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اتجاهات نظرية في اإلرشاد

؟لفصل ؟ألول مفهومه، وتطوره، ومراحله: اإلرشاد

مقدمة

ماهية اإلرشاد

Muers & Sweeney, 2001 - - - - -

: أنواع اإلرشاد

- - - - -

تطور اإلرشاد

19001910 Frank Parsons

1908 Jesse B. Davies

Clifford Beers

1908 19111920

Smith Hughes 1917

19211930 - - - 1927 -

Abraham & Hanna

Stone1929

19311940 - E.G. Williamson

Minnesota Point of View and Trait-Factor Approach

- John Brewer 1932

- George Dean

19411950 - Carl Rogers

George Barden1946 19511960

- APA1952

- 1958 -

19611970 - Gilbert Wren

1962 -

Krumboltz1966 - 1963

19711980 - -

19811990 -

1981 - 1982 -

19912000 -

1992 -

Sue, Arredondo & MacDavis 1992

2001– - - - - -

SuperegoId

Maslow

7 M8 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 = < ; :9L 155

M87 1 0 / . - , + * )

5 4 3 2L 34

Maslow

William James

Incentive

Instinct

Temperament

Hippocrates

Eysenck

2Eysenck

2 - Conscience

RousseuJ. J.

40005000

M 8 7 8

? > = < ; : 9L :7- 8 3Ego

Type of Person

Theory of Learning

Bad-Active

Theistic Mental Discipline

Good-Active Natural Unfoldment

Neutral-Active

Humanistic Mental Discipline

Neutral-Passive

Behavioristic Theories & Apperceptionism

Neutral-Interactive

Gestalt-field Cognitive Theories

Jay, 2004

Mark, 1997

Francis, 2007

Zunker, 2002

- 1874

Zunker, 2002

- Career Guidance

ParsonsOsipow, 1983

- Frank Parsons1909

1908 1909

)Choosing a vocation (Zunker, 2002 -

Mark, 1997

(Testing Movement 1900-1940

Mark, 1997 1928 Hull

Osipow, 1983

1927 Strong

Osipow, 1983

Isaacson, 1985

Counsling,

Directive Counseling 1940

Trait and

factor approach Zunker, 2002

Nondirective) (Counseling 1942

Mark, 1997

Mark,) 1997

McMahon, 2006

Zunker, 2005

Zunker, 2005 1944

McMahon, 2006 1946

Francis, 2007

Osipow, 1983

Theories of Career Development and Choice

Francis, 2007

The Career-Guidance Movement

Francis, 2007

Headstart Francis,

Career Education

Francis, 2007

Zunker, 2002

ومدى احلاجة إليه هأهداف: للطلبة اإلرشاد املهين

Zunker, 2005

Isaacson, 1985

McMahon, 2006

Zunker, 2002 -

Zunker, 2002

؟لفصل الثاني

ريات اإلرشادنط

مراحل عملية اإلرشاد Egan, 1994

1 2 3 4 5

معايري مدونة سلوك العاملني يف جمال اإلرشاد

National Board of Certified Counselors

Values Ethics

- py (AAMFT) American Association of Marriage and Family Thera

Code of Ethics - American Group Psychotherapy Association: Guidelines for Ethics - ociation (APA) Code of EthicsAmerican Psychological Ass - American Association of Christian Counselors: Code of Ethics - : Code of Ethics and Standards of American Counseling Association

Practice - British Columbia Association for Clinical Counselors: Code of

Ethical Conduct - Canadian Counseling Association: Code of Ethics & Standards of

Practice - Canadian Psychological Association Ethical Standards - Canadian Traumatic Stress Network [Reseau Canadian du Stress

Traumatique]: Ethical Principles - Christian Association for Psychological Studies: Ethics Statement - International Society for Mental Health Online: Suggested Principles

th Servicesfor the Online Provision of Mental Heal - National Board for Certified Counselors: Code of Ethics - National Board for Certified Counselors: The Practice of Internet

Counseling

. : -1

, . -17

-19 ) ( .

