1. orientalism 2. object relation theory - unibg · edward said, orientalism (new york: random...
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April 24
2012
Master’s Degree in Planning and
Management of Tourism Systems
RACE AND DIFFERENCE : REPRESENTING THE « OTHER »
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
1. Orientalism
2. Object relation theory
3. Geographies of violence
4. Spatial segregation
Orientalism
Imagined geographies
Spatial segregation
Ethnocentrism
Page 1
Object relation theory
Peter O’Toole and Omar Sharif in Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
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INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY : HOW DO
WE LIVE WITH ONE ANOTHER BUT, MORE
IMPORTANTLY, HOW DO WE LIVE WITH
THE “OTHER”?
Page 2
RACE AND DIFFERENCE : REPRESENTING THE « OTHER »
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
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April 24
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Master’s Degree in Planning and
Management of Tourism Systems
1. ORIENTALISM
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
Page 3
Edward Said (1935-2003)
Born in Jerusalem from Christian parents
Displaced by the 1948 Arab-Israeli war
Studied and taught in the United States from the age of 15…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwCOSkXR_Cw
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I. CONSTRUCTION OF A STRUCTURED FIELD OF KNOWLEDGE : « [M]ind requires order, and order is achieved by discriminating and taking note of everything, placing everything of which the mind is aware in a secure, refindable place, therefore giving things some role to play in the economy of objects and identities that make up an environment. » (p. 360)
Can knowledge about human populations be organized in this way?
1. ORIENTALISM
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
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II. A BINARY SYSTEM OF KNOWLEDGE TO RENDER WHAT IS FOREIGN FAMILIAR : « Something patently foreign and distant acquires, for one reason or another, a status more rather than less familiar. One tends to stop judging things either as completely novel or as completely well known; a new median category emerges, a category that allows one to see new things, things seen for the first time. » (p. 362)
WEST / OCCIDENT
Positive / Presence
Masculine
Rational
Democratic
Progressive (history)
EAST / ORIENT
Negative / Absence
Féminine
Irrational
Despotic
Atemporal (locked in the past)
1. ORIENTALISM
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
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III. THE ORIENT IS A STAGE FOR EUROPE :
« The idea of representation is a theatrical one: the Orient is the stage on which the whole East is confined. On this stage will appear figures whose role it is to represent the larger whole from which they emanate. The Orient then seems to be, not an unlimited extension beyond the familiar European world, but rather a closed field, a theatrical stage affixed to Europe. An Orientalist is but the particular specialist in knowledge for which Europe at large is responsible... » (p. 363)
1. ORIENTALISM
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
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III. SETTING UP THE WORLD AS AN EXHIBITION (Timothy Mitchell) : •Colonialism and industrialisation : Display through World Fairs
•Showcasing modernity / showcasing the « other » of modernity (colonial subject) •Gradual formation of an « object world » (reification, stereotyping…)
1. ORIENTALISM
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
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III. SETTING UP THE WORLD AS AN EXHIBITION : •1889 : 8th International Congress of Orientalists held in Stockholm (Sweden)
•Egyptian delegation of (4 men) stops in Paris at the World exhibition on their way to the Congress •Puzzled at the exhibit where the streets of Cairo have been recreated as a theatrical set
•Surface decor is a « shell » with no content: « Its external form was all there was of the mosque. As for the interior, it had
been set up as a coffee house where Egyptian girls performed dances with young males, and dervishes whirled. » Timothy Mitchell, « The World as Exhibition », Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 31, No. 2. (Apr., 1989), pp. 217-236.
1. ORIENTALISM
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
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III. SETTING UP THE WORLD AS AN EXHIBITION •Members of the Egyptian delegation are not seen as specialists of their own culture but an exhibition: « The good Scandinavian people seemed to think it was a
collection of Orientals, not of Orientalists. » (Mitchell, p. 218)
« The effect of such spectacles was to set up the world as a
picture. They arranged it for an audience as an object on display – to be viewed, investigated and
experienced. » (Mitchell, p. 220)
Central Dome of the World Fair in Paris
1889 (by Louis Beroud, 1890)
1. ORIENTALISM
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
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III. SETTING UP THE WORLD AS AN EXHIBITION « The machinery of representation was not confined to the exhibition and the congress. Almost everywhere that Middle Eastern visitors went, they seemed to encounter this rendering up of the world as a thing to be viewed. They visited the new museums and saw the cultures of the world portrayed in the form of objects arranged under glass in the order of their evolution. They were taken to the theater, a place where Europeans represented their history to themselves, as several Egyptian writers explained. The Middle Eastern visitors spent afternoons in the public gardens, carefully organized to ‘bring together the trees and plants of every part of the world’, as another Arab writer put it. And inevitably they took trips to the zoo, a product of 19th century colonial penetration of the Orient, as Theodor Adorno wrote, ‘which paid symbolic tribute in the form of animals.’ » (Timothy Mitchell, p. 221)
1. ORIENTALISM
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
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III. SETTING UP THE WORLD AS AN EXHIBITION Some of the outcomes of that colonial process include : •Object world transcends the walls of the exhibition
•Representations acquire certainty and authority
•Representations become a labyrinth without exits
•Eventually leads to Guayatri Spivak’s question: « Can the subaltern speak? » (or can the subaltern [colonised other] represent himself or herself)…
Central Dome of the World Fair in Paris
1889 (by Louis Beroud, 1890)
1. ORIENTALISM
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
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III. SETTING UP THE WORLD AS AN EXHIBITION :
« We need not look for correspondance between the language used to depict the Orient and the Orient itself, not so much because the language is inaccurate but because it is not even trying to be accurate. What it is trying to do is at once and the same time to characterize the Orient as alien and to incorporate it schematically on a theatrical stage whose audience, managers, and actors are for Europe, and only for Europe. » (Edward Said, p. 364 [textbook])
1. ORIENTALISM
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
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Master’s Degree in Planning and
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Setting up the world as an
exhibition…
What is the role of tourism today
in perpetuating and/or countering
that process?
