1 -nucleus -cytoplasm -nucleolus-cytoskeleton -cell membrane-vacuole -mitochondria-chloroplast...

1

-nucleus -cytoplasm

-nucleolus -cytoskeleton

-cell membrane -vacuole

-mitochondria -chloroplast

-golgi Apparatus -centrioles

-lysosomes -ribosomes

-endoplasmic reticulum(ER)

*Rough ER & Smooth ER

2

3

4

NucleusThe “brain” of the cell

Controls all of the cellular activities

DNA is inside the nucleus

5

CHROMOSOMES-

Chromosomes –

carry the information that determines what traits a living thing will have

are found inside the nucleus

Nucleus

6

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid

7

DNA carries the genetic information of a cell

Consists of thousands of genes

It specifies everything that is needed for the maintenance, function, and replication of the cell

It is made up of 4 different bases:(A) adenine (C) cytosine(T) thymine (G) guanine

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid

8

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid

9

NUCLEOLUS

The dark area in the nucleus

Like a tiny nucleus inside the nucleus.

10

CELL MEMBRANE

holds the cell together

keeps all of the pieces (like the organelles and the cytoplasm) inside the cell

controls what goes in and out of the cell

Example: like a big plastic bag with tiny holes in it

11

How does the cell membrane work?

Has 2 layers of MOLECULES = BILAYER

Bi means two

The layers are made up of molecules called phospholipids

**THINK OF a sandwich with two pieces of bread and some stuffing on the inside

12

Cell Membrane: PHOSPHOLIPIDS

Each phospholipids has a HYDROPHOBIC and HYDROPHILIC end

•HYDRO = means water •PHOBIC = means afraid•PHILIC = means loving

13

One end of the molecule is “afraid” of the water and one end “loves” being in the water.

Proteins are stuck inside the membrane

Proteins are across the bilayer and make the holes that let ions and molecules in and out of the cell

Cell Membrane: PHOSPHOLIPIDS

14

15

Mitochondria

Mito = Mighty / Power

The Power-House of the cell

They break down food molecules so the cell has the energy to live

If a cell needs a lot of energy…it will have more mitochondria

16

So…the more space it has the more energy it can create

The Mitochondria structure has three main parts:

OUTER MEMBRANE: covers the mitochondria

INNER MEMBRANE: folds many times to increase the surface area because chemical reactions

(glycolysis) occur here

17

MATRIX: a fluid that has water and proteins all mixed together (like a solution)

•The proteins take the food molecules in and combine them with Oxygen to release the energy

18

Endoplasmic Reticulum also known as the “ER”

it is an organelle inside the cell that ismade up of membranes that are in the CYTOPLASM of the cell

There are two different Smooth ERRough ER

19

Smooth ER

Main function is to collect, maintain & transport things

Shaped slightly tubular

Creates steroids

Stores Ions for the cell to keep nutrients balanced

20

Rough ER It has bumps all over it giving it a “rough” appearance

Bumps are called RIBOSOMES

ER collects the proteins (built by the ribosomes) and creates a bubble around them

VESICLE- is formed when the ER pinches off a part of its membrane

21

**The vesicle can then move to the Golgi apparatus or the cell membrane

1) If the vesicle floats to the cell membrane, the proteins are going to be sent out of the cell……or (exocytosis)

2) If they move to the Golgi Apparatus, the proteins will be used inside the cell

MOVEMENT of VESICLES

22

23

24

The release of intracellular molecules (hormones or proteins)

EXOCYTOSIS-

25

Osmosis-

the movement of water across the cell membrane

26

GOLGI APPARATUS

WHAT DOES IT DO?

1) it takes simple molecules and combines them to make larger molecules.

2) takes those larger molecules and puts them into packs called GOLGI VESICLES

•Also called the Golgi Complex

•It is made up of a stack of flattened out sacs …like a loose stack of pancakes

27

Think about building a model of a ship (that's the molecule). Then take that model and put it in a bottle (that's the vesicle).

28

Golgi apparatus

29

LYSOSOMES (primarily animal)

•They combine with the food taken in by the cell

•The enzymes in the lysosome bond to food & digest it (acidic interior)

• Next…smaller molecules are released which are absorbed by the mitochondria

30

LYSOSOMES• When an organelle no longer works, the

lysosome will attach itself to it and break it down like food (kind of like a cannibal) – Chemicals can then be reabsorbed or

excreted

• Lysosomes can also destroy the cell if it breaks open accidentally– “Suicide Sacs”– UV light damages lysosome membrane

• The enzymes inside the lysosome spread throughout the cell and digest it

31

LYSOSOMES

32

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes - Another Enzyme PackageThere are many ways that peroxisomes are similar to lysosomes. They are small vesicles found around the cell. They have a single membrane that contains digestive enzymes for breaking down toxic materials in the cell. They differ from lysosomes in the type of enzyme they hold. 

33

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes work in a very specific way. Their enzymes attack complex molecules and break them down into smaller molecules. One of the byproducts of the digestion is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Peroxisomes have developed to a point where they are able to contain that hydrogen peroxide and break it down into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). The water is harmless to the cell and the oxygen can be used in the next digestive reaction.

