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Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute
Kenya Coastal Development Project
(KCDP)
A Report on Social Assessment of the Vulnerable and
Marginalized Groups for the Kenya Coastal Development Project
(KCDP)
Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups
Social Assessment Report
(VOLUME II)
Prepared By
Natural Resource Management Enterprise Services 3rd Floor Utali House Nairobi Room 8
P.O Box 72559- 00200 city Square Nairobi Kenya
Tel; +254 02 788593/0722337251/0720 426845
E-mail: narem.enterprises@gmail.com
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Social Assessment Report Page i
Table of Contents
Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................................................ iii
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ vi
Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................. vii
Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. viii
Chapter I Introduction and Background to the consultancy ............................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Background to the Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP) ................................... 1 1.2.1 Rationale of the Assignment .......................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Objectives of the Assignment ........................................................................................................ 3
1.2.3 Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Social Assessment and VMG Plans.................................. 3
1.3 Deliverables ...................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter II: Study Approach and Methods ............................................................................ 5
2.1 Approach .......................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Baseline Quantitative data collection .......................................................................................... 7
2.2.2 Sampling Frame and Sampling Exercise .................................................................................... 7
2.2.3 Focus Group Discussions ............................................................................................................ 8
2.2.4 VMG Land use Mapping .............................................................................................................. 9
2.2.5 Gender Considerations ............................................................................................................... 9
2.2.6 Data Organization and Analysis ............................................................................................... 10
2.3 Limitations/Challenges Faced by Consultants and Research Assistants ...................... 10
Chapter III: Findings of the Study ........................................................................................ 11
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Description of data and information gathered ............................................................... 11
3.3 Stakeholders and Institutional Analysis ......................................................................... 12
3.3.1 Group Formations /Institutions (stakeholder and institutional analysis) ...................... 12
3.4 Process of free, prior, and informed consultation with the affected and informed
consultation with the affected VMGs ....................................................................................... 14
3.5 Socio-Economic Profile of the Vulnerable and Marginalized Communities ................ 15 3.5.1 Distribution of the Surveyed Population by Gender .................................................................. 15
3.5.2 Marital Status ............................................................................................................................. 15
3.5.3 Level of Education .................................................................................................................... 16
3.5.4 Occupation of the Household Members .................................................................................... 16
3.5.5 VMGs Economic Status ............................................................................................................. 18
3.5.7 Household Environment ............................................................................................................ 19
3.5.8 Household Item Ownership ....................................................................................................... 20
3.5.9 Access to Services ..................................................................................................................... 21
3.5.10 Household source of Energy .................................................................................................... 21
3.5.11 Religious Affiliation ................................................................................................................. 22
3.5.12 Mode of Transport ................................................................................................................... 22
3.5.13 Household Source of Domestic Water .................................................................................... 23
3.5.14 Household Access to Sanitation ............................................................................................... 24
3.6 Maps of Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Area ..................................................... 24
Social Assessment Report Page ii
3.7 Historical and Contextual Information on the VMGs at the Kenyan Coast ................... 25
3.8. Legal and Institutional Context of the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups ................ 29
3.9 Potential benefits of KCDP for Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups .......................... 30 3.9.1 Potential benefits of Sustainable Management of Fisheries Resources ..................................... 30
3.9.2 Potential Benefits of Sound Management of Natural Resources ................................................. 33
3.9.3 . Potential Benefits for the Support for alternative Livelihoods ................................................... 34
