02x04 - hundred years war
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Hundred Years War 7/17/07 1:10 PM← Hundred Years War [1337 – 1453]
Causeso French king Philip VI ceases the provinces of Aquitaine and
makes a French land Until this time Aquitaine was under the English king
o In 1337 Philip VI ceases the providence for itselfo Competing English and French interests in Flanders
Flanders Vital economic center for Europe Primarily for its textile industry
England had a collection of kingdoms in Flanders Wool became the only export of England because
of Flanderso During 1336 and 1340 Edward III tries to get the city of Ghent
into its fold by embargoing it He embargoes wool until the artisans and the
townspeople force the nobility and appoint an ally to England in its place
Not just an ally, essential a vassalo Edward III declares himself king of Ghento He also declares himself king of France
Edward III needs a reason to declare himself king This comes with after the death of Charles IV By lineage he declares that he is the king of France
o French nobles do not like this for a second
They get a cousin and make Philip VI as the king of France
o Almost 10 years pass before Edward III makes an issue of thiso Edward III states that he is the king of France and is going to
send his army to take over France Belligerents
o France most powerful combatant largest pop. Of the three with 16 million great economic potential major producer of grain, vineyards are the center of
wine industry potential for the king to draw a great amount of
resources for the war Philip VI
new king elected by nobles he does not have the same kind of sway that his
predecessors do he gives the nobles a lot of autonomy and he does
not have a lot of powero England only has 5 million
only one major export (wool) not as much economic potential much more central authority the royal court and the parliament he is able to
efficiently collect taxes and finance the war the army is much better experienced
they learned very quickly how to organize effective armies against the Scots and the welsh
o Burgundy (the wild card) a duchy of France the duke of burgundy in name follows the king of France
in reality he does not and the ‘country’ is independent
in the war they ally with France to defeat the British New Forms of warfare
o unprecedented with the mobility of armies, technologies, and its effects on the people
o Knights, Mercenaries and Yeoman they don’t hold as much land so warfare becomes a
profession for knights they become mercenaries, hired soldiers France hires Scots, Spanish, Italians British hires their own mercenaries mercenaries
bad reputation of violence and greed the development of standing armies
paid military armies called yeomen for the British nobles and kings, and clergy begin debating on how war
should be fought as they built their armies the kings look at ways of
maintaining discipline better at following orders, organized
o Adaptation of Heralds, Constables and Marshals heralds counted how many died, helped decide who
should get promoted and who should get reprimanded
constables and marshals are the military courts to maintain discipline in the soldiers
o Longbows, Crossbows and Cannons longbows have greater range and easier to aim crossbows are slow to load but are very effective
weapon cannons are used both as offensive and defensive
weapons these bring warfare to a new level of violence they render the knights almost obsolete
chivalry changes from family lineage to how wars should be fought
o Total War? similar to WWI and WWII large amounts of moving armies violence to the civilian populations the British specifically attack the French people to show
the king of France has no power to defend them unlike WWI and WWII mobilization of societies was not
huge but it became a precedent for global warfare
Courses of the waro the war can be divided into three phaseso the first 65 years of the war the British are triumphant
they are able to defeat the French when they battle them
in crecy [1346], poitiers [1356], and Agincourt [1415]
they are able to defeat them with longbows the French is set on keeping knights
o France begins to adapt and slowly turns the tide Joan of Arc is in the battle of Orleans [1429] the French are able to stop the British from going south
of there Burgundy allies with France in 1453 (they were with
England before) this is strange because for the first half of the war
they were fighting burgundy as wello England defeated
The French and burgundy push the British from Aquitaine and formigny
by 1453 the British are only in power of Calais they hold it until 1558 when they finally leave
o Impact France
Despite terrible suffering France comes out ahead the war strengthens the monarchy they have greater centralized power and
organization economically harsh war for all the nations
involved England is worse off economically
Smaller, taxation led to unrest in the population they were forced to borrow a great deal of money
from banks in Italy which they were now unable to pay
Burgundy becomes much more powerful
They never gained complete sovereignty but they had greater liberty
England also has a 30 year point of civil war Europe as a whole
England precipitates a world financial crisis by defaulting on their loans
Italian banks collapse because England is unable to pay their debts
conflict between England and France prolong the great schism
historians have argued that it was the war between the English and French that prevented much of Europe to negotiating a way out of the schism
←← Joan of Arc
important role in turning the tide in the 100 year war the emergence of national identity over that of kingdoms
o we see the end of feudalism as a decisive institution peasant girl from Dom Remy
o born in a farm in 1413 – 1414 o in the location where England and France separateo one half of the kingdom was ruled by the holy roman empire
and other by France she had a normal childhood until the age of 13 when she started
hearing voices and seeing thingso voices were accompanied with a lighto she believed it was voices of the divineo angels, gods, and other divine o she did not tell anybody because she feared of being burned
at the stake (she later said)
she presented a challenge for historians when she is 17 or 18 she is told by the voices to go to The Dauphin
