03 christian reise - fraunhofer
Post on 12-Jun-2015
237 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
© Fraunhofer ISE
LONGTERM EXPERIENCE
WITH PV POWER PLANTS IN GERMANY
Dr. Christian Reise
Fraunhofer Institute for
Solar Energy Systems ISE
Freiburg, Germany
Solar Operations & Maintenance
Milan, October 9th, 2013
© Fraunhofer ISE
2
The Fraunhofer ISE Quality Circle
Yield Assessments Module
Measurements
System tests
Quality
Monitoring
© Fraunhofer ISE
3
What are the questions?
© Fraunhofer ISE
4
What are the questions?
What is the state-of-the-art performance of a PV power plant?
What about degradation?
What affects system reliability?
© Fraunhofer ISE
5
What are the questions?
What is the state-of-the-art performance of a PV power plant?
A review of 20+ years of commercial PV systems in Germany
What about degradation?
A study on 100+ power plants in Germany
What affects system reliability?
Modules / inverters / operation management…
© Fraunhofer ISE
6
PV support schemes in Germany
© Fraunhofer ISE
7
Development of system Performance Ratio in Germany
A typical
5 kWp
system
installed
in 1993
within the
German
1000 Roofs
Programme
© Fraunhofer ISE
8
Performance Ratio (PR): A simple Definition
PR =
© Fraunhofer ISE
9
Development of system Performance Ratio in Germany
© Fraunhofer ISE
10
Development of system Performance Ratio in Germany
© Fraunhofer ISE
11
In Germany, state-of-the-art PV systems reach PR(si) values around 90%
Note the difference of some 3…4% between PR(si) and PR(pyr)
In southern Europe, PR will be reduced by 3…5%
Development of system Performance Ratio in Germany
Where is the limit?
© Fraunhofer ISE
12
In Germany, state-of-the-art PV systems reach PR(si) values around 90%
Note the difference of some 3…4% between PR(si) and PR(pyr)
In southern Europe, PR will be reduced by 3…5%
Development of system Performance Ratio in Germany
Where is the limit?
PR =
© Fraunhofer ISE
13
Modules show rated power
Maintenance of area
Theft protection
Minimized row to row shading
Important factors for successful projects
Lessons learnt
© Fraunhofer ISE
14
Important factors for successful projects
Lessons learnt
Modules show rated power
Maintenance of area
Theft protection
Minimized row to row shading
Minimized local shading
Durable installation
QC with commissioning
Regular cleaning intervals
Monitoring of operation
© Fraunhofer ISE
15
What are the questions?
What is the state-of-the-art performance of a PV power plant?
A review of 20+ years of commercial PV systems in Germany
What about degradation?
A study on 100+ power plants in Germany
What affects system reliability?
Modules / inverters / operation management…
© Fraunhofer ISE
16
A study on 100+ power plants in Germany
Data Handling
Filtering of 5-min average values:
© Fraunhofer ISE
17
A study on 100+ power plants in Germany
Data Handling
Filtering of 5-min average values:
Irradiance between
800…1000 W/m²
© Fraunhofer ISE
18
A study on 100+ power plants in Germany
Data Handling
Filtering of 5-min average values:
Irradiance between
800…1000 W/m²
Module temperature between
40…45 °C
© Fraunhofer ISE
19
A study on 100+ power plants in Germany
Data Handling
Filtering of 5-min average values:
Irradiance between
800…1000 W/m²
Module temperature between
40…45 °C
Values inside median ± 5%
© Fraunhofer ISE
20
A study on 100+ power plants in Germany
Data Handling
Filtering of 5-min average values:
Irradiance between
800…1000 W/m²
Module temperature between
40…45 °C
Values inside median ± 5%
Calculation of rate of change
rate in %/year
© Fraunhofer ISE
21
A study on 100+ power plants in Germany
Example: a German „1000-Roofs-Programme“ system
5 kWp PV system built in 1993
New monitoring equipment in 2001
outliers excluded
fitted linear slope
Rate of Change: ca. –0.3%/a
© Fraunhofer ISE
22
-4.0%
-3.0%
-2.0%
-1.0%
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%mono/poly
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11_
rate of change in % per year
years of operation
A study on 100+ power plants in Germany
Results statistics for c-Si
Calculation of a rate of
change per year for each
PV system shows large
scatter
Average c-Si degradation
rates are around –0.25%
per year
© Fraunhofer ISE
23
-4.0%
-3.0%
-2.0%
-1.0%
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0% mono/poly
EFG/String Ribbon
A study on 100+ power plants in Germany
Results for alternative silicon wafer technologies
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11_
rate of change in % per year
years of operation
Average c-Si degradation
rates are around –0.25%
per year
Systems with EFG or
string-ribbon modules
reveal a tendency towards
larger negative rates of
change
© Fraunhofer ISE
24
What are the questions?
