1 a house divided. 2 background since colonial times many americans had believed their nation had a...

A House DividedA House Divided

BackgroundBackground• Since colonial times many Americans had believed their Since colonial times many Americans had believed their

nation had a special role to fulfill.nation had a special role to fulfill.• People thought the nation’s mission should be to serve People thought the nation’s mission should be to serve

as a model of freedom and democracy.as a model of freedom and democracy.

By 1800, that vision changed. Instead of being a role model, many believed that America’s mission was to spread freedom by occupying the entire continent.

BackgroundBackground

• President John President John Quincy Adams said Quincy Adams said expansion to the expansion to the Pacific was inevitable, Pacific was inevitable, “as that the “as that the Mississippi should Mississippi should flow to the sea.”flow to the sea.”

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

• In the 1840s New York In the 1840s New York newspaper editor, John newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan, put this idea O’Sullivan, put this idea of a national mission in of a national mission in more specific words.more specific words.

• He declared that it was He declared that it was America’s America’s Manifest Manifest Destiny to spread out Destiny to spread out over the whole continent over the whole continent which which “providence (God’s “providence (God’s will) has given us.” will) has given us.”

• In other words, America was clearly destined to In other words, America was clearly destined to extend all the way to the Pacific Ocean.extend all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

The Westward Movement The Westward Movement The U.S. marched quickly toward The U.S. marched quickly toward west.west.

Although legend portrays muscular Although legend portrays muscular axmen triumphantly carving axmen triumphantly carving civilization out of the western woods, civilization out of the western woods, life was grim. Pioneer families were life was grim. Pioneer families were poorly fed, ill-clad. They were poorly fed, ill-clad. They were constant victims of disease and constant victims of disease and depression. Above all unbearable depression. Above all unbearable loneliness haunted them.loneliness haunted them.

Frontier people were individualistic, Frontier people were individualistic, superstitious and ill-informed.superstitious and ill-informed.

Shaping the Western LandscapeShaping the Western LandscapeWestward movement molded the Westward movement molded the physical environmentphysical environmentTobacco exhausted the land and Tobacco exhausted the land and then pioneers moved on.then pioneers moved on.““Kentucky blue grass” thrivedKentucky blue grass” thrived and made ideal pasture forand made ideal pasture for livestocklivestockBy the 1820’s, trappers were By the 1820’s, trappers were setting their traplines all over the setting their traplines all over the vast Rocky Mountain region. They vast Rocky Mountain region. They trapped/hunted beavers, sea trapped/hunted beavers, sea otters, and bison to swap for otters, and bison to swap for manufactured goods in the Eastmanufactured goods in the East

How does the following art depict How does the following art depict America’s Manifest Destiny?America’s Manifest Destiny?

10Emigrants Crossing the Plains by Albert Bierstadt, 1876.

Emmanuel Gottlieb Leutze, “Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way” (1861)

12American Progress by John Gast, 1872.

General Diaz, the President of Mexico, General Diaz, the President of Mexico, reportedly saidreportedly said

““Poor Mexico! So far from God and so Poor Mexico! So far from God and so close to the United States.” close to the United States.”

The Mexican American WarThe Mexican American War

• In the early 1800s, In the early 1800s, New Mexico was the New Mexico was the name of a vast region name of a vast region that included present that included present day New Mexico, day New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Arizona, Nevada, and parts of Colorado and parts of Colorado and Utah.Utah.

• When Mexico won it’s When Mexico won it’s independence in 1821 independence in 1821 it inherited the New it inherited the New Mexico region from Mexico region from Spain. Spain.

• The Mexicans The Mexicans however, had little however, had little control over this control over this distant territory, as a distant territory, as a result the people result the people there mostly there mostly governed themselves.governed themselves.

IssuesIssues

• Trade between New Mexico and the U.S. Trade between New Mexico and the U.S. increased as more Americans moved into increased as more Americans moved into New Mexico to settle.New Mexico to settle.

• The idea of Manifest Destiny had captured The idea of Manifest Destiny had captured the imagination of the American the imagination of the American population.population.

• Many people saw the New Mexico territory Many people saw the New Mexico territory as rightfully belonging to the U.S. and the as rightfully belonging to the U.S. and the next logical step was to acquire it.next logical step was to acquire it.

IssuesIssues

• Additionally, many Americans hoped to add Additionally, many Americans hoped to add California to the U.S. which would guarantee California to the U.S. which would guarantee access to the Pacific Ocean.access to the Pacific Ocean.