-22 . -21

نظريات اإلرشاد املهينتصنيف 1

Trait-and-Factor Approach

Osipow, 1983

Zunker, 2002

Zunker,

Zunker, 2002

McMahon, 2006

2Personality-based-theories

Zunker, 2002

Osipow, 1983

Zunker, 2002

Osipow, 1983

Osipow

Osipow, 1983

Zunker, 2002

Zunker, 2005

Vocational Preference InventorySelf-Directed

Search (SDS

Zunker, 2005

3 Developmental theories

Zunker, 2002 Osipow, 1983

Osipow, 1983

Super & Crites, 1962

Jay, 2004

Zunker, 2002

Zunker,

Zunker, 2002

Jay, 2004

Zunker,

Osipow, 1983

Krumboltz

5 Eclectic Approach

Crites(Osborn, 2005

Osborn, 2005

لت؟لفصل الثاالنفس وعلم االجتاهات النظرية يف اإلرشاد

العشرين لقرنيف النصف األول من ا اإلرشادي

النظرية السلوكية سكنر

Instincts Theory

B. F. Skinner 1904 - 1990

McDougal

Thorndike

Reinforcement Theory

Harlow

Incentives

3Human Needs Theory

Drive Reduction Hull

Motive Need

Homeostasis

4Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Convington, 1984

5Personality Theory

Situational

Personality Characteristic

6Attribution Theory

Frieze,

1977 Bernard Weiner 1994

Weiner, 1997

Pajaros & Miller, 1994

Shell et al, 1995

7Expectancy Theory

Clifford,1990Atkinson, 1964

Motivation Perceived Probability of Success x Incentive Value of Success

PavlovWatson

Thorndike Hull Skinner

EysenckRe-education Relearing

- - - -

1Desensitization

Relaxation

Lang1969

Device for Automated Desensitization "DAD

2Flooding

3Reciprocal Inhibition

4Avoidance Conditioning

Emetine

Eysenck1964

Oswald1962

5Positive Reinforcement

6Nagative Reinforcement

7Punishment

8Reward&Punishment

9Omission Training

10Extinction&Reinforcement

11Negative Practice

Satiation

ليل النفسي التح ةنظري سيجوند فرويد

6 1856

Sig m und Freud 1856 - 19 39

1938231939

18421925

18931895

2 3 4 5 6

18251893

1Repression

Oedipus Complex

RepressionSuppression

2Forgetting

Electra Complex

3Projection

4Negativism

5Day Dreaming

6Rationalization

7Displacement

علـم النفس الفردي والنظريـة النفسية االجتماعيـة

ألفرد أدلر

Alfred Adler 1870 - 1937

)النظرية الكلية( نظرية اجلشتالت

فريتز بريلز

Fritz Perls 1893 - 1970

3 1945

- - - - - -

رابع؟لفصل ال نظريات اإلرشاد يف النصف الثاين

من القرن العشرين

) نظرية الذات( النظرية اإلنسانية كارل روجرز

Carl Rogers 1902 - 1987

Roger’s Self Theory of Personality

Vernon 1

1940–1950

1950–1957

1957–1980

النظرية الوجودية يف اإلرشاد رولو ماي وفكتور فرانكل

Viktor Emil Frankl 1905 - 1997

Rollo May 1909 –

– –

نظرية العالج العقالين االنفعايل

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy ألربت إيليس

Albert

REBT- Rational Emotive Behavior

Therapy

Albert Ellis 1913 - 2007

Carl Rogers Sigmund Freud

Psychology Today

Disputation ConfrontationEncouragement

Disputation Confrontation Encouragement

Control CardEmotional

نظرية حتليل التعامل

)Transactional Analysis( إيريك برين

Eric Berne

Eric Bernestein

Self-Control

Eric Berne 1910 - 1970

Eric Berne

Temporal

Cortex

Eric Berne

Structural Analysis

Parental Ego State

Adult Ego State

Child Ego State

Transactional Analysis

complementary transactions

crossed transactions

ulterior transactions

Game Analysis

Script Analysis

AlwaysAfter

Treatment Contract

Interrogation

Specification

Confrontation

Explanation

Illustration

Confirmation

Interpretation

Crystallization

نظرية العالج الواقعي

وليم جالسر

(William

Glasser)

1955 1956

William Glasser 1925 - 2013

19611965 1965

1972 Positive Addiction 1976 Stations of Mind 1981

(Paul DuDois)

(Adler) (Adolph meyer and Abrahamlow) (Mowher)

(thomaszar) (William powers)

(gorey, 1977)

1998( :

1998 .(

1 Responsibility

. (gorey, 1977) 2 Autonomy

. (gorey, 1977) 3: Involvement

2002 ( 5Identity

1998 (

6 Reality

(Gorey, 1977)

7 Learning

8Alternatives

2002 9Love

11 Growth Force

.(gorey, 1977).

1984( :

. (William 1986).

DSM-IV

3 : ––

1 2 3 .

1 . –

––

1 . 2 .

1 Allyn & Bacon (2004) "Comprehensive Classroom Management: Creating Communities of Support and Solving Problems (6th ed.), Boston.

2 Corey, Gerald (2012) Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy

3 Dougherty, A. Michael (1995) Consultation: Practice and Perspectives in School and Community Settings (Counseling), Brooks/Cole Pub Co; 2nd edition, ISBN-10: 0534251285

4 Egan, G. (1994) The Skilled Helper: a problem-management approach to helping, (5th Ed) Belmont, California: Brooks Cole.

5 Gibson, Robert L.; Mitchell, Marianne H. (1995) Introduction to Counseling and Guidance, Published by Prentice Hall College Div, ISBN 10: 0023417412.

6 Ivey, A. E., D’Andrea, M., Ivey, M. B. and Morgan, L. S. (2002). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: A multicultural perspective, 5th ed. Boston, MA.: Allyn & Bacon.

7 James, R. K. & Gilliland, B. E. (2003). Theories and strategies in counseling and psychotherapy, 5th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

8 Kottler, J. A. (2002). Theories in counseling and therapy: An experiential approach. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

9 Myrick, Robert D. (1987) Developmental Guidance and Counseling: A Practical Approach, Educational Media Corp. (Minneapolis, MN), ISBN 0932796206

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