What is the state-of-the-art performance of a PV power plant?
A review of 20+ years of commercial PV systems in Germany
What about degradation?
A study on 100+ power plants in Germany
What affects system reliability?
Modules / inverters / operation management…
© Fraunhofer ISE
25
What affects system reliability?
On average, there
are 5 incidents per
PV power plant and
year
Source:
meteocontrol,
Augsburg,
Germany
© Fraunhofer ISE
26
What affects system reliability?
Module reliability
BOS component & installation reliability
Operation management
© Fraunhofer ISE
27
What affects system reliability?
Module reliability
“no problem”
BOS component & installation reliability
Commissioning tests
Operation management
Monitoring & intervention concepts
© Fraunhofer ISE
28
Commissioning tests
Detailed on-site analysis of the
entire power plant:
Comprehensive visual
inspection
Thermographic imaging
Measurement of actual PV
power and conversion to
Standard Test Conditions
Assessment of Performance
Ratio (PR)
© Fraunhofer ISE
29
System Inspection and Testing
Verification of design data (module types, tilt angles, distances)
Screening for large and small anomalies (insufficient foundation,
cell grid faults)
© Fraunhofer ISE
30
System Inspection and Testing
Mechanical problems
Faulty mounting of modules
Missing protection leading to cable damage
© Fraunhofer ISE
31
Loose connectors
System Inspection and Testing
Mechanical problems
© Fraunhofer ISE
32
System Inspection and Testing
Mechanical problems
Combination of connectors from
different manufacturers
Loose cables
© Fraunhofer ISE
33
System Inspection and Testing
Mechanical problems
Cable glands on top, moisture in the sub-distribution box
Spare cable glands not sealed, moisture and animals in the box
© Fraunhofer ISE
34
Mobile lifting platform used
for infrared camera imaging
Temperature analysis of a
solar module with defective
cells
Temperature analysis of a
large module field
System Inspection and Testing
Infrared imaging
© Fraunhofer ISE
35
Detection of defective bypass diodes
System Inspection and Testing
Infrared imaging
© Fraunhofer ISE
36
System Inspection and Testing
Infrared imaging
Detection of defective terminals with high transition resistance
© Fraunhofer ISE
37
System Inspection and Testing
Infrared imaging
Detection of weak connections on power rails
© Fraunhofer ISE
38
Commissioning tests
Detailed on-site analysis of the
entire power plant:
Comprehensive visual
inspection
Thermographic imaging
Measurement of actual PV
power and conversion to
Standard Test Conditions
Assessment of Performance
Ratio (PR)
© Fraunhofer ISE
39
What affects system reliability?
Module reliability
“no problem”
BOS component & installation reliability
Commissioning tests
Operation management
Monitoring & intervention concepts
© Fraunhofer ISE
40
Operation management
Monitoring & intervention
Operation of a state-of-the-art supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA) system in each PV power plant
Operation of a dedicated control centre, offering all features needed to
evaluate system operation and to optimize maintenance work flow
Rapid reaction to error messages
Management, performing and documentation of maintenance and repair
On-site visits in regular intervals
Landscape maintenance
Learn more about operation management at this event…
© Fraunhofer ISE
41
Conclusions…
PV power plant operation is well understood and reproducible
Today’s systems may reach PR(si) values around 90% in Central Europe
Mono- and polycrystalline silicon systems show small degradation rates, by
default, Fraunhofer ISE assumes –0.25% per year
Long term success starts with a comprehensive system testing
Only professional O&M concepts ensure high performance and yields
© Fraunhofer ISE
42
Thank you for your attention!
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
Dr. Christian Reise
christian.reise@ise.fraunhofer.de
www.ise.fraunhofer.de
© Fraunhofer ISE
43
Development of system Performance Ratio in Germany
Comparison prediction vs. real world system operation
© Fraunhofer ISE
44
Development of system Performance Ratio in Germany
Comparison prediction vs. real world system operation
top related