tw~~m{ ugtwmyt b uktg kj ~ukdg luaf ^ ya ^2*
79* Kigjykl{ pcby fgbtwugt Kjikb fk`cy ybog ya kjdugbtg kyt ~uaiwdykaj al dayyaj* _4V
Egyygu tggit- egyygu ~gty dajyuam bji egyygu kuuk`bykaj*
E{8 Bmkf PPP*A&Bmg|gm*da*dd 20
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77* Gs~mbkj cap ypa al ycg fgbtwugt dcatgj kj d#k+ fk`cy cb|g gllgdyt aj
Ycg lksgi datyt-
Ycg |bukbemg datyt
Ycg ug|gjwg al ycg ~uaiwdgut* _5 kj ycg WO bji kj @gufbj{ yubig wjkajt tw~~auygi tyukogt kj tafg ~wemkd tgdyau
addw~bykajt*
70* Gs~mbkj pcby kt fgbjy e{ ycg ~wemkd tgdyau bji `k|g ajg gsbf~mg al b ~wemkd
tgdyau addw~bykaj* _4V
^wemkd tgdyau kt b ~buy al ycg gdajaf{ pcgug bmm ycg gdajafkd bdyk|kykgt bug apjgi bji dajyuammgi
e{ ycg `a|gujfgjy* Tgdugybu{ by `a|gujfgjy allkdg*
73* Igtdukeg ycg lwjdykajt al yubig wjkajt bji gs~mbkj pckdc lwjdykaj {aw dajtkigu
ya eg ycg faty kf~auybjy* _0V
Yubig wjkaj kt bj bttadkbykaj al pauogut pauokj` ya tblg`wbui ycg kjygugty al kyt fgfegut* Ajg
al ycg faty kf~auybjy lwjdykajt al yubig wjkaj kt dammgdyk|g ebu`bkjkj` pcgug pauogut
ug~ugtgjykj` bt b wjkaj ebu`bkj pkyc ycg gf~ma{gu lau ycg egyygu igbmt* Tgdajim{ kjdugbtg kj
pb`gt kt bmta b |gu{ igfbjikj` lwjdykaj al yubig wjkaj pcgug ycg wjkaj cgm~t ya kjdugbtg ycg
pb`gt al kyt fgfegut ycuaw`c |bukawt fgycait* Yckuim{ pauokj` lau egyygu tadkbm dajikykaj bji
pgmlbug kt bmta bj kf~auybjy lwjdykaj al yubig wjkaj* Fauga|gu ky cbt |bukawt aycgu lwjdykajt twdc
E{8 Bmkf PPP*A&Bmg|gm*da*dd 23
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bt egyygu igbmt pcgj fbig ugiwjibjy? b|aki wjlbku ~ubdykdg e{ ycg gf~ma{gu gyd* kj f{ a~kjkaj
kf~ua|kj` ycg pb`g bji ycg pauokj` dajikykaj kt ycg faty kf~auybjy lwjdykaj al yubig wjkaj*
7;* Tybyg ycugg lbdyaut ycby fk`cy igygufkjg bj kjik|kiwbmt dcakdg al addw~bykaj*
_4V
Lukj`g egjglkyt
Pauokj` dajikykaj bji ~uafaykaj
* Iktdwtt pc{ tafg addw~bykajt ugdgk|g ck`cgu pb`gt ycbj aycgu addw~bykajt*
_0V
Ycgug bug |bukawt ugbtajt pc{ tafg pauogut bug ~bki faug ycbj aycgut* Ajg al ycg faty
kf~auybjy ugbtajt kt ycby ycg mg|gm al yubkjkj` bji giwdbykaj* Tafg addw~bykajt jggi rwbmklkgi
bji yubkjgi pauogut bji fbjb`gut pca t~gji ib{t al yubkjkj` bji giwdbykaj pcgug bt aycgu
