02 - skletal system
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SKLETAL SYSTEM
•It is divided into twoparts :
•Axial.
•Appendicular.
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AXIAL SKELETON
•It forms thelongtudinal axis of thebody.
•It is divided into threeparts :
•Skull.
•
Vertebral Column.•Bony thorax.
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SKULL
•It is formed of twosets of bones :
•Cranium.
•Facial bones.
•Most of Its bones are flat.
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CRANIUM
•it encloses andprotects the brain.
•It is formed of eight
large flat bones.•Two of them are
paired and the othersare single.
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CRANIUM
•The bones are :
•Frontal.
•Parietal.
•Temporal.
•Occipital.
•The bones are joined
together by sutures.
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FACIAL BONES
•They hold the eyes inan anterior position.
•They are (14) bones.
•Twelve are pairedand only the mandibleand vomer are single.
•They are : maxillae,
palatine,zygomatic,lacrimal, nasal, vomerand mandible.
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN
•It is the axial supportof the body.
•It extends from the
skull which it supportsto the pelvis, where ittransmits the weightof the body to the
lower limbs.
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN•
It is formed of (24)single bones(Vertebrae) :
•Cervical vertebrae
(7).•Thoracic
vertebrae(12).
•Lumbar vertebrae (5).
•Sacrum (fused 5vertebrae).
•Coccyx (fused 4vertebrae).
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN
•The single vertebraeare separated bypads of flexible
fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs).
•The intervertebral discs absorb shocks
and allow the spineflexibility.
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TYPICAL VERTEBRA
•It is formed of :
•Body.
•Vertebral arch: laminaeand pedicle.
•Vertebral foramen.
•Transverse process.
•Spinous process.
•Superior and inferior
articular processes.•THEY ARE IRREGULAR
BONES.
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DIFFERENT VERTEBRAE
•Cervical :smallest ,the spine is dividedinto two branches.Transverse processcontain foramen.
•Thoracic : body isheart shaped and hastwo costal facets.
•Lumbar : massiveblock like bodies.
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BONY THORAX
•It is formed of thesternum,ribs andthoracic vertebrae.
•It protects the organsof the thoracic cavity.
•Sternum
•
Manubrium.•Body.
•Xiphoid process.
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RIBS
•They are (12) pairswhich are divided asfollows :
•
True (7) : attachdirectly to thesternum.
•False (5) : either
attach indirectly to thesternum or not at all.
•Floating : last twopairs.
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APPENDICULAR SKELETON
•It is formed of :
•Pectoral girdle.
•Pelvic girdle.
•Bones of the upperand lower limbs.
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PECTORAL GIRDLE
•It is formed of :
•CLAVICLE : it holdsthe arm away from
the thorax.•SCAPULA (WING).
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UPPER LIMB
•ARM :Humerus.•FORE ARM: Radius
& Ulna.•Long bones :
•They are formed of :•Epiphysis : on each
end.•Diaphysis : a tubular
shaft. It is coveredexternally by theperiosteum.
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HAND
•WRIST : Carpalbones.
•PALM : Metacarpal
bones.•FINGERS :
Phalanges.
•
They are examples ofshort bones.
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PELVIC GIRDLE
•Formed of the twoHIP bones.
•Each hip bone isformed of three parts :
•ILium.
•Ischium.
•Pubis.
•The hip bones andthe sacrum form thebony pelvis.
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LOWER LIMB
•THIGH : Femur.
•LEG : Tibia & Fibula.
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FOOT
•TARSUS : Tarsalbones.
•Metatarsals.
•Phalanges.
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