1. ORIENTALISM
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
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IV. IMAGINED GEOGRAPHIES :
« It is perfectly possible to argue that some distinctive objects
are made by the mind, and that these objects, while appearing
to exist objectively, have only a fictional identity. A group of
people living on a few acres of land will set up boundaries
between their land and its immediate surroundings and the
territory beyond, which they call ‘the land of the barbarians.’
In other words, this universal practice of designating in one’s
mind a familiar space which is ‘ours’ and an unfamiliar space
beyond ‘ ours’ which is ‘ their’ is a way of making
geographical distinctions that can be entirely arbitrary. I use the
word ‘arbitrary’ here because imaginative geography of the
‘our land – barbarian land’ variety does not require that the
barbarians acknowledge the distinction…
1. ORIENTALISM
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
April 24
2012
Master’s Degree in Planning and
Management of Tourism Systems Page 5
IV. IMAGINED GEOGRAPHIES :
…It is enough for ‘us’ to set up these boundaries in our own
minds; ‘they’ become ‘they’ accordingly, and both their
territory and their mentality are designated as different from
‘ours.’ To a certain extent modern and primitive societies
seem thus to derive a sense of their identities negatively. Yet
often the sense in which someone feels himself to be not-
foreign is based on a very unrigorous idea of what is ‘out
there,’ beyond one’s own territory. All kinds of suppositions,
associations, and fictions appear to crowd the unfamiliar space
outside one’s own. »
Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Random House, 1979: p. 54)
1. ORIENTALISM
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
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A form of generalised ethnocentrism… ETHNOCENTRISM : The tendency, more
or less conscious, to privilege the
values and the cultural forms of the
ethnic group to which one belongs. In
translates into social behaviors and
unconsciously motivated attitudes
which bring individuals to overestimate
the racial, geographical or national
group to which they belong, leading to
value judgements and prejudices
toward other peoples.
1. ORIENTALISM
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
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« Racism is spatially as well
as socially constituted. »
(Edward Said, Orientalism, 1979, p. 3)
1. ORIENTALISM
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
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Management of Tourism Systems
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
Page 5
David Sibley (Routledge
1995)
« Who is felt to belong and not to
belong contributes in an important way to the shaping of social space. »
(p. 3)
OBJECT RELATION THEORY : Idea that the individual and his ego exist only in relation with other objects which can be internal or external. The internal objects are internalised versions of external objects, shaped as a result of the first relations with one’s parents. Three main feelings can exist between the ego and the other: attachment, frustration or rejection. These feelings are considered to be universal emotional states and represent essential elements in the construction of personality.
2. OBJECT RELATION THEORY
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Master’s Degree in Planning and
Management of Tourism Systems Page 5 Ludwigshafen, Allemagne, 3 février 2008
OBJECT RELATION THEORY : From psychology to geography…
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
2. OBJECT RELATION THEORY
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INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
2. OBJECT RELATION THEORY
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Master’s Degree in Planning and
Management of Tourism Systems Page 5 New York, É.U., 11 septembre 2001
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
2. OBJECT RELATION THEORY
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2819 people dead 343 ambulance staff and firefighters deceased 115 countries that lost citizens 289 corpses found « intacts » 19 858 « parts of corpses » found 1717 families never received remains of loved ones 1609 people have lost a spouse/partner 3051 children have lost a parent 1 506 124 tons of debris removed from the site 422 000 New Yorkers have suffered from post-
traumatic stress syndrom
SEPTEMBER 11 – A FEW NUMBERS : http://nymag.com/news/articles/wtc/1year/numbers.htm
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
2. OBJECT RELATION THEORY
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WHO BELONGS/DOES NOT BELONG AND THE
POLARISING OF GLOBAL SPACE
« You are either with us or against us in
the fight against terror. » George W. Bush, Press conference, november 5 2005
« States like these (Iran, Iraq, North Korea), and their
terrorist allies, constitute an axis of evil, arming to
threaten the peace of the world. By seeking weapons
of mass destruction, these regimes pose a grave and
growing danger. They could provide these arms to
terrorists, giving them the means to match their
hatred. » 2002 State of the Union Address
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
2. OBJECT RELATION THEORY
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Bush's "axis of evil" included Iran, Iraq, and North Korea (red).