• This would allow the U.S. to build ports and begin This would allow the U.S. to build ports and begin trading with Japan and China.trading with Japan and China.

War with MexicoWar with Mexico

• President Polk offered President Polk offered to buy New Mexico to buy New Mexico and California from and California from Mexico for 25 million Mexico for 25 million dollars.dollars.

• Insulted, Mexico Insulted, Mexico rejected Polk’s offer.rejected Polk’s offer.

• After having his offer After having his offer rejected, President rejected, President Polk provoked a war Polk provoked a war with Mexico.with Mexico.

• He ordered Gen. He ordered Gen. Zach Taylor to build a Zach Taylor to build a fort in the disputed fort in the disputed territory between the territory between the Rio Grande and Rio Grande and Nueces Rivers in Nueces Rivers in present day Texas.present day Texas.

• With an American fort With an American fort being built on their being built on their country’s soil, Mexico country’s soil, Mexico had no choice but to had no choice but to attack.attack.

• On April 24On April 24thth, 1846 , 1846 Mexican soldiers Mexican soldiers attacked a small force attacked a small force of Gen Taylor’s of Gen Taylor’s soldiers.soldiers.

• President Polk now had the excuse to ask President Polk now had the excuse to ask Congress to declare war on Mexico which they Congress to declare war on Mexico which they did on May 11did on May 11thth, 1846, 1846

• Polk’s plan had three Polk’s plan had three parts:parts:

1) Establish the Rio 1) Establish the Rio Grande River as the Grande River as the new border between new border between the US and Mexico.the US and Mexico.

2) Seize the New 2) Seize the New Mexican region and Mexican region and California.California.

War with MexicoWar with Mexico3) Capture Mexico City.3) Capture Mexico City.

• By mid Sept. 1847, after the capture of By mid Sept. 1847, after the capture of their capital city, Mexico surrendered.their capital city, Mexico surrendered.

• America had met all of it’s objectives at a America had met all of it’s objectives at a cost of 100 million and 1,721 men.cost of 100 million and 1,721 men.

• Mexico’s losses were far higher in men as Mexico’s losses were far higher in men as well as losing half of its territory.well as losing half of its territory.

Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo• A peace treaty was signed in Feb. A peace treaty was signed in Feb.

1848 after one month of negotiations.1848 after one month of negotiations.

Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• The treaty called for:The treaty called for:

1)1) Mexico to give up all claims to Texas and Mexico to give up all claims to Texas and agreed to the Rio Grande River as the agreed to the Rio Grande River as the border between Texas and Mexico.border between Texas and Mexico.

2) Mexico gives California and New Mexico 2) Mexico gives California and New Mexico to the U.S.to the U.S.

3) U.S. pays Mexico 15 million dollars.3) U.S. pays Mexico 15 million dollars.

BackgroundBackground• The major issue facing the country was how territories The major issue facing the country was how territories

should be admitted to the union, free or slave. should be admitted to the union, free or slave.

• After the war with Mexico the US had gained all After the war with Mexico the US had gained all of the New Mexico Territory.of the New Mexico Territory.

• Would this new territory be free or allow slavery?Would this new territory be free or allow slavery?

BackgroundBackground• Whether a territory was admitted as a free or Whether a territory was admitted as a free or

as a slave state would mean a as a slave state would mean a shift in powershift in power in the Senate between the Senators that in the Senate between the Senators that supported slavery vs. those that did not. supported slavery vs. those that did not. (Each state is allowed two Senators to (Each state is allowed two Senators to represent their state.)represent their state.)

Wilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso

• In Aug. 1846, David In Aug. 1846, David Wilmot, a Representative Wilmot, a Representative from Pennsylvania, from Pennsylvania, proposed an amendment proposed an amendment to a war appropriation bill to a war appropriation bill that would ban slavery in that would ban slavery in all the territories gained all the territories gained from Mexico.from Mexico.

• Despite fierce opposition Despite fierce opposition from the south the bill from the south the bill was passed in the House was passed in the House but failed to pass in the but failed to pass in the Senate.Senate. David WilmotDavid Wilmot

Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty

• Several years later, Several years later, Senator Lewis Cass Senator Lewis Cass proposed to let the people proposed to let the people of the new territories of the new territories decide on the issue of decide on the issue of slavery, slavery, Popular Popular SovereigntySovereignty..

