1 making connections - issaquah connect€¦ · text to text –text-to-text connections occur when...
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STAR Connections
The Teacher:
• models thinking processes
(thinks aloud) when making
connections
• teaches thinking strategies
through content
• relates lesson to prior
learning
• demonstrates connections to
personal or real world
Schema theory explains how our
previous experiences, knowledge,
emotions and understandings
effect what and how we learn
(Harvey & Goudvis, 2000).
Schema is the background
knowledge and experience readers
bring to the text. Good readers
draw on prior knowledge and
experience to make connections.
Struggling readers often move
directly through a text without
stopping to consider whether the
text makes sense based on their
own background knowledge, or
whether their knowledge can be
used to help them understand
confusing or challenging materials.
By teaching students how to
connect to text they are able to
better understand confusing or
challenging materials (Harvey &
Goudvis, 2000). Accessing prior
knowledge and experiences is a
good starting place when teaching
strategies because every student
has experience, knowledge,
opinions and emotions that they
can draw upon.
z Schema Theory zRATIONALE
MAKING CONNECTIONS
Activating, Building and Revising Background Knowledge & Experiences
What: Using relevant, stored knowledge to relate unfamiliar text/learning to the learner’s general knowledge or
experiences.
Why: Background knowledge and experience about text’s topic helps the reader read with more confidence, curiosity
and commitment.
When: Before, during and after reading.
How: Explicitly teach/model how learners make connections.
The ability to connect to text is perhaps the easiest one for children to understand and master,yet it is singularly the most powerful.
Connecting creates the path for all other strategies to walk upon.Adrienne Gear
Text To Text
–Text-to-text connections occur when students read material and are
reminded of previous learning that has occurred.
–Example: Students studying the Civil War in an 8th grade history class,
may easily make connections to events from the children’s novel Shades
of Gray that they read during an earlier learning experience.
–It reminds me of when I read. . .because. . .(text-to-text)
Types Of SchemaProficient readers capitalize on different types of schema when comprehending text and learning new material. A student can draw on memories from particular experiences that shed light on the events, characters, and so on in a book (text-to-self connections). A student can also draw on specific knowledge about the topics, themes, content, structure and organization (text-to-text connections). A student can also draw on specific knowledge about the topic; general world knowledge (text-to-world knowledge).
Each type of schema permits students to monitor for meaning, pose questions, make predictions, draw conclusions, create mental images, synthesize and determine importance as they read and learn.
Text To Self
–Personal connections are the ones readers make to experiences they’ve had
in their lives that remind them of or connect them to a piece of text.
–Example: This story reminds me of the time my cousins came to visit
because we went swimming at the creek, and my youngest cousin got lost.
–It reminds me of the time I. . .because. . .(text-to-self)
Text To World
-The text-to-world connections are the connections readers bring to the text based
on experiences that go beyond their personal experiences. Students learn from
movies, television shows, magazines, and newspapers.
–Example: In a health class, students are studying the use of steroids by athletes.
One student recalls listening to ESPN and hearing a news story about baseball
player Barry Bond’s alleged use of steroids.
–It reminds me of something I heard about . . .because. . .(text-to-world)
Possible Lessons The lessons suggested below are modeled numerous times, over a long period of time, using a variety of genre.
BIG IDEA LESSONS PRINCIPLES
Launching Lessson Good readers use their schema to help them understand what they
read. Making connections also helps readers remember what they
read.
Types of Schema When readers read they use 3 types of schema.
Levels of Schema (thick or thin) Sometimes we know a little about a topic, sometimes we know a lot.
Adjusting Your Schema Sometimes our schema is off and we need to adjust it.
Building Your Schema When we learn new information we are building schema.
Reflecting On How Your Schema
Helps You As a Reader
How does your schema help you as a reader?
Prompts To Help Readers
Make Connections (taken from: Benchmark Education Flip Chart)
Text-to-Self
• This reminds me of when I ....
• I knew someone just like this when I....
• I had the same experience when.....
Text-to-Text
• This character is just like the character in....
• The plot of this story is so similar to the plot
of....
• I remember reading another book that took
place in the same setting...
Text-to-World
• If this character were alive today, I bet she
would be....
• What’s going on in this book is just like what’s
happening right now in....
STAR ConnectionsThe Student:
• practices thinking in the context of required content
• provides opinions/questions on a topic or issue
• monitors thinking and adjusts strategies
• thinks flexibly
• demonstrates metacognition
• articulates thinking strategies (during reflection)
Resources For Teaching Making Connections• Strategies That Work By Stephanie Harvey
• To Understand By Ellin Oliver Keene
• Mosaic Of Thought By Ellin Oliver Keene and Cheryl Zimmerman
• Reading With Meaning By Debbie Miller
• Comprehension Toolkit By Stephanie Harvey & Ann Goudvis
• Primary Comprehension Toolkit By Stephanie Harvey & Ann Goudvis
• Making Connections By Tanny McGregor
• I Read It, But I Don’t Get It Comprehension Strategies For Adolescent Readings By Chris Tovani
• Background Knowledge: The Missing Piece of the Comprehension Puzzle By Douglas Fisher and
Nancy Frey
• Fiction Power By Adrienne Grear
• Nonfiction Power By Adrienne Grear
• Additional resources- _______________________________________________________________
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Additional links for resources on Making Connections • http://www.readinglady.com/mosaic/tools/tools.htm
Mosaic Listserv Tools includes tons of comprehension strategy tools (unit & lesson plans) developed and used by
teachers.
• http://reading.ecb.org/teacher/strategies.html
This site includes information on each comprehension strategy, including videos of teachers modeling teaching the
strategy.
Additional sites- _____________________________________________________________________
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