3.10 Potential adverse impact of KCDP on VMGs and suggested Mitigation Measures....... 38 3.10.1 Potential adverse impact of KCDP on VMGs ............................................................................ 38
3.10.2 Mitigation Measures to address Potential Adverse effects of the Project ................................ 40
3.11 Special measures concerning women and vulnerable groups ........................................ 41
3.12 Capacity Building for the affected communities to enhance their participation in the
implementation of the Action plan ........................................................................................... 42
3.13 Awareness of KCDP Project .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.14 Broad support of the Project ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.15 Involvement of VMGs in planning process enhanced in the form of free, prior and
informed consultation ............................................................................................................... 42
3.16 VMG Land use mapping ................................................................................................. 43
3.17 Compliance with Environmental Regulations and Safeguards ....................................... 44
3.18 Challenges faced by the VMCommunities in their Livelihood Strategies ..................... 44
3.19 Hazina Ya Maendeleo Ya Pwani (HMP) ........................................................................ 46
3.20 Process of free, prior and informed consultations for engaging VMGs in the project
implementation ......................................................................................................................... 46
3.21 Complaint Handling, Grievance and Recourse Mechanisms ........................................ 47
Chapter IV: Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................ 49
Annexes: ................................................................................................................................... 52
Annex I: VMGs Associations Operating in the Project Area and Their Activities. ................ 52
Annex II: Government Agencies and Departments involved in KCDP project
Implementation ......................................................................................................................... 57
Annex III: Consultation Meetings with VMGs Stakeholders ................................................. 59
Annex IV. Minutes of Consultative Meetings with VMarginalized stakeholders .................. 60
Annex V: Photographs ......................................................................................................... 100
Annex VI: Stakeholders Consultation (FDGs) ..................................................................... 105
Annex VI: Map of VMGs Operation Areas ........................................................................... 130
Annex VIII VMGs Inventory (Spatial data) .......................................................................... 142
Annex IX: NGO Board registered NGOs in Coastal region by Counties............................ 147
Annex X: Status of project implementation in Coastal Region by Counties ...................... 152
Social Assessment Report Page iii
Abbreviations and Acronyms
ALRMP II Arid Lands Resource Management Project II
BDS Business Development Services
CAAC Coastal Area Advisory Committee
CBOs Community Based Organizations
CDA Coast Development Authority
CDD Community Driven Development
CDF Constituency Development Fund
CRC Citizen Report Card
CSO Civil Society Organization
CVF Community Village Fund
EA Environmental Audit
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework
FGD Focus group discussion
GEF Global Environmental Fund
GEO Global Environmental Objective
GIS Geographical Information System
GOK Government of Kenya
GP General Population
GPS Geographical Positioning System
GTI Government Training Institute
HMP Hazina ya Maendeleo ya Pwani
ICR Implementation Completion Report
ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management
IDA International Development Association
IOPGSIA
Inter organizational Committee on Principles and Guidelines for Social
Impact Assessment
IPPF Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework
ISDS Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet
ISR Implementation Status and Results
KACC Kenya Anti-Corruption Council
KCDP Kenya Coastal Development Project
KEFRI Kenya Forestry Research Institute
KEFRI Kenya Forestry Research Institute
KMFRI Kenya Marine Fisheries Research Institute
KNCHR Kenya National Commission on Human Rights
KWS Kenya Wildlife Service
Social Assessment Report Page iv
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MCS Monitoring, Control and Surveillance
MLDP Ministry of Lands (Department of Physical Planning)
MoF Ministry of Finance
MoFD Ministry of Fisheries Development
MoL Ministry of Lands
MPA Marine Protected Area
MPs Management Plans
MRC Mombasa Republican Council
MSMEs Micro Small and Medium Enterprises
NEMA National Environment Management Authority
NLC National Land Commission
ODM Orange Democratic Movement
OP Operation Policy
OPCS Operations Policy and Country Services
PAD Project Appraisal Document
PC Project Coordinator
PCU Project Coordination Unit
PF Process Framework
PIM Project Implementation Manual
PPOA Public Procurement Authority
PPP Public-Private Partnership
RA Research Assistant
SDF State Department of Fisheries
UNDRIP UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
VMC Vulnerable and Marginalized Community
VMGPs Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Action Plans
VSLA Village Savings and Loaning Association
MoF Ministry of Finance
MoFD Ministry of Fisheries Development
MoL Ministry of Lands
MPA Marine Protected Area
MPs Management Plans
MRC Mombasa Republican Council
MSMEs Micro Small and Medium Enterprises
NEMA National Environment Management Authority
NLC National Land Commission
ODM Orange Democratic Movement
OP Operation Policy
OPCS Operations Policy and Country Services
PAD Project Appraisal Document
Social Assessment Report Page v
PC Project Coordinator
PCU Project Coordination Unit
PF Process Framework
PIM Project Implementation Manual
PPOA Public Procurement Authority
PPP Public-Private Partnership
RA Research Assistant
SDF State Department of Fisheries
UNDRIP UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