• This idea was very popular This idea was very popular with Congress who wanted with Congress who wanted to move the problem out of to move the problem out of Congress and put it into Congress and put it into the people’s hands.the people’s hands.

Conflicts and Compromises:Conflicts and Compromises:

1)1) Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise2)2) Compromise of 1850Compromise of 18503)3) Fugitive Slave Act, 1850Fugitive Slave Act, 18504)4) Kansas Nebraska ActKansas Nebraska Act

1) Missouri Compromise1) Missouri Compromise

• Missouri, with a constitution that allowed Missouri, with a constitution that allowed slavery, wanted to become a state in slavery, wanted to become a state in 1819.1819.

• At the time the Senate was divided equally At the time the Senate was divided equally between 11 states for and 11 states between 11 states for and 11 states against slavery; equal power in the against slavery; equal power in the Senate.Senate.

• Missouri , if admitted, would upset the Missouri , if admitted, would upset the balance of power in the Senate.balance of power in the Senate.

Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise

• Henry Clay, the Speaker of Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House of the House of Representatives came up Representatives came up with a compromise:with a compromise:

1.1. Allow Maine to be Allow Maine to be admitted to the Union as admitted to the Union as a free state.a free state.

2.2. Allow Missouri to be Allow Missouri to be admitted as a slave admitted as a slave state.state.

3.3. Prohibit slavery in the Prohibit slavery in the Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase territory north of the 36 territory north of the 36 deg. Line of latitude.deg. Line of latitude.

Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise

• This compromise preserved the balance of This compromise preserved the balance of power in the Senate and temporarily ended the power in the Senate and temporarily ended the bitter debate in Congress over slavery.bitter debate in Congress over slavery.

2) Compromise of 18502) Compromise of 1850

• For 25 years the issue of slavery did not For 25 years the issue of slavery did not come up for debate in Congress however, come up for debate in Congress however, by the 1840s the explosive issue had by the 1840s the explosive issue had returned.returned.

• The heated debates focused on the The heated debates focused on the territories of California, New Mexico, and territories of California, New Mexico, and Texas as to whether or not they would Texas as to whether or not they would allow slavery.allow slavery.

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

• In Jan. 1848, gold was In Jan. 1848, gold was discovered in California. discovered in California. After several months the After several months the word leaked out and by word leaked out and by the summer the news of the summer the news of gold had reached the gold had reached the East Coast.East Coast.

• By the end of 1849 there By the end of 1849 there were over 80,000 were over 80,000 “Forty-“Forty-Niners” Niners” in California in California looking for gold.looking for gold.

• In desperate need for In desperate need for a strong government a strong government to control the chaos to control the chaos and violence, and violence, California petitioned California petitioned for statehood. for statehood.

Compromise of 1850: IssuesCompromise of 1850: Issues

1.1. By 1849, there was a balance of power in the By 1849, there was a balance of power in the Senate with 15 pro and 15 antislavery states. Senate with 15 pro and 15 antislavery states. How was that balance of power going to be How was that balance of power going to be maintained if California joined the country as a maintained if California joined the country as a free state?free state?

(Texas had achieved statehood in 1845 as a (Texas had achieved statehood in 1845 as a slave state. New Mexico decided not to join slave state. New Mexico decided not to join with California to apply for its statehood in with California to apply for its statehood in 1850.)1850.)

Compromise of 1850: IssuesCompromise of 1850: Issues

Compromise of 1850: IssuesCompromise of 1850: Issues2.2. Antislavery forces wanted to abolish Antislavery forces wanted to abolish

slavery in Washington DC, home to the slavery in Washington DC, home to the largest slave trade in North America.largest slave trade in North America.

3.3. Southerners wanted a tougher national Southerners wanted a tougher national law requiring states to return fugitive law requiring states to return fugitive slaves to their masters.slaves to their masters.

Compromise of 1850 Compromise of 1850 • In January of 1850, In January of 1850,

Henry Clay presented Henry Clay presented a compromise that a compromise that caused an emotional caused an emotional debate that lasted for debate that lasted for seven months in seven months in Congress. Congress.

• In the end, Clay’s In the end, Clay’s plan proved to be too plan proved to be too controversial. As a controversial. As a result, his plan was result, his plan was broken into parts and broken into parts and voted on separately.voted on separately.

Compromise of 1850 Compromise of 1850

• Between August Between August and September, and September, Congress finally Congress finally passed five laws passed five laws that became that became known as the known as the Compromise of Compromise of 1850.1850.

