1. define the term articulation a joint (articulation) is ...webs.ashlandctc.org/mflath/key chapter...
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KEY TO OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 8: JOINTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
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1. Define the term articulation.
A joint (articulation) is the site where two bones come together.
2. Distinguish between the structural and functional classification of joints, and
relate the terms that are essentially synonymous.
Structural Classification Functional Classification
Fibrous
synarthoses
Cartilaginous
amphiarthroses
Synovial
diarthroses
3. Compare and contrast the terms synarthroses, amphiarthroses and diarthroses
and identify the examples of each in the diagrams below.
Functional Classification Definition Example
Synarthroses
Immovable joint Suture (1stdiagram)
Amphiarthroses
Slightly moveable joint Intervertebral disc (2nd diagram)
Diarthroses Freely moveable Elbow, shoulder, hip, and knee (3rd
diagram)
KEY TO OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 8: JOINTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
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4. Name the three types of fibrous joints, give an example of each, and identify
each in the diagrams below.
Type of Fibrous Joint Example
Sutures
Coronal suture, etc. (1st diagram)
Syndesmoses
Tibiofibular joint (3rd diagram)
Gomphoses
Periodontal ligaments (2nd diagram)
KEY TO OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 8: JOINTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
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5. Identify the two differences between the epiphyseal plate and an intervertebral disc, and identify each in the diagrams below.
Example of Cartilaginous Joint
Difference 1 (hint: Structural classification)
Difference 2 (hint: Functional classification
Epiphyseal Plate (on right) Synchrondrosis Synarthrosis
Intervertebral Disc (bad of fibrocartilage in left diagram)
Symphysis Amphiarthrosis
KEY TO OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 8: JOINTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
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6. Label all structures associated with the typical synovial joint below, and provide
the function of each of the labeled structures.
Structure Associated with Synovial Joint Function
Articular cartilage Resists wear and minimizes friction
Joint (articular) capsule Attaches bone to bone; stabilizes joint
Synovial membrane Lines joint cavity and reabsorbs fluid following injury or infection
Synovial fluid
Reduces friction between bones; weeping lubrication
Reinforcing ligaments Reinforce joint capsule; join bone to bone; stabilize/prevent excessive movement by joint
7. Name the components and functions of synovial fluid.
Synovial Fluid Component Function(s) of Synovial Fluid
Water Lubrication and moisturizes cartilage
Phagocytes Phagocytosis
N/A Nourishes cartilage
8. Define the terms fatty pads, articular discs, and bursae, name a key location for
KEY TO OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 8: JOINTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
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each, and identify each in the diagram below.
Synovial Joint Feature Definition/description Key location
Fatty pads Pad of adipose tissue that cushions and protects
Hip and knee
Articular Discs (Fibrocartilage)that separates the joint into two compartments (a meniscus)
Knee
Bursae Flattened fibrous sacs with synovial fluid to prevent friction between bone and an adjacent structure
Acromion and skin
9. List and discuss three factors that influence the stability of a synovial joint.
Shape of opposing bone surfaces
Reinforcing ligaments that enclose joint
Muscles that enclose joint
10. Distinguish between the origin and insertion of a muscle, and identify each in the
diagram below.
Origin Insertion
Anchored, immoveable end of a muscle Moveable end of a muscle
KEY TO OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 8: JOINTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
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11. Name the three general types of movements allowed by joints.
Gliding angular special
12. List the angular movements allowed by synovial joints, provide a description of
each, and review each movement in the diagrams below.
Angular Movement Description
Flexion Decreasing the angle between two bones
Extension Increasing the angle between two bones
Abduction Moving a bone/body part away from the midline
Adduction Moving a bone/body part toward the midline
Circumduction Moving a limb in a circular motion
Rotation Turning movement of a bone along its long axis
KEY TO OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 8: JOINTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
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13. Identify the special movements allowed by the proximal radioulnar joint (i.e. between
radius and ulna), by the sole, by the shoulders, by the jaw, and review each special movement in the diagrams above and below.
Special Movements of Movement 1 Movement 2
Radius/Ulna
supination pronation
Sole
eversion inversion
Shoulders
elevation depression
Jaw
protration retraction
14. Name the six types of synovial joints and provide an example of each.
Type of Synovial Joint Movements Allowed Example
Plane Gliding Intervertebral discs and within carpals
Hinge
Flexion and extension Knee and elbow
Pivot
Rotation First intervertebral disc
Condyloid
All angular movement except rotation Carpals and knuckles
Saddle Concave and convex bone surfaces that allow for free movement
Thumb
Ball-and-socket Head of one bone surface fits into socket of other bone surface permitting all angular movement
Shoulder and hip
KEY TO OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 8: JOINTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
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15. Explain how an intervertebral disc can be all of the following: an amphiarthrosis, cartilaginous joint, symphyses, gliding joint, and plane joint.
Intervertebral Disc as How ?
Amphiarthosis
Allows for slight movement
Cartilaginous Joint
Composed of fibrocartilage
Symphyses
Composed of a pad of fibrocartilage
Gliding Joint
Allows for slight movement between body’s of vertebrae
Plane Joint
Allows for gliding movement
16. Name all of the joint classifications that the sutures in the skull, elbows, and hip
joints may satisfy.
Sutures of Skull Elbow Hip
Classifications that each may satisfy
Fibrous Suture Synarthroses
Synovial Diarthrosis Hinge
Synovial Diarthrosis Ball-and-socket
KEY TO OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 8: JOINTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
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17. Construct a table comparing the structural and functional classifications of joints, and draw arrows to show the relationships between the two.
18. Discuss some important joint disorders.
Sprains, bursitis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout (see pages 271-274)
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