organic: contains carbon and hydrogen ◦ all living things contain carbon (c), hydrogen (h), oxygen...
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Organic: contains carbon and hydrogen◦ All living things contain carbon (C), hydrogen
(H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and Sulfur (S) Monomer: created when C,H,O, N, P bond together
to form small molecules Polymer: large compounds that are formed by
joining monomers together
Polymerization: process of making a polymer by joining monomers◦ Also known as
dehydration synthesis Goal:
◦ Use small molecules to make larger ones
◦ Uses energy
Polymers can also be called biomolecules or macromolecules◦ Carbohydrates◦ Lipids◦ Proteins ◦ Nucleic Acids
http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/bodychemistry/
Going the “other way”…
Large biomolecules are broken down in a process called hydrolysis◦ Goal:
Make small molecules from larger ones
Release energy
You are what you eat…
Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, in a 1:2:1 ratio◦ Ex: Glucose (C6H12O6),
Commonly called sugars and starches
Monomers (subunits) are monosaccharides, also known as simple sugars◦ Monosaccharides = 1 sugar
Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides = 2 monosaccharides joined ◦ Ex: sucrose = fructose + glucose◦ Ex: maltose = glucose + glucose
DS of Carbs
Polysaccharides = many monosaccharides joined ◦ Ex: glycogen (stores excess sugar in animals)◦ Ex: cellulose (makes rigid plant cell walls)
2 functions◦ Store and release quick energy, ◦ Provide structural support
◦ Ex: Exoskeletons of animals/insects
Food examples: ◦ Bread◦ Potatoes◦ Beans◦ Pasta◦ Cereal◦ Fruit
Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen;
Large non-polar molecules that DON’T dissolve in water
Commonly called fats, oils, steroids, and waxes
Monomers (subunits): glycerol (hydrophilic “head”) with fatty acid chains (hydrophobic “tail”)
You are what you eat… (7:00)
Triglycerides: 3 fatty acids joined to glycerol (alcohol)
Saturated triglycerides (fats):◦ Have fatty acids with only single bonds between
carbon atoms
◦ Solid at room temperature
Unsaturated triglycerides (fats):◦ Have fatty acids with double bonds between
Carbon atoms◦ Cause fatty acid to bend
◦ Liquid at room temperature
Phospholipids: 2 fatty acids joined to glycerol (alcohol)◦ Ex: cell membrane
(barrier between inside & outside of the cell)
Waxes: many fatty acids joined to glycerol (alcohol)◦ Ex: earwax, surface of some plant leaves
3 functions◦ Store long-term energy◦ Insulation◦ Make up cell membranes
Food Examples:◦ Oil, Butter, Steak, Bacon
http://www.brainpop.com/health/nutrition/fats
Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
You are what you eat… (10:50)
Monomers (subunits) are amino acids; only 20 different amino acids exist
Structure of an Amino Acid◦ 1. Amino Group (end)◦ 2. Carboxyl Group (end)◦ 3. R- Group (middle) *changes*
TryptophanSerine
Leucine
Dipeptides: 2 amino acids joined by a peptide bond
Polypeptides: many amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Levels of Protein Structure (VERY complex molecules)◦ Primary (1’): arrangement of amino acids◦ Secondary (2’): folding/coiling of amino acids
Levels of Protein Structure (VERY complex molecules)◦ Tertiary (3’): folding of the whole protein◦ Quaternary (4’): polypeptides attracted together
4 Functions◦ Transport Oxygen in blood stream (hemoglobin)◦ Provide immunity (antibodies)◦ Muscle Contraction◦ Speed up chemical reactions (enzymes)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnlULOjUhSQ
Food examples: ◦ Fish◦ Meat◦ Peanut butter◦ Milk◦ Rice
Enzymes◦ Catalysts: Special proteins that speed up
chemical reactions by lowering the energy needed to start the reaction
◦ Enzyme names end in “–ase” Ex: catalase, sucrase, lactase Enzyme Video
Enzymes act on specific substrates ◦ Substrate: substance that the enzyme breaks
down Each substrate fits into the active site. (Like a lock &
key) ◦ Active Site: Region where enzyme and
substrate bind together
Products: the substrate broken down after the enzyme has acted on it
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp06/0602001.html
ENZYMES ARE NOT CHANGED OR USED IN THE REACTION!
They go on to carry out the same reactions again & again.
◦ Denature: when an enzyme changes shape due to a change in temp, pH, or other factor preventing binding
Enzyme summary
Denature 1:15
Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
Subunits are called nucleotides◦ Made up of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate, and
nitrogen base
Function: store genetic information in cells
Examples: DNA and RNA
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