addw~bykaj fb{ jay jggi ya cb|g twdc giwdbykajbm rwbmklkdbykaj* Ta- ycgug pkmm eg ikllgugjdg kj
ycg pb`gt* Tgdajim{- pauogut fb{ eg kj|am|gi kj yubig wjkajt pckmg aycgut fb{ jay pckdc pkmm
fbog tafg ikllgugjdg kj ycg pb`gt* Yckuim{- kl ycgug kt b uamg al ycg `a|gujfgjy kj fkjkfwf
pb`g mg`ktmbykaj pckmg aycgu addw~bykajt fk`cy jay- ycgj ycgug fk`cy eg bj gsktygjdg al pb`g
ikllgugjdg egypggj pauogut* Fauga|gu ycg igfbji lau ycg lkjbm ~uaiwdy kt bmta bj kf~auybjy
lbdyau* Ycg ck`cgu ycg igfbji lau ycg ~uaiwdy ycg ck`cgu ycg pb`g ubyg pkmm eg*
Ky pbt ug~auygi kj 5>>5 ycby ~ga~mg kj @gufbj{ pgug gs~gdykj` ybs uktgt bji bj kjdugbtg
kj wjgf~ma{fgjy*
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faty tgukawt y{~g ojapj bt ycg `gjgubm au d{dmkdbm wjgf~ma{fgjy kt dbwtgi iwg ya lbmm kj ycg
b``ug`byg igfbji al ycg dawjyu{*
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Ycg faty kf~auybjy `a|gujfgjy ~amkd{ bkft bug jbfgm{ lwmm gf~ma{fgjy- ~ukdg tybekmky{-
twtybkjgi gdajafkd `uapyc- lb|aubemg ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjy bji grwbm iktyukewykaj al kjdafg bji
pgbmyc* Lkutym{- ya bdckg|g ycg lwmm gf~ma{fgjy `a|gujfgjy kjdugbtg kyt t~gjikj` kj auigu ya
kjdugbtg ycg hae a~~auywjkykgt lau ycg ~ga~mg* Lkjbmm{ yckt kjdugbtg kj t~gjikj` ugtwmyt b ck`cgu
~ukdg al `aait bji tgu|kdgt ojapj bt kjlmbykaj* Tgdajim{- ya bdckg|g grwbm iktyukewykaj al kjdafg-
`a|gujfgjy fk`cy kjdugbtg ycg ubyg al ybsbykaj pckdc iktdawub`gt ~ga~mg ya t~gji faug* Bt b
ugtwmy- ycg yaybm t~gjikj` al ycg gdajaf{ ugiwdgt pckdc ugiwdg ycg gdajafkd `uapyc
V
Fksgi gdajafkgt bug gdajafkd t{tygf kj pckdc eayc ~uk|byg bji ~wemkd tgdyau a~gubyg tkig e{
tkig bji pauo lau ycg pgmlbug al ycg ~ga~mg* Fbj{ gdajafkgt bug fksgi gdajafkgt iwg ya
|bukawt bi|bjyb`gt al fksgi gdajaf{* Lkutym{- fksgi gdajaf{ bmmapt dcakdg bji daf~gykykaj lau
dajtwfgut bji ~uaiwdgut* Dcakdg bmmapt dajtwfgut ya dcaatg ycg egyygu rwbmky{ `aait pckdc
`k|g ycgf b fbskfwf tbyktlbdykaj bji daf~gykykaj kjdugbtgt ycg gllkdkgjd{ al ycg ~uaiwdgut bt
pgmm* Tgdajim{- fksgi gdajaf{ igbmt pkyc gsygujbmkykgt bmta* Yckt fgbjt ycby ycg gsygujbm daty ya
ycg tadkgy{ kt dajtkigugi bji ycg fbuogy kt egkj` ug`wmbygi e{ ycg dgjyubm `a|gujfgjy*
