01chapter 1 psychology
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Chapter one
What is Psychology?
Fields of Psychology
Developmental psychology
Physiological Psychology
Experimental psychology
Personality Psychology
Clinical and Counseling Psychology
Clinical:
Counseling:
Social Psychology
Industrial and Organizational (I/O) Psychology
Enduring Issues
What are the principle issues common to many subfields of psychology?
Person-Situation
Internal factors:
External factors:
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Heredity-Environment
Nature:
Nurture:
Stability-Change
Diversity-Universality
Mind-Body
Psychology as a Science
Scientific method:
Theory:
Hypotheses:
Science vs. Non-science
Other Social Sciences
Sociology:
Anthropology:
Political Science:
The Growth of Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt (1879) and Edward Bradford Titchener: Structuralism Concerned with identifying the units of conscious experience
William James: Functionalism
Concerned with the ongoing use of conscious experience
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Sigmund Freud: Psychodynamic psychology
Focuses on the unconscious determinants of behavior
John Broadus Watson: Behaviorism
Concerned with observable, quantifiable, measurable behavior
Burthus Fredrick Skinner: Behaviorism revisited
Focused on the role of reinforcement
Gestalt Psychology
Defined psychology as: the study of the immediate experience of the whole organism-THE WHOLE IS DIFFERENT THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS
Existential and Humanistic Psychology
Existentialism
Humanists
Cognitive Psychology
Concerned with memory, thinking, language, learning, and decision making; mentalprocessing
Evolutionary Psychology
Focuses on the adaptive values of mental processes and behavior patterns and what
function they serve
Positive Psychology
Emphasizes and studies the origins and nurturance of mental wellness
Multiple Perspectives of Psychology Today
Women in Psychology
Successful explanations of human functioning at
one level need not invalidate explanations at other levels
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Human Diversity
Gender:
Feminist Psychology
Race and ethnicity
Race:
Ethnicity:
Culture
Research Methods in Psychology
1. Naturalistic Observation
Studied non-intrusively in its natural environment
2. Case Studies
Intensive analysis and description of an individual or small group hoping to
find commonalties between that individual and the entire population
3. Surveys
Asking predetermined questions using an interview or questionnaire
Wording effects:
4. Correlational Research
Used to investigate and clarify the relationships between variables
5. Experimental Research
Enables the researcher to focus on the possible effects of one or more factorsby:
1)
2)
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Independent and Dependent variables
Independent:
Dependent:
Experimental condition/group:
Control condition/group:
Experimenter Bias:
Random Assignment:
6. Multimethod Research
The Importance of Sampling
Representative sample:
Random sample:
Human Diversity and Research
Ethics and Psychology
Milgram study
APA code of ethics requires Informed consent from participants
o The nature of the study in clearly understandable language
o Must be documentedo Risks, possible adverse effects, and limitation on confidentiality
o If participation is course credit then alternative must be offered
o Cannot deceive related to risks or unpleasant emotional experiences
o Deception can only be used when absolutely necessary
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