Compromise of 1850 Compromise of 1850

1.1. California joins the country as a free state.California joins the country as a free state.2.2. Texas's boundaries were set at their present Texas's boundaries were set at their present

form.form.3.3. The New Mexico territory would have no The New Mexico territory would have no

restrictions on slavery. (They could vote on it restrictions on slavery. (They could vote on it later when applying for statehood.)later when applying for statehood.)

4.4. Washington D.C. would abolish the slave trade Washington D.C. would abolish the slave trade but still allow people to own slaves.but still allow people to own slaves.

5.5. A tough national fugitive slave law was A tough national fugitive slave law was passed.passed.

• This compromise was thought to be the This compromise was thought to be the “final “final settlement”settlement” over slavery between the northern over slavery between the northern and southern states.and southern states.

3) Fugitive Slave Act of 18503) Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

The most controversial and divisive The most controversial and divisive component of the Compromise of component of the Compromise of 1850 was the Fugitive Slave Act. 1850 was the Fugitive Slave Act.

Passed as part of the Compromise Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, the law required all citizens of 1850, the law required all citizens (in both free and slave states), to (in both free and slave states), to help catch runaway slaves.help catch runaway slaves.

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

• Anyone who helped a fugitive slave could be Anyone who helped a fugitive slave could be fined or imprisoned.fined or imprisoned.

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 also denied slaves the right to a jury trial and increased the penalty for interfering with the rendition process to $1000 and six months in jail. In order to ensure the statute was enforced, the 1850 law also placed control of individual cases in the hands of federal commissioners. These agents were paid more for returning a suspected slave than for freeing them, leading many to argue the law was biased in favor of Southern slaveholders.

• Southerners believed Southerners believed this law would force this law would force northerners to respect northerners to respect their rights. Instead it their rights. Instead it angered them, angered them, convincing many in convincing many in the North about the the North about the evils of slavery.evils of slavery.

The Underground RailroadThe Underground Railroad

Harriet Tubman, “Moses”

4) Kansas Nebraska Act4) Kansas Nebraska Act

4) Kansas Nebraska Act4) Kansas Nebraska ActIllinois Senator Stephen Douglas Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas wanted to encourage settlement of wanted to encourage settlement of the west and open the way for a the west and open the way for a transcontinental railroadtranscontinental railroad..

He proposed the lands west of He proposed the lands west of Missouri and Iowa be organized into Missouri and Iowa be organized into territories of Kansas and Nebraska.territories of Kansas and Nebraska.

Kansas Nebraska ActKansas Nebraska Act

• Because these territories would eventually Because these territories would eventually join the country as free states, Senator join the country as free states, Senator Douglas knew that the southern states Douglas knew that the southern states would oppose the admittance of Kansas would oppose the admittance of Kansas and Nebraska because it would give the and Nebraska because it would give the North an advantage in the Senate.North an advantage in the Senate.

Kansas Nebraska ActKansas Nebraska Act• As a result, he proposed abandoning the As a result, he proposed abandoning the

Missouri Compromise and letting the settlers Missouri Compromise and letting the settlers vote on slavery instead.vote on slavery instead.

• He called this He called this Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty-- allowing the allowing the people to decide.people to decide.

• Senator Douglas’ idea created a fire storm Senator Douglas’ idea created a fire storm of protests between the northern and of protests between the northern and southern states.southern states.

• With the backing of President Pierce, With the backing of President Pierce, Congress passed the Kansas- Nebraska Congress passed the Kansas- Nebraska Act ending the Missouri Compromise Act ending the Missouri Compromise which had lasted for 30 years.which had lasted for 30 years.

• Right after passing the K/N Act, pro and Right after passing the K/N Act, pro and antislavery groups rushed into the territories of antislavery groups rushed into the territories of Kansas and Nebraska.Kansas and Nebraska.

• In the spring of 1855, a proslavery legislature In the spring of 1855, a proslavery legislature was elected in Kansas and quickly passed was elected in Kansas and quickly passed proslavery laws.proslavery laws.

• Armed antislavery groups refused to accept Armed antislavery groups refused to accept these new laws. Instead they held their own these new laws. Instead they held their own elections, and adopted their own antislavery elections, and adopted their own antislavery constitution. constitution.