Aj ycg aycgu cbji kj fbuogy gdajaf{- ycgug kt bj gsktygjdg al fbuogy lbkmwug pckdc ugtwmyt
~ammwykaj egkj` a|gu |bmwgi bji ycg ugtawudgt bug jay bmmadbygi kj bj wjg|gj pb{* Fauga|gu kj
daffbji gdajaf{- pgmlbug fayk|g iktdawub`g ycg ~uaiwdykaj ~uadgtt bji ~uaiwdgut ~uaiwdkj`
`aait bji tgu|kdgt* Lkjbmm{ fksgi gdajaf{ kt egyygu egdbwtg ~ga~mg cb|g tgml kjygugty bji byycg tbfg ykfg `a|gujfgjy kt ycgug ya ug`wmbyg ycg fbuogy*
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05* Iktdwtt pcgycgu ycgug bug bj{ egjglkyt luaf t~gdkbmkxbykaj ubycgu ycbj
ik|gutklkdbykaj* _
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Wjkajt yu{ ya kjdugbtg ycg pgmlbug al ycgku fgfegut* Kj f{ a~kjkaj kjdugbtkj` pb`gt kt ycg faty
kf~auybjy lwjdykaj*
07* Tybyg ycugg lbdyaut ycby fk`cy igygufkjg bj kjik|kiwbmt dcakdg al
addw~bykaj* _4V
Pb`g ubyg- pauokj` dajikykajt bji aycgu egjglkyt
0
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Tgdajim{ `a|gujfgjy fk`cy pkyc ya dajtgu|g ugtawudgt lau ycg lwywug `gjgubykaj ta bt ya twtybkj
ycg ig|gma~fgjy al ycg dawjyu{ twdc bt ycg ajg dckmi ~amkd{ al ycg `a|gujfgjy al dckjb*
0;* Bt dawjyukgt egdafg faug gdajafkdbmm{ ig|gma~gi- ycgug kt b dcbj`g kj ycg
ugmbyk|g kf~auybjdg al ycg ikllgugjy tgdyaut al ~uaiwdykaj* Igtdukeg pcby yckt
dcbj`g fk`cy eg* _7V
Ycg wtg al ycg tdbudg ugtawudgt al b ig|gma~kj` dawjyu{ pkmm eg ikllgugjy luaf ycby al b ig|gma~gi
dawjyu{* Cgjdg yckt dcbj`g pkmm eg uglmgdygi ya ycg bib~ybykaj al ycg gdajafkd tgdyau kj ycg
dawjyu{* Ycgug bug fbhau ycugg y{~gt al tgdyaut jbfgm{ ~ukfbu{ #gsyubdykj` ubp fbygukbmt+-
tgdajibu{ #fbjwlbdywukj`+ bji yguykbu{ #tgu|kdg+* Kj ig|gma~kj` dawjyukgt- faty al ycg ~ga~mg pkmm
eg pauokj` kj ~ukfbu{ tgdyaut twdc bt lktckj`- b`ukdwmywug* Yckt kt egdbwtg ugtawudgt bug jay
wtgi by ycgku fbskfwf ~aygjykbm* Pcgj dawjyukgt ig|gma~gi- ycgug pkmm eg dcbj`gt kj ycg
kf~auybjdg al ycgtgt tgdyaut luaf ~ukfbu{- tgdajibu{ ya yguykbu{ tgdyaut* Kj aycgu pauit- faty al
ycg ~ga~mg kj ig|gma~gi dawjyukgt pkmm eg pauokj` kj yguykbu{ tgdyaut twdc bt ebjokj`- kjtwubjdg
gyd*
00* Igtdukeg pcby ikllgugjdgt fk`cy eg lawji kj ycg tybjibui al mk|kj` al ycg
b|gub`g ~gutaj kj b Ig|gma~gi dawjyu{ daf~bugi pkyc bj b|gub`g ~gutaj kj
b ig|gma~kj` dawjyu{* _