o that she will see the king come from dauphin and she is to lead an army to drive the British out of France
in 1422 the king of France and England both dieo Charles VI and Henry Vo both king receiving the new thrones are either crazy or infants
England is rule by a 9 month old baby and his regents the voice she heard start to become true the dauphin start to build an army but they are not able to fight the
British effectively Joan of Arc gets an audience with the Dauphin and says that she is
to make him the king the France and to lead the army to drive the English out
o she is just a 17 year old farmer girl at the timeo the king believes her and gives her an army
now Joan has an army, not in command of the army though she accompanies a relief force, she is given a prominent role she doesn't give orders or decides battles she is just a living banner, her presence inspires others they win the battle and drive the British out of Orleans she lives to accompany the Dauphin to the Rheims
o traditional coronation place for the French kingso the dauphin is crowned king of France [1429]o he is being crowned king in a cathedral under ruling by an
enemy
the French believe that god is on their side the english believe that god is on THEIR side and say that Joan is a
witch and spread propaganda Joan now goes to Paris to lift the English siege
o however, she is now able to do soo the French army has a defeat and continues campaigning
until she is captured by burgundy and sold to the Englisho she is taken to French city that is loyal to the English
she is put in jail for sexual perversity, and for saying the saints spoke French (1430)
o she is treated poorly by guards trial and execution (1431)
o she confesses to heresy by forceo four days later she takes back the confessiono she is then burned at the stake
Aftermath and Legendo Not a lot happenso war goes on, her power as a rallying figure was very briefo the Dauphin, now the king as its own powero by the time she is killed she just faded into historyo 25 years after her execution French courts clear her name
and overturn the verdict of her caseo over time she becomes a symbol of national prideo Napoleon revives her as a nationalist figure to liberate Europe
from tyranny o 1871 when they are defeated by the Prussians in Joan’s
birthplace becomes part of the British empire
o she is canonize and becomes a saint of France And the voices?
o the source of the voices are up to the individualo there are claims that she was schizophrenic
the problem is that hearing voices is just one of the symptoms
she had a pretty even temperateo it is impossible to proof anything about the voices at all
←← Revolting Peasants and Eastern Hordes
* 100 year war was economically difficult for the people o nobles and kings raised taxes o there was a plague that made things worse * Jacquerie [1358]
o o First major uprising of peasantso o "peasant fury"
* the peasants complained they were not being defended from other natons attacking them
* they believed it was up to the nobility to protect them * they also rejected the steep taxes for financing the war * Etienne Marcel
o o Him and others revolt against the nobility o Nobility of France are together deciding what to do after the battle
of portiere
o Since they are all together it was an easy place to attacko o Lot of violence
o The nobles organized and attack peasants * Revolt in England
o o Several reasonso * Upset about the steep taxes to fianancing the waro o The uprising is lead by a preacher called John Ballo o In response to the uprising Richard II (England King at the
time) abolishes serfdom, establishes a ceiling for taxes * Once he meets the demands, he sends the army to
suppress them and later takes back all the changes Ciompi [1378]
o Italyo It spread among workers in Florence who have a rise in
unemploymento Artisans and lower merchants who also want increased power
sharing also join the revolto “ciompi” little peopleo they start to burn down nobility’s houseso more violent than the artisans and merchants anticipated
they then side with the nobility and help suppress the workers
(Dis)Order in Europeo increasing unemployment, famine, the war is making it worsto general sense among workers and peasants that the balance
is being tipped too far against them and they need a recourse in order to survive
o these uprisings were failures
workers and peasants did not get greater power, things did not improve, the result was the strengthening of the monarchies
they suppressed the uprisings and stayed in power Mongol invasions (12th and 13th century)
o Genghis Khan o By the 14th century Byzantium is a vassal for the Mongols
They also take Russia and ruled for 200 yearso The Mongol empire was called the “Golden Horde”
The tent of the ruler of the Khan that ruled the Mongolso Not a lot of direct impact of the Mongol take over in western
Europeo Far eastern in the holy roman empire was more directo The direct impact was a trade route to the easto Western merchants now have access to chinao Italian merchant families capitalized on this
Marco Polo Came form Venice Spent two years traveling china and stimulated
trade among the other merchantso Europe began to import goods form china like textiles and
spices, ceramics, ginger, and copper Ottoman Turks
o In 14th centuryo They also began to expand their power toward the westo They are unable to resist the Mongols and Byzantium
o They defeat Hungarian armies in Kosovo [1389]o They are able to rapidly expand by leaving powerful
government structureso They make alliances with Christian kingdomso Through this system and alliances they further their conquest
The state of Byzantium look back into their more glorious dayso The greater days of antiquityo Not just of the empire but also of the roman empire as a
whole and the Greekso They begin translating the works of antiquityo The scholars are unable to really maintain the same position
of wealth and prestige that they once held within an empire that is essentially dead so they travel westward
o They set up universities and other in Italy and Franceo This leads to the renaissance
They are not the only reason, but they are a major factor
7/17/07 1:10 PM←
7/17/07 1:10 PM←
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