1 macromolecules voc4 song…3:41 min. voc4

MacromoleculesMacromoleculeshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nt9u7CfVoc4song…3:41 min.song…3:41 min.

Organic Organic CompoundsCompounds

• CompoundsCompounds that contain CARBONCARBON are called organicorganic.

• MacromoleculesMacromolecules are large organic moleculesorganic molecules.

Carbon (C)Carbon (C)• CarbonCarbon has 4 electrons4 electrons in

outer shell.

• CarbonCarbon can form covalent covalent bondsbonds with as many as 4 4 other atoms (elements).

• Usually with C, H, O or NC, H, O or N.

• Example:Example: CHCH44(methane)(methane)

Carbon is a Versatile Atom

•It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight

Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds Copyright Cmassengale

Carbon is a Versatile Atom

•It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight

Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds Copyright Cmassengale

Hydrocarbons

•The simplest carbon compounds …

Contain only carbon & hydrogen atoms

Copyright Cmassengale

Carbon can use its bonds to::

•Attach to other carbons

Form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons

Functional Groups are:

• Groups of atoms that give properties to the compounds to which they attach

Gained Electrons Lost ElectronsCopyright Cmassengale

Common Functional Groups

MacromoleculesMacromolecules

• Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules.• Also called POLYMERSPOLYMERS.• Made up of smaller “building block

s” called MONOMERSMONOMERS.• Examples:Examples:

1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids2. Lipids3. Proteins3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

Question:Question:How Are How Are

MacromolecMacromolecules ules

Formed?Formed?

Answer:Answer: Dehydration Dehydration SynthesisSynthesis

• Also called ““condensation condensation reactionreaction””

• Forms polymerspolymers by combining monomersmonomers by ““removing wateremoving waterr ””.

HO HO HH

Linking MonomersCells link monomers by a process

called condensation or dehydration synthesis (removing a molecule of

water)

This process joins two sugar monomers to make a double

Remove H

Remove OH

H2O Forms

Question:Question: How are How are

Macromolecules Macromolecules separated or separated or

digested?digested?

Answer: Answer: HydrolysisHydrolysis

•Separates monomersmonomers by ““adding wateradding water””

HO HO HH

Breaking Down Polymers

• Cells break down macromolecules by a process called hydrolysis (adding a molecule of water)

Water added to split a double sugar

CarbohydratCarbohydrateses

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

• Small sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules to large sugar moleculeslarge sugar molecules.

• Examples:Examples:A.A. monosaccharidemonosaccharideB.B. disaccharidedisaccharideC.C. polysaccharidepolysaccharide

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMonosaccharide: one sugar Monosaccharide: one sugar

unitunit

Examples:Examples: glucose (glucose (C6H12O6)

deoxyribosedeoxyribose

riboseribose

FructoseFructose

GalactoseGalactose

glucoseglucose

Monosaccharides:• Called simple sugars

Include glucose, fructose, & galactoseHave the same

chemical, but different structural formulas

C6H12O6

Monosaccharides:• Called simple sugars

Include glucose, fructose, & galactoseHave the same chemical, but different structural formulas

C6H12O6

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesDisaccharide: two sugar unitDisaccharide: two sugar unit

Examples: Examples: – Sucrose (glucose+fructose)Sucrose (glucose+fructose)– Lactose (glucose+galactose)Lactose (glucose+galactose)– Maltose (glucose+glucose)Maltose (glucose+glucose)

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

Disaccharides

•A disaccharide is a double sugar

They’re made by joining two monosaccharidesInvolves removing a water molecule (condensation)Bond called a GLYCOSIDIC bond

Disaccharides

•Sucrose is composed of glucose + fructose

Maltose is composed of 2 glucose moleculesLactose is made of galactose + glucose

GLUCOSE

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolysaccharide: many sugar unitsPolysaccharide: many sugar units