34

Lysosome Animation

35

CYTOPLASMProtoplasm- everything inside the cell

membrane

Cytoplasm- everything inside the cell membrane & outside of the nucleus except the cell’s nucleus

Cytosol:

– Mostly H2O

– Contains organelles– Contains salts, dissolved gasses & nutrients

36

CYTOPLASM

cytoplasm

37

CYTOSKELETON

• Chief functions include:

– movement of material through the cell for stuff not diffusion or osmosis

– maintaining the shape of the cell

– keeping the cell from getting smashed

38

Microtubules• All of the microfilaments and

microtubules combine to form the cytoskeleton of the cell. The cytoskeleton is different from cytoplasm (cytosol). The cytoskeleton provides structure. Cytoplasm is just a fluid. The cytoskeleton connects to every organelle and every part of the cell membrane.

39

Microtubules• Microtubules have many more uses

than just cell structure. They are also very important in cell division. They connect to chromosomes, help them with their first split, and then move to each new daughter cell. They are a part of a small pair of organelles called centrioles that have the specific purpose to help a cell divide. Once the cell has finished dividing, the microtubules are put to work in other places.

40

Microtubules

• Beyond the role they play in internal cell movement, microtubules also work together to form larger structures that work on the outside of the cells. They can combine in very specific arrangements to form cilia and flagella.

41

42

VACUOLE

• Vacuoles are “bubbles” that float in the cell 

• Vacuoles are more important to the survival of plant cells than they are to animal cells

43

VACUOLE: STORAGE IN PLANT CELLS

• Vacuoles in plants support structure

• Vacuoles hold onto things that the cell might need…like a backpack

• There are some vacuoles that hold onto waste products, similar to having a big septic tank

• Storing waste products protects the cell from contamination

44

VACUOLE CONT’D

So, when there is no water…the vacuole shrinks and the cell wall is the only thing holding the plant together.

45

You will know that a plant's vacuoles are shrinking when you see the plant begin to droop over

HOLDING UP THE WALLS

46

Turgor Pressure- force exerted by the water entering (osmosis) the vacuole, which then swells exerting internal force on the cell wall

•Causes “rigidity” so the plant my increase by stacking cells

47

Chloroplast

48

•the site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells

•disk-like structures

•composed of a single membrane

•surrounding a fluid containing stacks of membranous disks

Chloroplast

49

•SOLAR energy radiated from the sun is captured by plants(chloroplast)

•Then it is instantaneously changed into ELECTRICAL energy

•Then packaged as CHEMICAL energy

Chloroplast

50

Chloroplast•photosynthesis takes place inside the

chloroplastPhotosynthesis-

the process in which plant use water, carbon dioxide, and energy form the sun to make food

51

•No energy transformation is 100% efficient

•Not all the solar energy captured is converted to electrical and then chemical energy.

•Some of it gets lost as heat or other forms of energy (light)

Chloroplast

52

•generally appear in animal cells

•they look like two cylinders at right angles to one another

•when viewed with an electron microscope, the cylinders show up as nine bundles of tiny microtubules arranged in a circle

•they help to form the fibers that move chromosomes around when the cell is dividing

•as animal cells prepare for cell division these two centrioles separate and go to opposite ends of the cell.

Centrioles:

53

54

•small dot-like structures in cells

•they are often associated with forming rough ER

•Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in cells

•they are made in the nucleus of the cell

•A ribosome can make the average protein in about one minute

Ribosomes

55

•Ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribonucleic acid(RNA)

•These molecules are arranged into two subunits

•These subunits are attached to each other and together form the entire ribosome

•When viewed through a light microscope the ribosomes appear as dots

Ribosome Structure

56

Types of Ribosomes

•There are two kinds of ribosomes

1) Attached to the rough ER

2) floating in the cell cytoplasm

•Attached ribosomes make proteins that are used in the ER or transported within the ER

•Free ribosomes make proteins that are used in the cytoplasm

57

58

Assignment Part A (slides 1-11)Directions: Write-out and highlight the

following questions. Then use your notes to answer them.

1. Which organelle is known as the “Brain” of the cell?2. If you look at a picture of a cell, how would you recognize the nucleolus?

3. List the 3 main jobs of the cell membrane

5. The term hydro means _________.

A. If something is hydrophobic it is _________

B. If something is hydrophilic it is __________

4. Explain why the cell membrane has tiny holes made of protein in it.

59

Assignment Part B (slides 11-23)Directions: Write-out and highlight the following

questions. Then use your notes to answer them.

1. Which organelle is known as the Power House” of the cell?2. The mitochondria of a cell share the same job as the __________ (hint- an organ) in the human body.3. Explain how you could distinguish the rough ER from the smooth ER.

5. What type of reactions occur on the inner membrane of the mitochondria? (produces energy)

4. What is the main job of the smooth ER?

6. The process of H2O moving across the cell

membrane is called?

60

Assignment Part C (slides 23-)Directions: Write-out and highlight the following

questions. Then use your notes to answer them.

1. What is the main function of a lysosome?

2. What happens if a lysosome breaks open?

3. Explain the difference between cytoplasm and protoplasm. (draw a diagram if it will help you)

5. Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis?

4. Why are vacuoles important to PLANTS?

6. What are the three main ingredients for photosynthesis?

61

Assignment Part D (slides 23-)Directions: Write-out and highlight the following

questions. Then use your notes to answer them.

1. Centrioles are usually found in __________ cells.

2. What is the main function of a centriole?

3. List the two places you can find a ribosome in an animal cell.

4. What do ribosomes make?

62

See also wksht to go with questions parts B-D