"Beyond the Axis of Evil" included Cuba, Libya, and Syria (orange).
The three "outposts of tyranny" described by Condoleezza Rice : Belarus,
Zimbabwe, and Myanmar are green. The United States is blue.
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
2. OBJECT RELATION THEORY
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What part does violence play in the constitution of our societies and in
our ways of inhabiting the earth?
How does space serve to relay and reproduce certain types of violence? How do cultural dynamics which link humans and landscapes, and humans to one another, create, maintain or oppose this violence?
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
2. OBJECT RELATION THEORY
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Allan Pred, UC Berkeley
(1936-2007)
Derek Gregory, University
of British Columbia
CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY AS
« CRITICAL » GEOGRAPHY
Geography and geographers help to
create, map and diffuse not only
knowledge about the world and its
people but also ignorance about them.
It is that ignorance that helps to maintain
unequal power relations and
escalate conflicts…
3. GEOGRAPHIES OF VIOLENCE
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
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Allan Pred, UC Berkeley
(1936-2007)
Derek Gregory, University
of British Columbia
ARMED CONFLICTS AT A GLANCE…
•At present, more than 30 armed conflicts around
the world
•1/3 of countries involved
•250 wars declared during the 20th century
•100 million people have died in these wars
•Other conflicts : 50 to 100 million deaths
• $663.84 billion : military spending in the United
States for 2010
3. GEOGRAPHIES OF VIOLENCE
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
April 24
2012
Master’s Degree in Planning and
Management of Tourism Systems Page 5
1%2%3%4%5‒10%
<1%
≥10%
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Military_...
1 sur 1 12-04-22 10:24
PERCENTAGE OF MILITARY SPENDING AROUND THE WORLD…
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_budget_of_the_United_States
3. GEOGRAPHIES OF VIOLENCE
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
April 24
2012
Master’s Degree in Planning and
Management of Tourism Systems Page 5
300 000 child soldiers around the world
1 soldier out of 10 is a child
20 million refugees around the world
Half of those refugees are children
Approximately 9000 children every year are injured by landmines
Violence of school massacres also directly affects children
VIOLENCE AND FUTURE GENERATIONS :
3. GEOGRAPHIES OF VIOLENCE
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
April 24
2012
Master’s Degree in Planning and
Management of Tourism Systems Page 5
Armed combat zones
Sites of industrial production for military weapons, vehicules, infrastructure
Weapons testing ground
Military training grounds
Military airports (ex.: South Korea)
Military prisons (ex.: Guantanamo Bay)
Refugee camps
VIOLENCE AS A A FACTOR IN THE MAKING OF PLACE AND LANDSCAPE :
See « Anatomy of a refugee camp » :
http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/refugeecamp
Refugee camp in Rwanda
Refugee camp in Palestine
(Nahr el-Bared)
3. GEOGRAPHIES OF VIOLENCE
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
April 24
2012
Master’s Degree in Planning and
Management of Tourism Systems Page 5
Technologies derived from military research (internet, geographical positioning system [GPS], satellite imagery…)
Weapons
Vehicules (« Hummer »)
Clothing and fashion
CONSUMERISM AND THE MILITARISATION OF EVERYDAY LIFE :
3. GEOGRAPHIES OF VIOLENCE
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
April 24
2012
Master’s Degree in Planning and
Management of Tourism Systems Page 5
4. SPATIAL SEGREGATION
ORDERING / OTHERING AND RACIAL SEGREGATION
Jim Crow Laws in the United States
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
April 24
2012
Master’s Degree in Planning and
Management of Tourism Systems Page 5
ORDERING /OTHERING AND RACIAL SEGREGATION
Jim Crow Laws in the United States
• End of American Civil War in 1865
• State and local laws in the US enacted
between 1876 and 1965
• Based on « separate but equal »
philosophy
• Meant to order public space so that whites
and blacks are kept each in their own
sphere…
4. SPATIAL SEGREGATION
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
April 24
2012
Master’s Degree in Planning and
Management of Tourism Systems Page 5
ORDERING /OTHERING AND RACIAL SEGREGATION
Zoning and city planning in the Atlanta
• Creation of buffer zones between
communities (vacant lots)
• Creation of cul-de-sac in order to avoid
interpenetration between communities
• Road sections left unpaved in order to limit
mobility and circulation
• Changing in the zoning of neighborhoods
(from residential to industrial or commercial)
• If all else fails, outright relocation of black
neighborhoods
4. SPATIAL SEGREGATION
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
April 24
2012
Master’s Degree in Planning and
Management of Tourism Systems Page 5
ORDERING /OTHERING AND RACIAL SEGREGATION
The suburb as white space – Levittown, Pennsylvania « Racism in America : Crisis in Levittown » (You Tube)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ELW9eQAYcY
4. SPATIAL SEGREGATION
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
April 24
2012
Master’s Degree in Planning and
Management of Tourism Systems Page 5
DOES TOURISM FUNCTION AS AN
AGENT OR RACIAL / SPATIAL
SEGREGATION?
4. SPATIAL SEGREGATION
INTERCULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (M-GGR/01)
PROFESSOR: CAROLINE DESBIENS
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