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gllkdkgjd{* Kj f{ a~kjkaj- jaufbmm{ kj yckt tkywbykaj lksgi daty pkmm kjdugbtg bji |bukbemg daty pkmm
igdugbtg*
3>* Tafg lkuft kjyg`ubyg pkyc aycgut* Gs~mbkj ycg ikllgugjy lauft al kjyg`ubykaj-
bji tw``gty pc{ kjyg`ubykaj cb~~gjt* _2>V
Kjyg`ubykaj fgbjt hakjkj` ya`gycgu al ypa au faug lkuft* Ycgug bug jaufbmm{ ycugg y{~gt al
kjyg`ubykaj* Lkutym{ caukxajybm kjyg`ubykaj pcgug ypa lkuft hakj pckdc ~uaiwdgt tkfkmbu ~uaiwdyt
twdc bt hakjkj` al ypa tw~gufbuogyt* Ycg aycgu gsyugfg kt mbygubm pcgug ypa lkuft hakj pckdc
~uaiwdgt gjykugm{ ikllgugjy ~uaiwdyt twdc bt hakjkj` al b tw~gufbuogy bji bj b`ukdwmywubm lkuf*
Ycg faty kf~auybjy y{~g kt |guykdbm kjyg`ubykaj pcgug lkuft hakj kj ikllgugjy tyb`gt al ~uaiwdykaj*
\guykdbm kjyg`ubykaj kt ik|kigi kjya ypa jbfgm{ |guykdbm laupbui bji |guykdbm ebdopbui kjyg`ubykaj*
\guykdbm ebdopbui kjyg`ubykaj fgbjt hakjkj` al lkuft ya kyt tw~~m{ al ubp fbygukbmt twdc bt akm
fbjwlbdywukj` daf~bj{ hakjt bj akm gsyubdykj` daf~bj{* \guykdbm laupbui kjyg`ubykaj fgbjt
hakjkj` al b lkuf ya kyt fbuogy awymgyt twdc bt bj akm gsyubdykj` daf~bj{ hakjt ~gyuam tgmmkj` tca~t*
Kjyg`ubykaj cb~~gjt iwg ya |bukawt ugbtajt* Lkutym{ lkuft pbjy ya bdckg|g gdajafkgt al tdbmg
pckdc fgbjt lkuft pkmm eg bemg ya ugiwdg daty e{ ~uaiwdkj` faug* Tgdajim{ ky cgm~t lkuft ya
kjdugbtg ycgku awy~wy bji ~ualkyt bji lkjbmm{ ycgug pkmm eg `ugbygu tgdwuky{ kj ycg fbuogy pcgj ya
lkuft hakj bji egdafg ajg*
B fwmyk&jbykajbm pbt igtdukegi bt b mbu`g daf~bj{ ycby gf~ma{t ~ga~mg luaf ikllgugjy
dawjyukgt bji kt dajyuammgi e{ b `a|gujfgjy*
32* Gs~mbkj pcgycgu yckt kt b dauugdy igtduk~ykaj* _9V
Ycg bea|g tybygfgjy beawy fwmykjbykajbm kt jay dauugdy* Fwmykjbykajbm daf~bjkgt bug ycatg
daf~bjkgt pckdc ~uaiwdg kj faug ycbj ajg dawjyu{ bji pckdc cbt kyt cgbirwbuygut kj ajg
dawjyu{* Gf~ma{kj` ~ga~mg luaf ikllgugjy dawjyukgt kt jay b lgbywug al fwmykjbykajbm daf~bj{ bji
fauga|gu- ycgtg daf~bjkgt bug jay dajyuammgi e{ `a|gujfgjy*
^buyjgutck~t bug apjgi e{ ajm{ ypa ~ga~mg pckmg ~wemkd daf~bjkgt bug apjgi e{ ycg
`a|gujfgjy*
35* Gs~mbkj pcgycgu ycg bea|g iglkjkykajt bug dauugdy* _9V
Kjdauugdy* ^buyjgutck~t bug jay jgdgttbukm{ ypa ~ga~mg? ycg{ fb{ dajtkty al bmm ycg ~ga~mg pauokj`