Kansas Nebraska ActKansas Nebraska Act• By Jan. 1856, there were By Jan. 1856, there were

two rival governments in two rival governments in Kansas. Each Kansas. Each government petitioned government petitioned Congress to be admitted Congress to be admitted into the union.into the union.

• President Pierce and the President Pierce and the Senate favored the Senate favored the proslavery government proslavery government and the House of and the House of Representatives favored Representatives favored the antislavery the antislavery government.government.

• Violence quickly Violence quickly broke out between broke out between antislavery groups antislavery groups known as known as JayhawkersJayhawkers and proslavery and proslavery groups known as groups known as Bushwackers.Bushwackers.

• For example, John For example, John Brown, a fervent Brown, a fervent abolitionist, believed abolitionist, believed that God had chosen that God had chosen him to end slavery. him to end slavery. He led an attack in He led an attack in which they captured which they captured and killed five and killed five proslavery proslavery supporters.supporters.

• Newspapers began referring to the violence as Newspapers began referring to the violence as “the bleeding of Kansas.”“the bleeding of Kansas.”

• Some historians have Some historians have said that the Civil War said that the Civil War unofficially started in unofficially started in Kansas.Kansas.

• Not until the fall of Not until the fall of 1856 could the US 1856 could the US Army stop the Army stop the violence. By then violence. By then more than 200 people more than 200 people had been killed.had been killed.

Kansas Nebraska ActKansas Nebraska Act• Kansas finally joined the Union as a free state in Kansas finally joined the Union as a free state in

Jan. 1861. By then however, the balance of Jan. 1861. By then however, the balance of power in the Senate did not matter because the power in the Senate did not matter because the Civil War was about to begin.Civil War was about to begin.

Gadsden PurchaseGadsden PurchaseAs president, Pierce pursued an expansionist foreign policy.

The Gadsden Purchase, or Treaty, was an agreement between the United States and Mexico, finalized in 1854, in which the United States agreed to pay Mexico $10 million for a 29,670 square mile portion of Mexico that later became part of Arizona and New Mexico. Gadsden’s Purchase provided the land necessary for a southern transcontinental railroad and attempted to resolve conflicts that lingered after the Mexican-American War.

Ostend ManifestoOstend Manifesto

Pierce’s most controversial initiatives came in the Caribbean. Southern expansionists had long urged Cuban slave owners to declare independence from Spain and join the United States as a slave-holding state.

In 1854, Franklin Pierce instructed his minister to Spain to offer $130 million for the island. The State Department prepared a confidential dispatch (the Ostend Manifesto) suggesting that if Spain refuse to sell Cuba, the United States might take it by force.

News of the dispatch leaked out and the North was outraged by this “slaveholders’ plot” to add another slave state to the Union. As a result, the government disavowed the manifesto and any hope of obtaining Cuba vanished.

Brooks was a fervent advocate of slavery and states' rights. He is primarily remembered for beating Senator Charles Sumner (Free Soil-Massachusetts), an abolitionist, with a cane on the floor of the United States Senate, on May 22, 1856. This was in retaliation for an anti-slavery speech by Sumner in which Sumner verbally attacked Brooks' second cousin, Senator Andrew Butler. Brooks' action was applauded by many Southerners and abhorred in the North.

Preston BrooksPreston Brooks

The Dred Scott DecisionThe Dred Scott Decision

Dred Scott was a slave who Dred Scott was a slave who was bought by an Army doctor was bought by an Army doctor in the slave state of Missouri. in the slave state of Missouri.

In 1830, he moved with the In 1830, he moved with the doctor to Illinois and the doctor to Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory, both free, Wisconsin Territory, both free, and lived there for five years and lived there for five years before returning to Missouri before returning to Missouri where the doctor died.where the doctor died.

• In 1861, with the help of antislavery In 1861, with the help of antislavery lawyers, Mr. Scott sued for his freedom lawyers, Mr. Scott sued for his freedom because he had once lived on free soil because he had once lived on free soil and the state motto for Missouri was and the state motto for Missouri was “Once free always free.”“Once free always free.”

• His case went all the way up to the His case went all the way up to the Supreme Court and attracted enormous Supreme Court and attracted enormous attention. Many people hoped the SC attention. Many people hoped the SC would settle slavery once and for all.would settle slavery once and for all.

Chief Justice Roger B. Taney said:Chief Justice Roger B. Taney said:

1.1. Dred Scott was still a slave not a citizen and therefore had Dred Scott was still a slave not a citizen and therefore had no right to file a law suit.no right to file a law suit.

