1 social development adolescence. self-development changes in self-concept in early adolescence,...
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Social Development
Adolescence
SELF-DEVELOPMENT
Changes in Self-Concept In early adolescence, self-statements
often include contradictory descriptions (“but”).
Compared to school-age children, teens also place more emphasis on social virtues, such as being friendly, considerate, kind, and cooperative.
Changes in Self-Esteem
Several new dimensions are added to self-esteem including close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence.
Except for temporary declines associated with school transition, self-esteem is on the rise for most adolescents.
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Personality Development
Erikson Identity versus Identity Confusion
“Who am I?” Identity crisis
Temporary period of confusion and distress as adolescents experiment with alternatives before settling on values and goals. Common in complex societies.
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ERIKSON’S THEORY
Identity versus Identity Confusion Positive resolution: satisfaction with personal
identity Identity
Well-organized conception of self made up of values, beliefs, and goals
Negative resolution: confusion about adult roles Identity confusion
State in which adolescents appear shallow and directionless
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Paths to Identity
Identity status: Crisis vs. Commitment Identity achievement
Commitment to self-chosen values and occupational goals Moratorium
Exploring alternative values and goals Identity foreclosure
Acceptance of values and goals from authority figures Identity diffusion
No firm commitments to values and goals Adolescents shift statuses. Gender differences?
Influences on Identity Development
Personality A flexible, open-minded approach to grappling with
competing beliefs and values is important.
Family When the family serves as a “secure base” from which
teenagers can confidently move out into the wider world, identity development is enhanced.
Foreclosed teenagers have bonds with parents, but lack opportunities for healthy separation.
Diffused adolescents report the lowest levels of warm, open communication at home.
Influences on Identity Development
Peers Close friends help young people explore options by
providing emotional support, assistance, and role models of identity development.
School and Community Classrooms that promote high-level thinking,
extracurricular and community activities, and vocational training programs foster identity achievement.
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Identity Status and Psychological Well-Being
Identity achieved or still exploring High self-esteem, more abstract and critical thinking,
greater similarity between ideal and real self, advanced in moral reasoning
Foreclosed individuals Dogmatic, inflexible, and intolerant
Long-term diffused Fatalistic, passive, likely to use and abuse drugs
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Family Relationships
Parent-Child Relationships Teenagers no longer bend as easily to parental
authority. Disagreements are harder to settle.
Parents give greater autonomy if they are financially secure, invested in work, and
content with marriage. Less than 10 percent of families with adolescents
have serious trouble.
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PEER RELATIONS
Teens average 18 nonschool hours per week with peers.
Adolescent Friendships Psychological intimacy
and loyalty Usually alike in age,
sex, ethnicity, social class, attitudes, values but less homogeneous than before
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Cliques and Crowds
Peer groups increasingly common during adolescence
Clique 5 to 7 adolescents who are close friends
Crowd Large, loosely organized group of several cliques
with similar norms
– A crowd grants identity in larger social structure.
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Cliques and Crowds
As dating increases, boy and girl cliques come together influence of clique declines Dating relationships allow for intimate relationship practise at first
Clique allows for acquisition of new social skills and experimenting with values and roles.
Can require conformity and lead to lowered self-esteem
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Attachment research: Focus has been on infant development, child peer relationships, adult intimacy, and parenting commitment
Research has not focused on teens, nor the sexuality component of relationships
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Attachment Measurement in Teens Adolescent AAI (Interview Narrative): How child
parental experiences are organized: autonomous, preoccupied, dismissing, and fearful (Corresponds to B, C, A, & D in infants)
Romantic Relationship Self Reports Experiences in Close Relationships – R Two subscales: Anxiety and Avoidance in Romantic
Relationships Attachment Behavior in Sexual Relationships
Security, Ambivalent, and Avoidant Subscales
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Intercorrelation of sexual relationship measures
Szielasko, Symons, & Price, 2007
Secure
Ambivalent
Avoidant
r=.51
r= -.82
r= -.67
SecureInsecure(Amb + Avoid)
r= -.84
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Sexual relationship subscales: Concurrent validation
Secure Styles:
*Prefer secure sexual partners (.28)*Do not prefer ambivalent (-.24) nor avoidant (-.27) partners*Are neither romantically anxious (-.31) nor avoidant (-.31)
Ambivalent Styles:
*Prefer avoidant sexual partners (.40)*Do not prefer ambivalent (-.39) nor secure (-.31) partners*Are both romantically anxious (.54) and avoidant (.37)
Avoidant Styles:
*Prefer ambivalent (.24) and avoidant (.30) sexual partners *Do not prefer secure (-.28) partners*Are romantically avoidant (.38)
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Sexual relationship styles and sexual approaches
Condom Use
# Sexual Partners
Exp. Unwanted Sex
Exp. Verbal Coercion
Exp. Sexual Assault
Use Unwanted Sex
Use Verbal Coercion
Secure Ambivalent Avoidant
MF +
-
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Anti-Social Behaviour: Delinquency
Juvenile delinquents are minors who commit crimes or acts only illegal for minors.
These crimes account for 30 percent of police arrests.
Delinquency rises in early teenage years, remains high during middle adolescence, and declines into young adulthood.
Adolescents commit 27 percent of violent crimes and 42 percent of property crimes.
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Factors Related to Delinquency
Much more common for boys than girls Low-SES and minority youths more
aggressively arrested, charged, and punished Correlates
Difficult temperament Low intelligence Poor school performance Peer rejection in childhood Entry into antisocial peer groups
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Developmental Path to Delinquency
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