kj ycg au`bjkxbykaj* ^wemkd daf~bjkgt bug jay apjgi e{ ycg `a|gujfgjy* ^wemkd daf~bjkgt kttwg
tcbugt bji bug apjgi e{ ycg ~uk|byg tgdyau* #Kjik|kiwbm !tcbugcamigut+
Gs~gjikywug kj bj gdajaf{ fb{ eg gkycgu ~uk|byg gs~gjikywug au ~wemkd gs~gjikywug*
E{8 Bmkf PPP*A&Bmg|gm*da*dd 57
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34* Gs~mbkj ycg ikllgugjdg egypggj ycgtg y{~gt al gs~gjikywug- `k|kj` ajg
gsbf~mg al gbdc* _4V
^wemkd gs~gjikywug uglgut ya ycg t~gjikj` al ycg `a|gujfgjy ya ~ua|kig ~wemkd `aait bji
tgu|kdgt mkog iglgjtg tgu|kdgt- uabit- tyuggyt- bji mbf~t- ~wemkd ~buot gyd pckdc ia jay cb|g
fbuogy ~ukdg* Ycg `a|gujfgjy ~ua|kigt ycgtg ya kf~ua|g ycg pgmlbug al ycg ~ga~mg*
^uk|byg gs~gjikywug uglgut ya ycg t~gjikj` e{ kjik|kiwbmt bji lkuft ya ~ua|kig ycg `aait bji
tgu|kdgt igfbjigi e{ ycg ~ga~mg by b fbuogy ~ukdg* ^uk|byg t~gjikj` kt fayk|bygi e{ ~ualky twdc
bt ~uk|byg ~ga~mg t~gji ya ewkmi b cat~kybm*
39* Gs~mbkj pcby kt fgbjy e{ bj a~~auywjky{ daty bji b tadkbm egjglky* _9V
A~~auywjky{ daty dbj eg iglkjgi bt b daty al jgsy egty bmygujbyk|g lau`ajg kj auigu ya bdckg|g ycg
egty dcakdg* Tadkbm daty dbj eg iglkjgi bt b daty ya ycg tadkgy{ iwg ya dajtwf~ykaj au ~uaiwdykaj
al b `aai kt tgu|kdg* Au ky kt ycg twf al ~uk|byg daty bji gsygujbm daty* ^ammwykaj kt bj gsbf~mg al
b tadkbm daty iwg ya pbtyb`g al yaskd pbtygt luaf ycg lbdyaukgt*
Gsbf~mg al a~~auywjky{ daty8& b ~gutaj cbt FUL 7 ya ew{ gkycgu b daog au ~g~tk* Cg eaw`cy
daog* Ycguglaug ycg a~~auywjky{ daty al ew{kj` daog kt ycg ~g~tk ycby cg mgly*
37* Iktdwtt pcgycgu `a|gujfgjy t~gjikj` aj ~amkdg bji bufgi laudgt dawmi eg
b ugtwmy al fbuogy lbkmwug _
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33* Pcby kt fgbjy e{ ~ualky fbskfkxbykaj1 _4V
Fgycai wtgi e{ daf~bjkgt ya kjdugbtg ycg ~ualkyt e{ kjdugbtg kj ycg ikllgugjdg egypggj yaybm
ug|gjwg bji yaybm daty
3;* Dajyubty ycg dcbubdyguktykdt al ypa y{~gt al ewtkjgtt au`bjkxbykaj*_* Pcby kt fgbjy e{ pcgj bj kjiwtyu{ kt tbki ya egdafg faug db~kybm kjygjtk|g
ubycgu ycbj mbeawu kjygjtk|g*_4V
Mbeawu kjygjtk|g fgbjt wtkj` faug mbeawut kj ycg ~uaiwdykaj ~uadgtt pcgugbt db~kybm kjygjtk|g
fgbjt wtkj` faug fbdckjgt kj ycg ~uaiwdykaj ~uadgtt* Ya egdafg faug db~kybm kjygjtk|g ubycgu
