02. agroecosystem concept. what is an ecosystem, and how can we study one? is the earth an open or...
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AGROECOLOGY02. AGROECOSYSTEM CONCEPT
What is an ecosystem, and how can we study one?
Is the earth an open or closed system with respect to energy and elements?
How do we define "biogeochemical cycles," and how are they important to ecosystems?
What are the major controls on ecosystem function?
What are the major factors responsible for the differences between ecosystems?
The concept of the agroecosystem is based on ecological principles
NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS
Mineral/materi
Gen Sel Organ Organisme Populasi Komunitas
SelSistem
Organ Sistem
OrganismeSistem
PopulasiSistem Ekosistem
Gambar. Spektrum Ekologi
Organization of Life
Organisms
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Biosphere
BiosphereBiosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Scales of Ecological Organization
INDIVIDU?POPULASI ? KOMUNITAS ?
A
B
C
INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM
OrgansTissuesMolecules Cells Organs systems
Concerned :how is a organism response the environmental factors?
How is a individual organism tolerance to stresses in environment where it will live?
Autecology/Physiological ecology Organism
POPULATIONS A population is a group of individuals of the
same species inhabiting the same area at the same time.
Important characteristics:○ Population size, density, and dispersion○ Birth and death rates○ Growth rates○ Age structure○ Genetic Diversity
Characteristics of Populations
1. Population size, density, and dispersion
2. Birth and death rates
3. Growth rates
4. Age structure
5. Genetic Diversity
POPULATIONS
Concerned :
Important in determining the factors that control population size and growth
relation to the capacity of the environment to support population over time
Population ecology
Population Ecology
A population is a group of plants, animals, or other organisms, all of the same species, that live together and reproduce.
The important of population ecology
1. Numbers of individuals in a population
2. Population dynamics: how and why those numbers increase or decrease over time
3. Population ecologists try to determine the processes common to all populations
Population Ecology in Action
Biologists in applied disciplines such as ForestryAgronomy (crop science)Wildlife management
Must manage populations of economic importance
Prevent threatened or endangered species from extinction
COMMUNITIES Communities an assemblage of populations
of many species living together in the same location at the same time.
The important thing :1. Community structure and functioning
2. Community Biodiversity○ Number and types of species ○ Relative abundance of species○ Interactions among species
3. Community Development○ Community resilience to disturbance○ Nutrient and energy flow
COMMUNITIES
Community ecology
Concerned :
How the interactions of organism affect the distribution and abundance of the different species
ECOSYSTEMS Ecosystems are
composed of all the communities and their physical, chemical, and biological processes.Ecosystems sustain
themselves entirely through energy flow through food chains, and nutrient recycling.
Flamboyan
Songgoriti
Baru
Brau Lebak
Toyomarto
Borolasah
Borogondang Lasah
Ngudi
Brak
Durek
Sawahan
Sabrangbendo
Kedung
Cembo
Ngujung Dadapan
Pandan
Tlogorejo
BinangunBeru
Rekesan Wetan
Rekesan Kulon
Cangar
Gintung
Kliran
Prumbung
Brau
Claket
Talangsari
Ngebruk Pagersari
Prambatan
Pagergunung
Kapru Kandangan
Selekta
Sidorejo
Sumberbrantas
Gabes
Junggo
Gerdu
Kekep
Tegalsari
Sengonan
Payan
Kungkuk
Gembol
Sikorembug
Tinjomoyo
Santrian
Sumbersari
Pesantren
Pesanggrahan
Wunucari
Srebet Barat
Plamboyan
Tambuh
Klumusan
Ngemul
Ngaglik Utara
Meduran
Kaliputih
Leban
Krajan
Kajar
Banaran
Gemulo
Talangrejo
Gondang
Segundu
Punten
Tonggolari
Sumberejo
Srebet Timur
Songgokerto
Ngaglik Selatan Krajan
Bumiaji
Ngudi
Dadaptulis Utara
Ngandat
Jeding
Rejoso
Tlekung
Ngukir
KlerekKalimalang
Dresel
Gondorejo
Toyomerto
Srebet Timur
Kampungteh
Glonggong
Besul Genengan
Sukomulyo
Kampunganyar
Temas Barat Putuk
Genting
Meduran
Kampunganyar
Ngemul
Pendem
Kajang
Gangsiranputuk
Beji
Krajan
Oro-oroombo
Temas