Examples:Examples: starch (bread, starch (bread, potatoes)potatoes)

glycogen (beef glycogen (beef muscle)muscle)

cellulose (lettuce, cellulose (lettuce, corn)corn)

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

cellulosecellulose

Polysaccharides

•Complex carbohydrates

Composed of many sugar monomers linked togetherPolymers of monosaccharide chains

Starch• Starch is an example of a

polysaccharide in plants

Plant cells store starch for energy

Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet

Glycogen• Glycogen is an example

of a polysaccharide in animals

Animals store excess sugar in the form of glycogen

Glycogen is similar in structure to starch because BOTH are made of glucose monomers

Glycogen• Glycogen is an example

of a polysaccharide in animals

Animals store excess sugar in the form of glycogen

Glycogen is similar in structure to starch because BOTH are made of glucose monomers

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLX3jEHPET8

• “What are carbohydrates?”• 2:56 min.

LipidsLipids

LipidsLipids• General term for compounds which are not not

soluble in watersoluble in water.• Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solventsare soluble in hydrophobic solvents.• Remember:Remember: ““stores the most energystores the most energy””• Examples:Examples: 1. Fats1. Fats

2. Phospholipids2. Phospholipids3. Oils3. Oils4. Waxes4. Waxes5. Steroid hormones5. Steroid hormones6. Triglycerides6. Triglycerides

LipidsLipidsSix functions of lipids:Six functions of lipids:

1.1. Long term Long term energy storageenergy storage2.2. Protection against heat loss Protection against heat loss (insulation)(insulation)3.3. Protection against physical shockProtection against physical shock4.4. Protection against water lossProtection against water loss5.5. Chemical messengers (hormones)Chemical messengers (hormones)6.6. Major component of membranes Major component of membranes (phospholipids)(phospholipids)

LipidsLipidsTriglycerides:Triglycerides:

ccomposed of 1 glycerol1 glycerol and 3 3 fatty acidsfatty acids.

H-C----O

glycerol

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

fatty acids

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2 -CH

2 -CH2 -CH

2 -CH3

Fatty AcidsFatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acidsfatty acids you may see these on

food labels:

1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) no double bonds (bad)

2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) double bonds (good)O

saturatedsaturated

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2 -CH

2 -CH2 -CH

2 -CH3

unsaturated

Fats in Organisms• Most animal fats have a high

proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening)

Fats in Organisms• Most plant oils tend to be low in

saturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils)

Triglyceride• Monomer of lipids

Composed of Glycerol & 3 fatty acid chainsGlycerol forms the “backbone” of the fat Organic

Alcohol (-OL ending)

Triglyceride

Glycerol Fatty Acid Chains

Lipids & Cell Membranes

• Cell membranes are made of lipids called phospholipids

• Phospholipids have a head that is polar & attract water (hydrophilic)

• Phospholipids also have 2 tails that are nonpolar and do not attract water (hydrophobic)

• “Lipid structure and function”• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ESPNq

KUluRs• 2:50 min.

ProteinsProteins

Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)

• Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bondspeptide bonds (polypeptidespolypeptides).

• Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins:1.1. Storage:Storage: albumin (egg white)albumin (egg white)2.2. Transport: Transport: hemoglobinhemoglobin3.3. Regulatory:Regulatory: hormoneshormones4.4. Movement:Movement: musclesmuscles5.5. Structural:Structural: membranes, hair, nailsmembranes, hair, nails6.6. Enzymes:Enzymes: cellular reactionscellular reactions

Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)

Four levels of protein Four levels of protein structure:structure:

A.A. Primary StructurePrimary Structure

B.B. Secondary Structure Secondary Structure

C.C. Tertiary Structure Tertiary Structure

D.D. Quaternary Structure Quaternary Structure

20 Amino Acid Monomers

Structure of Amino Acids•Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things boded to it:

Amino group –NH2

Carboxyl group -COOH

Hydrogen -H

Side group -R

Carboxylgroup

R group

Side groups

Leucine -hydrophobic

Serine-hydrophillic

Linking Amino Acids

•Cells link amino acids together to make proteins

The process is called condensation or dehydrationPeptide bonds form to hold the amino acids together

Carboxyl

Side Group

Dehydration Synthesis

Peptide BondCopyright Cmassengale

Primary StructureAmino acids bonded

together by peptide peptide bonds (straight chains)bonds (straight chains)

aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

Peptide Bonds

Amino Acids (aa)

Primary Protein Structure

The primary structure is the specific sequence of amino acids in a protein

Called polypeptide

Amino Acid

Secondary StructureSecondary Structure

• 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary primary structurestructure into coilscoils and pleatspleats held together by hydrogen bondshydrogen bonds.

• Two examples:Two examples:

Alpha HelixAlpha Helix

Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds

Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure• Secondary structuresSecondary structures bentbent and

foldedfolded into a more complex 3-D more complex 3-D arrangementarrangement of joined poypeptides

• Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)bridges (S-S)

• Call a ““subunitsubunit””..

Alpha HelixAlpha Helix

Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet

Quaternary Quaternary StructureStructure

•Composed of 2 or more “subunits”•Globular in shape•Form in Aqueous environments•Example: enzymes (hemoglobin)enzymes (hemoglobin)

subunitssubunits

Denaturating Proteins

Changes in temperature & pH can denature (unfold) a protein so it

no longer worksCooking denatures protein in eggs

Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it denatures

Other Important Proteins

• Blood sugar level is controlled by a protein called insulin

• Insulin causes the liver to uptake and store excess sugar as Glycogen

• The cell membrane also contains proteins

• Receptor proteins help cells recognize other cells

Other Important Proteins

• Blood sugar level is controlled by a protein called insulin

• Insulin causes the liver to uptake and store excess sugar as Glycogen

• The cell membrane also contains proteins

• Receptor proteins help cells recognize other cells

• “What is a Protein?”• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBRFI

McxZNM• 3;38 min.

Nucleic Nucleic AcidsAcids

Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Two types:Two types:

a. Deoxyribonucleic acid a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-(DNA- double helix) double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) strand)

• Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotidesnucleotides linked by dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis.

Nucleic AcidsNitrogenous base

(A,G,C, or T)

Phosphategroup

Thymine (T)

Sugar(deoxyribose)

Phosphate

BaseSugar

Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides

NucleotideCopyright Cmassengale

Nucleotide – Nucleic acid monomer

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include:

phosphate groupphosphate grouppentose sugar (5-carbon)pentose sugar (5-carbon)nitrogenous bases:nitrogenous bases:

adenine (A)adenine (A)thymine (T) DNA onlythymine (T) DNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlycytosine (C)cytosine (C)guanine (G)guanine (G)

Bases•Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases:

Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)

Adenine (A) Guanine (G)

–Adenine (A)

–Guanine (G)

–Thymine (T)

–Cytosine (C)

DNA - double helixDNA - double helix

•Two strands of DNA join together to form a double helix Base

Double helix

RNA – Ribonucleic Acid

•Ribose sugar has an extra –OH or hydroxyl group

It has the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)

Nitrogenous base(A,G,C, or U)

Sugar (ribose)

Phosphategroup

Uracil

ATP – Cellular Energy• ATP is used by cells for

energy• Adenosine triphosphate• Made of a nucleotide with 3

phosphate groups

ATP – Cellular Energy• Energy is stored in the chemical

bonds of ATP• The last 2 phosphate bonds are HIGH

ENERGY• Breaking the last phosphate bond

releases energy for cellular work and produces ADP and a free phosphate

• ADP (adenosine Diphosphate) can be rejoined to the free phosphate to make more ATP

Copyright Cmassengale 69

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf2jcznLsY

• Bozeman..10:46• “The molecules of Life”

1 macromolecules voc4 song…3:41 min. voc4

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