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VIRGINIA HENDERSON
Gopal Singh CharanLecturerSGL College of Nursing
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CREDENTIALS ANDBACKGROUND OF THETHEORIST
The Nightingale of Modern Nursing
Modern-Day Mother of
Nursing.
Born in Kansas City,
Missouri, in 1897
She attended the U.S.Army School of Nursing.
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CREDENTIALS AND BACKGROUND
OF THE THEORIST
Subsequently, she joined Columbia as amember of the faculty, where she
remained until 1948.
Her most important writing, Principles
and Practice of Nursing.
Honor Society of Nursing named their
library in honor of her contributions Died: March 19, 1996
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Sources of Hendersons definition of
Nursing
First, she participated in the revision ofa nursing textbook.
Second, she was concerned that
many states had no provision fornursing licensure to ensure safe and
competent care for the consumer.
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Sources of Hendersons definition of
nursing (contd)
Official statements on the nursingfunction were published by the
American Nurses Association(ANA) in
1932 and 1937. Henderson viewed these statements
as nonspecific and unsatisfactory
definitions of nursing practice.
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Sources of Hendersons definition of
Nursing cont..
Individual care is evident in that shestressed assisting individuals.
She proposed 14 components of basic
nursing care to augment her definition. In 1955, Hendersons first definition of
nursing was published in Bertha
Harmers revised nursing textbook.
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Henderson's Definition of
Nursing
The unique function of nurse is toassist the individual, sick or well,in the performance of thoseactivities contributing to health or
its recovery (or to peaceful death)that he would perform unaided ifhe had the necessary strength,
will or knowledge. And to this insuch a way as to help him gainindependence as rapidly as
possible. 4/3/2013 7
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Values & Beliefs She strongly believed in "getting
inside the skin"of her patients inorder to know what he or she needs.
The nurse should be the substitute forthe patient, helper to the patient and
partner with the patient.
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Values & Beliefs Like she said...
"The nurse is temporarily the
consciousness of the unconscious, the
love of life for the suicidal, the leg ofthe amputee, the eyes of the newly
blind, a means of locomotion for the
infant and the knowledge andconfidence for the young mother..."
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14 components of BasicNursing Care
Breathe normally.
Eat and drink adequately.
Eliminate body wastes.
Move and maintain desirable
postures.
Sleep and rest.
Select suitable clothes-dress and
undress.
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The 14 components cont..
Maintain body temperature
Keep the body clean
and well groomed and
protect the integument
Avoid dangers in the environment and
avoid injuring others.
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The 14 components cont..
Communicate with others inexpressing emotions, needs, fears, oropinions.
Worship according to ones faith. Work in such a way that there is a
sense of accomplishment.
Play or participate
in various forms
of recreation.
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The 14 components cont Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity
that leads to normal development andhealth and use the available health
facilities
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Physiological
Psychosocial
Spiritual
Occupational
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Major concepts
Patient
Have basic needs that are component
of health.
Requiring assistance to achieve healthand independence or a peaceful
death.
Mind and body are inseparable andinterrelated.
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Major concepts cont..
Considers biological, psychological,sociological, and spiritual components
Environment
Healthy individuals may be able tocontrol the environment, but illness
may interfere with that ability.
Nurses should protect patients from
mechanical
injury.
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Major concepts cont..
Nurses should minimize the chancesof injury through recommendations
Doctors use nurses observations and
judgment as the base theirprescriptions for protective devices.
Nurses must know about social
customs and religious practice toassess dangers.
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Major concepts cont..
Health
Health is a quality of life.
Health is basic to human functioning.
Health requires independence and
interdependence.
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Major concepts cont..
Promotion of health is more importantthan care of the sick.
Individual will achieve or maintain
health if they have the necessarystrength, will or knowledge.
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Major concepts cont..
Nursing Temporarily assisting an individual who
lacks the necessary strength, will and
knowledge to satisfy 1 or more of 14 basic
needs.
Assists and supports the individual in life
activities and the attainment of
independence. Nurse serves to make patient
complete whole", or
"independent. 4/3/2013 19
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Major concepts cont..
The nurse is knowledgeable in bothbiological and social sciences.
The nurse function as a member of a
medical team. Nurse should have knowledge to
practice individualized and human
care and should be a scientificproblem solver.
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Henderson and NursingProcess
Henderson views the nursing processas really the application of the logical
approach to the solution of a problem.