Junrejo
Batu
DESA TULUNGREJO
KEL. TEMAS
DESA GIRIPURNO
DESA BUMIAJI
DESA PANDANREJO
KEL. SISIR
DESA BULUKERTO
DESA SUMBERGONDO
DESA BEJI
DESA TAWANGARGO
KEL. NGAGLIK
DESA GUNUNGSARI
DESA TORONGREJO
DESA ORO-OROOMBO
DESA PANDESARI
DESA JUNREJO
KEL. SONGGOKERTO
AREAL KEHUTANAN
DESA SIDOMULYO
DESA PASANGGRAHAN
DESA MOJOREJO
DESA SUMBEREJO
DESA PUNTEN
DESA PENDEM
DESA TLEKUNGDESA DADAPREJO
KEL. PENCALUKAN
DESA TOYOMARTO
665000
665000
670000
670000
675000
675000
912
500
0 91250
00
913
000
0 91300
00
913
500
0 91350
00
914
000
0 91400
00
PETA LANDUSE TAHUN 2006 DI SUB DAS BRANTAS HULU
2000 0 2000 4000 Meters
U
TB
S
Landuse:: Hutan Alami: Hutan Produksi: Hutan Reboisasi: Lahan Terbuka: Pemukiman: Perkebunan: Rumput: Sawah: Semak: Tegalan
Example:In Watershed
ABIOTIC COMPONENTS BIOTIC COMPONENTS
Sunlight Primary producers
Temperature Herbivores
Precipitation Carnivores
Water or moisture Omnivores
Soil or water chemistry (e.g., P, NH4+) Detritivores
etc. etc.
All of these vary over space/time
Components of Ecosystem
The biosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems. It can also be called the zone of life on Earth. From the broadest biophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere
Biosphere
Structural Properties of Communities Species Diversity Dominance and Relative Abundance Vegetative Structure (ex: grassland,
forest ) Trophic Structure Stability
Figure. Relationships within an ecosystem
NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
Processes of Ecosystems
How ecosystems function:
1. Ecosystems have energy flows and ecosystems materials cycles.
2. Ecosystems have nutrient cycles
Figure. Energy flows and material cycles.
1. Energy flows and materials cycles
Figure. Relationship between energy flow and nutrient cycle
2. Energy flows and nutrient cycles
Biochemical cycles in ecosystem1.
2. The carbon cycle
3. The phosphorus cycle
AGROECOSYSTEM
AGROECOSYSTEM VS. NATURAL ECOSYSTEM Natural ecosystem is closed, or at least, unmanaged
ecosystem Closed ecosystem—all elements recycled through ecosystem—
not often pure closed ecosystems anymore—humans frequently involved
Agroecosystem is an open ecosystem, or managed ecosystem: Producer moves plants, animals, environmental factors
(fertilizers, feed) in & out of ecosystem Will not continue on its own without management If left alone, would progress toward closed ecosystem, but
probably not the same as original ecosystem before agriculture without human input again
Characteristics Agroecosystem Natural Ecosystem
Productivity High LowSpecies diversity Low (monoculture)
—can use crop rotation and
intercropping to stabilize more
High
Genetic diversity within species
Low High
Plant life-cycles present
Few All, more perennial
Competition Negative Tolerable (ecological niche)
Flowering, plant maturing
Synchronized Seasonal
Nutrient Cycles Open ClosedPermanence Short Long
Human Control High LowEcological Maturity Early, immature Mature, climax
ENERGY FLOW
Figure 2.7 Functional components of an agroecosystem.
Crop Populations Natural Plant Population(also true of weeds)
Seed brought in by producer Seed produced mostly by local plants
High seed viability Variable seed viabilityUniform seed dispersal Non-uniform seed dispersalLow dormancy, carryover of seed
Possibility of dormancy, delayed germination (carryover)
Uniform soils Variable soil typesUniform population age, genetics
Diverse population age, genetics
Even spacing within species Variable spacing within species
High allocation of plant resources to reproduction (seed)
Allocation to seed production may be lower
POPULATION REGULATING MECHANISM
Company Logowww.themegallery.com
NUTRIENT CYCLING
AGROECOSYSTEM
Inputs: Plant residue Animal wastes Animal residue Atmosphere Nitrogen fixation
Outputs: Plants animals grazing on plants Denitrification Run-off leaching
NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
Using the soil as a pool of nutrients:
Inputs:FertilizersCrop residues AtmosphereNitrogen fixation
Outputs:Crops then removal from areaErosionLeaching
Run-off
ASSIGNMENT
1. Cari contoh suatu ekosistem . 2. Tuliskan semua komponen yang ada di
dalam komunitas tersebut3. Jelaskan proses yang terjadi di dalam
komunitas tersebut
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