2.2. A slave was property and the 5A slave was property and the 5thth Amendment prohibits Amendment prohibits Congress from taking away property without following due Congress from taking away property without following due process.process.

3.3. The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because it The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because it banned slavery above the 36 degree line of latitude.banned slavery above the 36 degree line of latitude.

4.4. Popular Sovereignty was unconstitutional because people Popular Sovereignty was unconstitutional because people can’t vote to ban slavery in their territory or state because can’t vote to ban slavery in their territory or state because that would deny someone their right to own property such that would deny someone their right to own property such as a slave.as a slave.

• Republicans and other antislavery groups Republicans and other antislavery groups were outraged calling the decision the were outraged calling the decision the greatest crime ever committed in the greatest crime ever committed in the nation’s courts.nation’s courts.

Lincoln Douglas DebatesLincoln Douglas Debates

• In 1858, Abraham Lincoln In 1858, Abraham Lincoln and Steven Douglas both and Steven Douglas both were running for the were running for the Senate in the state of Senate in the state of Illinois.Illinois.

• Lincoln challenged the Lincoln challenged the well known Douglas to a well known Douglas to a series of seven debates series of seven debates in order to make himself in order to make himself more widely known to the more widely known to the voters.voters.

Lincoln Douglas DebatesLincoln Douglas Debates

• Lincoln argued that slavery was morally Lincoln argued that slavery was morally wrong and was against the spread of it wrong and was against the spread of it into the new territories.into the new territories.

• Douglas argued that the people of the new Douglas argued that the people of the new territories should decide for themselves on territories should decide for themselves on the issue of slavery.the issue of slavery.

• In the end Lincoln lost the election but In the end Lincoln lost the election but gained a national reputation as an gained a national reputation as an eloquent and intelligent speaker.eloquent and intelligent speaker.

Harper’s FerryHarper’s Ferry

On the night of October 16, On the night of October 16, 1859, John 1859, John Brown, with the Brown, with the support of abolitionists, led 18 support of abolitionists, led 18 men, both white and free men, both white and free African Americans, on a raid African Americans, on a raid to attack Harper’s Ferry and to attack Harper’s Ferry and capture an arsenal of capture an arsenal of weapons and ammunition.weapons and ammunition.

• Their plan was to go Their plan was to go into the southern into the southern states to free the states to free the slaves.slaves.

• John Brown and his John Brown and his men were quickly men were quickly captured, convicted of captured, convicted of treason and murder, treason and murder, and sentenced to and sentenced to hang.hang.

The Last Moments of John Brown, The Last Moments of John Brown, 18841884

By Thomas Hovenden By Thomas Hovenden

His trial and execution His trial and execution created an uproar in the created an uproar in the North where some thought North where some thought he was a hero. Ralph Waldo he was a hero. Ralph Waldo Emerson, a famous writer, Emerson, a famous writer, called John Brown a martyr.called John Brown a martyr.

John Brown’s death became John Brown’s death became a rallying cry for the a rallying cry for the abolitionists. abolitionists.

• Southerners thought Southerners thought John Brown’s actions John Brown’s actions proved there was a proved there was a northern conspiracy northern conspiracy against them.against them.

• The nation was on the The nation was on the brink of war.brink of war.

Harriot Beecher StoweHarriot Beecher Stowe

• She was a daughter She was a daughter of a New England of a New England minister who had minister who had witnessed slavery as witnessed slavery as a child. She became a child. She became a writer and called the a writer and called the Fugitive Slave Act a Fugitive Slave Act a “nightmare “nightmare abomination.”abomination.”

• She wrote many She wrote many books about social books about social reform.reform.

• Her most famous Her most famous book was a novel book was a novel called called Uncle Tom’s Uncle Tom’s CabinCabin published in published in 1852.1852.

• The best- selling The best- selling novel showed slavery novel showed slavery as a cruel and brutal as a cruel and brutal system.system.

• It sold 300,000 copies It sold 300,000 copies and had a huge and had a huge impact on people’s impact on people’s feelings on slavery.feelings on slavery.

• Abraham Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln, when being when being introduced to Ms introduced to Ms Stowe during the Civil Stowe during the Civil War remarked, War remarked, “so “so you wrote the book you wrote the book that started this great that started this great war.”war.”

Countdown to War: The Republican Countdown to War: The Republican Party & Abraham LincolnParty & Abraham Lincoln

• The Republican Party The Republican Party nominated Lincoln for nominated Lincoln for president.president.