Nursing process stresses the scienceof nursing rather than the mixture of
science and art on which it seems
effective health care service of anykind is based.
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Nursing Process Hendersons 14 componentsand definition of nursing
Nursing Assessment Compare data to knowledge base of
health and disease.
Nursing Diagnosis Identify individuals ability to meet own
needs with or without assistance,
Nursing plan Document how the nurse can assist theindividual, sick or well.
Nursing implementation Assist the sick or well individual to
maintain health or recover from illness
Nursing evaluation Successful outcomes of nursing care
are based on the speed with which or
degree to which the patient performs
independently the activities of daily
living.
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CHARACTERSTICS OFNURSING THEORY Theories can interrelate concepts in
such a way as to create a different
way of looking at a particular
phenomenon. Theories must be logical in nature.
Her definition and components are
logical and the 14 components are aguide for the individual and nurse in
reaching the chosen goal.
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CHARACTERSTICS OFNURSING THEORY cont..
Theories should be relatively simple yet
generalizable.
Her work can be applied to the health of
individuals of all ages.
Theories can be the bases for hypotheses
that can be tested.
Her definition of nursing cannot be viewed
as theory; therefore, it is impossible to
generate testable hypotheses.244/3/2013
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CHARACTERSTICS OFNURSING THEORY cont.
Her ideas of nursing practice are wellaccepted throughout the world as a
basis for nursing care.
However, the impact of the definitionand components has not been
established through research.
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THEORETICAL ASSERTIONS
THE NURSE PATIENTRELATIONSHIP
Three levels comprising the nurse patient
relationship can be identified, ranging from
very dependent to a quite independent
relationship
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THEORETICAL ASSERTIONScont..
Substitute
Helper
Partner
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THEORETICAL ASSERTIONScont..
THE NURSE-PHYSICIAN RELATIONSHIP
The care plan, formulated by both the nurse
and patient, must be implemented in such a
way as to promote the physicians prescribedtherapeutic plan.
Henderson stressed that nurses do not
follow doctors orders
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THEORITAL ASSERTIONS
THE NURSE AS A MEMBER OF THEHEALTHCARE TEAM
The nurse works in interdependence
with other healthcare professionals Henderson stated no one of the team
should make such heavy demands on
another member
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THEORETICAL ASSERTIONS
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THEORETICAL ASSERTIONScont..
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NURSE
PATIENT ANDFAMILYPHYSICIAN
ANAESTHETICPATIENT
ANDFAMILY
PHYSICIAN
NURSE
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APPLICATIONS cont..
Practice The nurse can help the patient move to an
independent state by
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Assessment
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
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APPLICATIONS cont..
Provide a rationale for collectingreliable and valid data about the
health status of clients
Help build a common nursingterminology to use in communicating
with other health professionals
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APP ICATIONS
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APPLICATIONS cont..
Education
Provide a general focus for curriculumdesign
3 phases of curriculum development
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Fundamental needs
Meet theneeds
Patient andfamilycentered
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APPLICATIONS cont..
ResearchResearch questions arise from each of the
14 components of basic nursing care.
Henderson concluded no profession,occupation or industry in this age can
evaluate adequately or improve it practice
without research Offer a framework for generating
knowledge and new ideas.
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Strengths
Nursing education has been deeplyaffected by Hendersons clear vision
of the functions of nurses.
It is broad in scope.
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Weaknesses
No concept of the holistic nature ofhuman being.
Lack of conceptual linkage between
physiological and other humancharacteristics.
Lacks inter-relate of factors and the
influence of nursing care.
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References
Ann Marriner Tomey; NursingTheorists and their Works; 5th edition;
2002; Page no.98-107
Malanie M and Evelyn m Willa;Theoritical basis for nursing; 2nd Ed
2007 page no.137-140
Kozier nad erbs;Fundamental ofnursing,8th ed;page no.43-44.
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References cont.. Marilyn P; Nursing theories and nursing
practice, 2001, page no.143-149Anne H and John R; A tribute to Virginia
Henderson; Advances in nursing science;
1996 Sep 19(1) 1-2 Edward j Halloran; Virginia Henderson and
her timeless timings; journal of advancednursing; 2006 May, page no. 17-24
Excellence in Nursing; American journal ofnursing; 1990 Apr.Page no.76-77
Current nursing.com
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