ycbj mbeawu kjygjtk|g fgbjt wtkj` faug fbdckjgt ycbj mbeawut kj ycg ~uaiwdykaj*
;2* Kigjykl{ ycugg dbwtgt al b dcbj`g kj ycg igfbji lau b `aai* _4V
^ukdg al ycg ~uaiwdy- kjdafg al ycg ~ga~mg bji twddgttlwm bi|guyktkj`*
E{8 Bmkf PPP*A&Bmg|gm*da*dd 50
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;5* Kj Hb~bj ~gutktygjy pauukgt beawy hae tgdwuky{- ck`c wjgf~ma{fgjy bji b
tygbi{ lbmm kj kjdafg cb|g fgbjy ycby dajtwfgut bug ew{kj` mgtt* Yckt cbt dbwtgi
ycg ~ukdgt al tafg ~uaiwdyt ya lbmm* Wtg igfbji bji tw~~m{ bjbm{tkt bji ikb`ubft
ya gs~mbkj cap ycg ugbtajt `k|gj kj ycg bea|g gsyubdy dawmi dbwtg b lbmm kj ycg ~ukdg
al b ~uaiwdy* _
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B dmgbu uawyg ya Amg|gm twddgtt kj Gdajafkdt Lkuty Gikykaj& E{ Bmkf
;9* Kjikb kt ycg paumit tg|gjyc&mbu`gty dajtwfgu al akm* Igfbji lau akm dawmi
faug ycbj iawemg kj ycg jgsy 27 {gbut egdbwtg al tyuaj` kjiwtyukbm `uapyc bji
kjdugbtkj` jwfegut al Kjikbjt pca pkmm eg bemg ya bllaui ya ew{ dbut bji
fayaud{dmgt* Bt igfbji `uapt ta pkmm Kjikbt ig~gjigjdg aj kf~auyt* Kjikb
kf~auyt buawji 0>' al kyt akm* Gs~mbkj wtkj` b igfbji bji tw~~m{ ikb`ubf pcby
ycg buykdmg tb{t pkmm eg ycg mkogm{ dcbj`g kj ycg fbuogy lau akm kj Kjikb kj ycg jgsy 27
{gbut* _7V
^UKDG
I
^2
^
T
I2T
R R2
I2
I
RWBJYKY[
Ycg ikb`ubf tcapt ycby igfbji kjdugbtgt luaf
I ya I2* Bt b ugtwmy al yckt kjdugbtg- ycg fbuogy
rwbjyky{ bji ~ukdg kjdugbtgt luaf R ya R2 bji ^
ya ^2 ugt~gdyk|gm{*
Igfbji kjdugbtgt egdbwtg ycgug kt b tyuaj`
kjiwtyukbm `uapyc bji kjdugbtkj` ycg jwfegu al
Kjikbjt pca pkmm eg bemg ya bllaui ya ew{ dbut
bji fayaud{dmgt*
;7* Kj 5>>7- Gwua~gbj tw~gufbuogyt dcbj`gi ycgku igfbji ya b jgp- tpggygu~kjgb~~mg jay `uapj kj @cbjb* Wtg igfbji bji tw~~m{ ikb`ubft ya gs~mbkj pcby
cb~~gjgi kj ycg fbuogy lau eayc y{~gt al ~kjgb~~mg* _
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;3* Pc{ ia tafg lkuft ugfbkj tfbmm kj tkxg1 _>* Pcby kt fgbjy e{ b ugybkm ~ukdg kjigs1 _4V
Ugybkm ~ukdg kjigs kt bj kjtyuwfgjy wtgi ya fgbtwug ycg ubyg al dcbj`gt kj ~ukdgt al `aait
bji tgu|kdgt kj b ~buykdwmbu ykfg ~gukai*
E{8 Bmkf PPP*A&Bmg|gm*da*dd 42
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