• Their party’s position Their party’s position on slavery was that on slavery was that slavery should be left slavery should be left alone where it already alone where it already existed but be banned existed but be banned from the territories from the territories and future states.and future states.

• Lincoln won the presidential election of 1860.Lincoln won the presidential election of 1860.• He won all the northern states but lost the southern He won all the northern states but lost the southern

states however, because the northern states had bigger states however, because the northern states had bigger populations they had the majority of the electoral votes, populations they had the majority of the electoral votes, thus the northern states had outvoted the south.thus the northern states had outvoted the south.

• The southern states did The southern states did not trust Lincoln and the not trust Lincoln and the Republican Party.Republican Party.

• On Dec. 20On Dec. 20thth, 1860, the , 1860, the South’s long standing South’s long standing threat to leave the union threat to leave the union became a reality when became a reality when South Carolina held a South Carolina held a special convention and special convention and voted to voted to secedesecede from the from the country.country.

Countdown to War: Countdown to War: The ConfederacyThe Confederacy

• By Feb. 1861, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, By Feb. 1861, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia had joined S. Carolina.Florida, and Georgia had joined S. Carolina.

• Delegates from these states met in Montgomery, Alabama Delegates from these states met in Montgomery, Alabama on Feb. 4on Feb. 4thth to form a new nation and a government calling to form a new nation and a government calling themselves the Confederate States of America.themselves the Confederate States of America.

Countdown to War: Countdown to War: The ConfederacyThe Confederacy

• Jefferson Davis, a Jefferson Davis, a Senator from Senator from Mississippi, became Mississippi, became the president of the the president of the new new confederacyconfederacy..

Northern View of Jefferson DavisNorthern View of Jefferson Davis

Countdown to War: Lincoln’s Countdown to War: Lincoln’s Inaugural AddressInaugural Address

• With the country tearing apart Lincoln With the country tearing apart Lincoln gave his Inaugural address on Mar. 4gave his Inaugural address on Mar. 4thth 1861.1861.

• Lincoln said:Lincoln said: 1)1) That secession would not be allowed, That secession would not be allowed, 2)2) The federal government would hold and The federal government would hold and

defend federal property in the south,defend federal property in the south, 3) 3) The federal government would enforce The federal government would enforce

the laws of the United States.the laws of the United States.

Countdown to War: Lincoln’s Countdown to War: Lincoln’s Inaugural AddressInaugural Address

• At the same time he At the same time he pleaded with the people pleaded with the people of the south for of the south for reconciliation:reconciliation:

““We are not enemies, but We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be friends. We must not be enemies. Though enemies. Though passion may have passion may have strained, it must not break strained, it must not break our bonds of affection.”our bonds of affection.”

Countdown to War: Fort SumterCountdown to War: Fort Sumter

• The south had already seized some U.S. The south had already seized some U.S. forts in their states.forts in their states.

• President Lincoln could not allow the President Lincoln could not allow the Confederates to keep them, which would Confederates to keep them, which would be admitting to their right to secede.be admitting to their right to secede.

• Fort Sumter was Fort Sumter was located on a small located on a small Island guarding Island guarding Charleston Harbor.Charleston Harbor.

• The fort was running The fort was running low on supplies and low on supplies and the south was the south was demanding its demanding its surrender.surrender.

• Lincoln ordered an unarmed ship to sail to Lincoln ordered an unarmed ship to sail to Fort Sumter with supplies.Fort Sumter with supplies.

• Before the ship arrived, Confederate Before the ship arrived, Confederate President Davis ordered his forces to President Davis ordered his forces to attack the fort.attack the fort.

• They open fire on They open fire on April 12April 12thth 1861 1861..

• High seas prevented the Union ship from High seas prevented the Union ship from reaching the fort.reaching the fort.

• Ft. Sumter held out Ft. Sumter held out for 33 hours of for 33 hours of bombardment before bombardment before surrendering, (nobody surrendering, (nobody was killed.)was killed.)

• News of the attack brings the North News of the attack brings the North together. President Lincoln calls for together. President Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops to be formed to fight the 75,000 troops to be formed to fight the Confederate Army.Confederate Army.

• Meanwhile, Virginia, North Carolina, Meanwhile, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas voted to join the Tennessee, and Arkansas voted to join the Confederacy.Confederacy.

The Civil War had Begun.The Civil War had Begun.

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