1 structures. 2 what is a structure? used for handling a group of logically related data items ...

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Structures

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What is a Structure? Used for handling a group of logically

related data itemsExamples:

Student name, roll number, and marks Real part and complex part of a complex number

Helps in organizing complex data in a more meaningful way

The individual structure elements are called members

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Defining a Structure struct tag {

member 1; member 2; : member m; };

struct is the required C keyword tag is the name of the structure member 1, member 2, … are individual member

declarations

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Contd. The individual members can be ordinary variables,

pointers, arrays, or other structures (any data type) The member names within a particular structure

must be distinct from one another A member name can be the same as the name of

a variable defined outside of the structure Once a structure has been defined, the individual

structure-type variables can be declared as: struct tag var_1, var_2, …, var_n;

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Example A structure definition

struct student {

char name[30]; int roll_number; int total_marks; char dob[10]; };

Defining structure variables:

struct student a1, a2, a3;

A new data-type

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A Compact Form It is possible to combine the declaration of the structure

with that of the structure variables:

struct tag { member 1; member 2; : member m; } var_1, var_2,…, var_n;

Declares three variables of type struct tag In this form, tag is optional

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Accessing a Structure The members of a structure are processed

individually, as separate entities Each member is a separate variable

A structure member can be accessed by writing variable.member

where variable refers to the name of a structure-type variable, and member refers to the name of a member within the structure

Examples:a1.name, a2.name, a1.roll_number, a3.dob

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Example: Complex number additionvoid main(){ struct complex { float real; float cmplex; } a, b, c;

scanf (“%f %f”, &a.real, &a.cmplex); scanf (“%f %f”, &b.real, &b.cmplex);

c.real = a.real + b.real; c.cmplex = a.cmplex + b.cmplex;

printf (“\n %f + %f j”, c.real, c.cmplex);}

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Operations on Structure Variables Unlike arrays, a structure variable can be directly

assigned to another structure variable of the same type a1 = a2; All the individual members get assigned

Two structure variables can not be compared for equality or inequality

if (a1 == a2)…… this cannot be done

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Arrays of Structures

Once a structure has been defined, we can declare an array of structures

struct student class[50];

The individual members can be accessed as: class[i].name class[5].roll_number

type name

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Arrays within Structures A structure member can be an array

The array element within the structure can be accessed as: a1.marks[2], a1.dob[3],…

struct student { char name[30]; int roll_number; int marks[5]; char dob[10];} a1, a2, a3;

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Structure Initialization Structure variables may be initialized following

similar rules of an array. The values are provided within the second braces separated by commas

An example: struct complex a={1.0,2.0}, b={-3.0,4.0};

a.real=1.0; a.imag=2.0;b.real=-3.0; b.imag=4.0;

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Parameter Passing in a Function Structure variables can be passed as parameters like

any other variables. Only the values will be copied during function invocation

void swap (struct complex a, struct complex b) { struct complex tmp;

tmp=a; a=b; b=tmp; }

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Returning structures It is also possible to return structure values from a

function. The return data type of the function should be as same as the data type of the structure itself

struct complex add(struct complex a, struct complex b) { struct complex tmp;

tmp.real = a.real + b.real; tmp.imag = a.imag + b.imag; return(tmp); }

Direct arithmetic operations are not possible with structure variables

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Defining data type: using typedef One may define a structure data-type with a single

name typedef struct newtype { member-variable1; member-variable2; . member-variableN; } mytype; mytype is the name of the new data-type

Also called an alias for struct newtype Writing the tag name newtype is optional, can be

skipped Naming follows rules of variable naming

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typedef : An example typedef struct {

float real; float imag; } _COMPLEX;

Defined a new data type named _COMPLEX. Now can declare and use variables of this type

_COMPLEX a, b, c;

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Note: typedef is not restricted to just structures, can define new types from any existing type

Example: typedef int INTEGER Defines a new type named INTEGER from the

known type int Can now define variables of type INTEGER which

will have all properties of the int type

INTEGER a, b, c;

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The earlier program using typedeftypedef struct{ float real; float imag; } _COMPLEX;

void swap (_COMPLEX a, _COMPLEX b) { _COMPLEX tmp;

tmp = a; a = b; b = tmp; }

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Contd.void print (_COMPLEX a){

printf("(%f, %f) \n",a.real,a.imag); }

void main() { _COMPLEX x={4.0,5.0}, y={10.0,15.0};

print(x); print(y); swap(x,y); print(x); print(y); }

swap.c

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Output:(4.000000, 5.000000)(10.000000, 15.000000)(4.000000, 5.000000)(10.000000, 15.000000)

x and y are not swapped! But that has got nothing to do with structures specially. We will see its reason shortly

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Structures and Functions

A structure can be passed as argument to a function

A function can also return a structure

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Example: complex number additionvoid main(){ _COMPLEX a, b, c; scanf(“%f %f”, &a.real, &a.imag); scanf(“%f %f”, &b.real, &b.imag); c = add (a, b) ; printf(“\n %f %f”, c,real, c.imag);}

_COMPLEX add(_COMPLEX x, _COMPLEX y){ _COMPLEX t;

t.real = x.real + y.real; t.imag = x.imag + y.imag ; return (t) ;}

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Exercise Problems1. Extend the complex number program to include functions

for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division2. Define a structure for representing a point in two-

dimensional Cartesian co-ordinate system• Write a function to compute the distance between two

given points• Write a function to compute the middle point of the line

segment joining two given points• Write a function to compute the area of a triangle, given

the co-ordinates of its three vertices