1 profit maximization molly w. dahl georgetown university econ 101 – spring 2009

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Profit Maximization

Molly W. DahlGeorgetown UniversityEcon 101 – Spring 2009

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Economic Profit Suppose the firm is in a short-run

circumstance in which Its short-run production function is

The firm’s profit function is

y f x x ( , ~ ).1 2

py w x w x1 1 2 2~ .

x x2 2~ .

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Short-Run Iso-Profit Lines

A $ iso-profit line contains all the production plans that provide a profit level $.

A $ iso-profit line’s equation is

py w x w x1 1 2 2~ .

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Short-Run Iso-Profit Lines

A $ iso-profit line contains all the production plans that yield a profit level of $.

The equation of a $ iso-profit line is

Rearranging

py w x w x1 1 2 2~ .

ywp

xw xp

11

2 2 ~.

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Short-Run Iso-Profit Lines

ywp

xw xp

11

2 2 ~

has a slope of

wp1

and a vertical intercept of

w xp2 2~.

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Short-Run Iso-Profit Lines

Increasing

profit

y

x1

Slopeswp

1

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Short-Run Profit-Maximization

The firm’s problem is to locate the production plan that attains the highest possible iso-profit line, given the firm’s constraint on choices of production plans.

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Short-Run Profit-Maximization

x1

Increasing

profit

Slopeswp

1

y

y f x x ( , ~ )1 2

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Short-Run Profit-Maximization

x1

y

Slopeswp

1

x1*

y*

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Short-Run Profit-Maximization

x1

y

Slopeswp

1

Given p, w1 and the short-runprofit-maximizing plan is And the maximumpossible profitis

x x2 2~ ,( , ~ , ).* *x x y1 2

.

x1*

y*

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Short-Run Profit-Maximization

x1

y

Slopeswp

1

At the short-run profit-maximizing plan, the slopes of the short-run production function and the maximaliso-profit line areequal.

MPwp

at x x y

11

1 2

( , ~ , )* *

x1*

y*

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Short-Run Profit-Maximization

MPwp

p MP w11

1 1

p MP 1 is the marginal revenue product ofinput 1, the rate at which revenue increaseswith the amount used of input 1.

If then profit increases with x1.If then profit decreases with x1.

p MP w 1 1p MP w 1 1

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Short-Run Profit-Max: A Cobb-Douglas Example

In class

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Comparative Statics of SR Profit-Max

What happens to the short-run profit-maximizing production plan as the variable input price w1 changes?

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Comparative Statics of SR Profit-Max

ywp

xw xp

11

2 2 ~The equation of a short-run iso-profit lineis

so an increase in w1 causes -- an increase in the slope, and -- no change to the vertical intercept.

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Comparative Statics of SR Profit-Max

x1

Slopeswp

1

y

y f x x ( , ~ )1 2

x1*

y*

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Comparative Statics of SR Profit-Max

x1

Slopeswp

1

y

y f x x ( , ~ )1 2

x1*

y*

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Comparative Statics of SR Profit-Max

x1

Slopeswp

1

y

y f x x ( , ~ )1 2

x1*

y*

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Comparative Statics of SR Profit-Max

An increase in w1, the price of the firm’s variable input, causesa decrease in the firm’s output level, anda decrease in the level of the firm’s

variable input.

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Comparative Statics of SR Profit-Max

What happens to the short-run profit-maximizing production plan as the output price p changes?

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Comparative Statics of SR Profit-Max

ywp

xw xp

11

2 2 ~The equation of a short-run iso-profit lineis

so an increase in p causes -- a reduction in the slope, and -- a reduction in the vertical intercept.

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Comparative Statics of SR Profit-Max

x1

Slopeswp

1

y

y f x x ( , ~ )1 2

x1*

y*

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Comparative Statics of SR Profit-Max

x1

Slopeswp

1

y

y f x x ( , ~ )1 2

x1*

y*

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Comparative Statics of SR Profit-Max

x1

Slopeswp

1

y

y f x x ( , ~ )1 2

x1*

y*

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Comparative Statics of SR Profit-Max

An increase in p, the price of the firm’s output, causesan increase in the firm’s output level, andan increase in the level of the firm’s

variable input.

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Long-Run Profit-Maximization

Now allow the firm to vary both input levels (both x1 and x2 are variable).

Since no input level is fixed, there are no fixed costs.

For any given level of x2, the profit-maximizing condition for x1 must still hold.

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Long-Run Profit-Maximization

The input levels of the long-run profit-maximizing plan satisfy

That is, marginal revenue equals marginal cost for all inputs.

Solve the two equations simultaneously for the factor demands x1(p, w1, w2) and x2(p, w1, w2)

p MP w 2 2 0.p MP w 1 1 0 and

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Returns-to-Scale and Profit-Max

If a competitive firm’s technology exhibits decreasing returns-to-scale then the firm has a single long-run profit-maximizing production plan.

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Returns-to Scale and Profit-Max

x

y

y f x ( )

y*

x*

Decreasingreturns-to-scale

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Returns-to-Scale and Profit-Max

If a competitive firm’s technology exhibits exhibits increasing returns-to-scale then the firm does not have a profit-maximizing plan.

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Returns-to Scale and Profit-Max

x

y

y f x ( )

y”

x’

Increasingreturns-to-scale

y’

x”

Increasing

profit

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Returns-to-Scale and Profit-Max

So an increasing returns-to-scale technology is inconsistent with firms being perfectly competitive.

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Returns-to-Scale and Profit-Max

What if the competitive firm’s technology exhibits constant returns-to-scale?

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Returns-to Scale and Profit-Max

x

y

y f x ( )

y”

x’

Constantreturns-to-scaley’

x”

Increasing

profit

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Returns-to Scale and Profit-Max

So if any production plan earns a positive profit, the firm can double up all inputs to produce twice the original output and earn twice the original profit.

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Returns-to Scale and Profit-Max

Therefore, when a firm’s technology exhibits constant returns-to-scale, earning a positive economic profit is inconsistent with firms being perfectly competitive.

Hence constant returns-to-scale requires that competitive firms earn economic profits of zero.

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Returns-to Scale and Profit-Max

x

y

y f x ( )

y”

x’

Constantreturns-to-scaley’

x”

= 0