1 mmsn: multi-frequency media access control for wireless sensor networks gang zhou, chengdu huang,...
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MMSN: Multi-Frequency Media Access Control for Wireless Sensor Networks
Gang Zhou, Chengdu Huang, Ting Yan, Tian HeJohn. A. Stankovic, Tarek F. Abdelzaher
Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of Virginia
2University of Virginia
Outline
Motivation State of the Art Overhead Analysis Contribution – New Protocol Framework
Frequency Assignment Media Access Design
Performance Evaluation Conclusions
3University of Virginia
Ad Hoc Wireless Sensor Networks
• Sensors• Actuators• CPUs/Memory• Radio• Minimal capacity
Self-organize
4University of Virginia
Motivation
Limited single-channel bandwidth in WSN 19.2kbps in MICA2, 250kbps in MICAz/Telos
The bandwidth requirement is increasing Support audio/video streams (assisted living, …)
Multi-channel design needed
Hardware appearing
Multi-channel support in MICAz/Telos More frequencies available in the future
Collision-based: B-MAC Scheduling-based: TRAMA Hybrid: Z-MAC
Software still lags behind
5University of Virginia
State of the Art: Multi-Channel MAC in MANET
① Require more powerful hardware/multiple transceivers Listen to multiple channels simultaneously
[Nasipuri 1999], [Wu 2000], [Nasipuri 2000], [Caccaco 2002]
② Frequent Use of RTS/CTS Controls For frequency negotiation Due to using 802.11
Examples: [Jain 2001], [Tzamaloukas 2001], [Fitzek 2003], [Li 2003], [Bahl 2004], [So 2004], [Adya 2004], [Raniwala 2005]
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Basic Problems for WSN
Don’t use multiple transceivers Cost Form factor
Packet Size 30 bytes versus 512 bytes (or larger) in
MANET RTS/CTS
Costly overhead
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RTS/CTS Overhead Analysis
MMAC: RTS/CTS frequency
negotiation 802.11 for data
communication
RTS/CTS are too heavyweight for WSN: Mainly due to small packet size: 30~50 bytes in WSN vs.
512+ bytes in MANET From 802.11: RTS-CTS-DATA-ACK From frequency negotiation: case study with MMAC
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Contributions
A new multi-frequency MAC, specially designed for WSN;
Single half-duplex radio transceiver; Small packets sizes;
Developed four frequency assignment schemes
Supports various tradeoffs Toggle transmission and toggle snooping
techniques for media access control; An optimal non-uniform backoff algorithm,
and a lightweight approximation;
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Frequency Assignment
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8 Reception Frequency
Complications• Not enough frequencies• Broadcast
10University of Virginia
Frequency Assignment
When #frequencies >= #nodes within two
hops
When #frequencies < #nodes within two
hopsExclusive Frequency
AssignmentImplicit-Consensus Even Selection Eavesdropping
Both guarantee that nodes within two hops get different frequencies
The left scheme needs smaller #frequencies
The right one has less communication overhead
Balance available frequencies within two hops
The left scheme has fewer potential conflicts
The right one has less communication overhead
11University of Virginia
Media Access Design
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8Issues:• Packet to Broadcast• Receive Broadcast• Send Unicast• Receive Unicast• No sending/no receiving
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Media Access Design
Different frequencies for unicast reception The same frequency for broadcast reception Time is divided into slots, each of which consists
of a broadcast contention period and a transmission period.
Tbc Ttran Tbc Ttran… ...
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Media Access Design
Case 1: When a node has no packet to transmit
Receive BC (f0)
Snoop (f0) Snoop (fself)
Snoop (f0) Snoop (fself)
Receive UNI (fself)
Signal(f0)Snoop (f0)
Signal(fself)
Tbc Ttran
(a)
(b)
(c)
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Media Access Design
Back off (f0) Receive BC (f0)
Back off (f0) Send broadcast packet (f0)
Signal(f0)
Tbc Ttran
(a)
(b)
Case 2: When a node has a broadcast packet to transmit
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Media Access Design
Receive BC (f0)
Tbc Ttran
(a) Snoop (f0) Signal(f0)
Snoop (f0) Back off (fself,fdest) Receive UNI (fself) Signal(fself)
Snoop (f0) Back off (fself,fdest) Snoop(fself) Receive UNI (fself) Signal(fdest) Signal(fself)
Snoop (f0) Back off (fself,fdest) Toggle send unicast packet(fdest)
Snoop (f0) Back off (fself,fdest) Snoop(fself)Signal(fdest)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Case 3: When a node has a unicast packet to transmit
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Toggle Snooping
During “ “, toggle snooping is usedback off (fself,fdest)
fself
fdest
TTS
fself
fdest
fself
fdest
fself
fdest
fself
fdest
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Toggle Transmission
…….
PHY Protocol Data UnitPreamble
Use fselfUse fdest
TTT
When a node has unicast packet to send Transmits a preamble
so that no node sends to me
so that no node sends to destinationdestfselff
TTS=2TTT We let
18University of Virginia
Simulation Configuration
Components Setting
Simulator GloMoSim
Terrain (200m X 200m) Square
Node Number 289 (17x17)
Node Placement Uniform
Payload Size 32 Bytes
Application Many-to-Many/Gossip CBR Streams
Routing Layer GF
MAC Layer CSMA/MMSN
Radio Layer RADIO-ACCNOISE
Radio Bandwidth 250Kbps
Radio Range 20m~45m
Confidence Intervals The 90% confidence intervals are shown in each figure
19University of Virginia
Performance with Different #Physical Frequencies- With Light Load
① Performance when delivery ratio > 93%② Scalable performance improvement③ Overhead observed when #frequency is small④ More scalable performance with Gossip than many-to-
many traffic
20University of Virginia
Performance with Different #Physical Frequencies– With Higher Load
① When load is heavy, CSMA has 77% delivery ratio, while MMSN performs much better
② MMSN needs less channels to beat CSMA, when the load is heavier
21University of Virginia
Performance with Different System Load
Observation:CSMA has a sharp decrease of packet delivery ratio, while MMSN does not.
Reason:The non-uniform backoff in time-slotted MMSN is tolerant to system load variation, while the uniform backoff in CSMA is not.
22University of Virginia
Conclusions
First multi-frequency MAC, specially designed for WSN, where single-transceiver devices are used
Explore tradeoffs in frequency assignment Design toggle transmission and toggle snooping Theoretical analysis of an non-uniform back-off
algorithm MMSN demonstrated scalable performance in
simulation
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The End!
Thanks to anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments!
Thanks to anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments!
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Performance with Different Node Densities
25University of Virginia
Backup Slides: Optimal Non-Uniform Backoff
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26University of Virginia
Even Selection Frequency Assignment
Beacon (multiple times) to collect nodes’ IDs within two hops
Frequency decision is made sequentially in the increasing order of nodes’ IDs
When making a decision, randomly choose one of the least chosen frequencies (once no unique ones left)
Notify neighbors of decision
NOTE: Frequency assignment happens once (or a few times)
27University of Virginia
Back Off Period - Slotted
Backoff into a slot
Transmit at end of a slot
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Non-Uniform Backoff: Motivation & an Optimal Solution
Uniform backoff
Non-uniform backoff
Let 34 slices of length TTS;
68 nodes compete for the channel
--- a timer fires
An optimal distribution is presented in the paper Uses recursive computation Distribution depends on node density
A simple approximation is needed
TPacketTransmission
TTS …...
Backoff
Ttran
29University of Virginia
Non-uniform Backoff: A Simple Approximation
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