VMC Vulnerable and Marginalized Community
VMGPs Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Action Plans
VSLA Village Savings and Loaning Association
Social Assessment Report Page vi
List of Tables
Table 1: Sample Size ................................................................................................................. 8
Table 2: Distribution of Survey Population Gender ................................................................ 15
Table 3: Marital Status of the Respondents ............................................................................. 15
Table 4 Level of education attained ........................................................................................ 16
Table 5: Occupation of household Members ........................................................................... 18
Table 6: Comparison of VMG households economic status and other general population
households in the community .................................................................................................. 18
Table 7: Household income level based on their expenses,..................................................... 19
Table 8: House Type and Construction Materials ................................................................... 19
Table 9: Household Item Ownership ....................................................................................... 20
Table 10: Household access to services ................................................................................... 21
Table 11: Types of fuel household mainly use for cooking..................................................... 22
Table 12: Religion Affiliation .................................................................................................. 22
Table 13: Mode of transport use to get to place of work/business .......................................... 23
Table 14: The Main Source of Domestic Water in Household ................................................ 23
Table 15: Toilet Facility Household Use ................................................................................. 24
Table 16: Main household livelihood sources for household .................................................. 35
Table 18 Awareness of KCDP Project..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 19: Proportion of respondents support for the project . Error! Bookmark not defined.
Social Assessment Report Page vii
Acknowledgement
This report has been prepared by Narem enterprises Consultants. The authors would wish to
sincerely thank everyone who contributed in one way or another towards the preparation of
the report including the provision of crucial data and information.
While it is not possible to mention everybody who contributed to this study, the authors
would like to extend many thanks to all those who unreservedly offered information relevant
for the preparation of this report. In particular, the authors wish to convey special thanks to
Dr Jacqueline Uku, the KCDP Project Coordinator and KMFRI staff for their patience and
cooperation during the study. Without their contributions, this task would have been more
onerous, if not impossible, at least to complete,
As important, we would like to state that the opinions expressed in this report are purely
those of the authors based on observations and findings during the study. Suffice is to say the
authors take full responsibility for any errors of commission or omission that may be found in
the report.
Last but not the least; special thanks go to those who made it possible for this report to be
completed and presented to the client. This very able team consisted of Team Leader,
Professor Erick Otieno Nyambedha, Eng. Julius Amala and Arnold Omondi Menya.
Social Assessment Report Page viii
Executive Summary
The Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP) aims at promoting environmentally
sustainable management of Kenyas coastal and marine resources by strengthening the
capacity of existing relevant government agencies and rural micro, small and medium sized
enterprises in selected coastal communities. The project comprises of four components
namely: Sustainable Management of Fisheries Resources, Sound Management of Natural
Resources, Support for alternative Livelihoods and capacity building, monitoring and
evaluation system, project management and communication and Hazina ya Maendeleo ya
Pwani (HMP). The project is implemented by seven agencies of the Government of Kenya
(GoK), comprising of Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), State
Department of Fisheries, Kenya Wildlife Services (KWS), Kenya Forestry Research Institute
(KEFRI), Coast Development Authority (CDA), Ministry of Lands (Department of Physical
Planning) and the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA). The activities of
these agencies, within the KCDP project are coordinated by a centralized Project
Coordinating Unit (PCU) based at the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute
(KMFRI). However, during project preparation, it became clear that the project may also lead
to some impact on the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups (VMGs) which to a great extent
are dependent on natural resources within their environments. In order to ensure that the
KCDP does not cause harm or exclude Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups, it became
necessary to undertake a social assessment in order to develop project protocols and clear
mechanisms for engaging with marginalized communities/ groups. Consequently, KCDP
engaged the consulting services of NAREM to conduct a social assessment of the project
among the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups living in the Kenya Coastal region.
A broad objective of this consultancy was to conduct Social Assessment (SA) for the
Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups at the Kenyan Coastal region and to develop the
Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups (VMGs) plans as well as the Process Framework for
working with communities in the Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP). The present
report presents the results of a social assessment conducted among the Vulnerable and
Marginalized Communities living at the Kenyan Coast. The report contains both quantitative
and qualitative data. Quantitative data was collected from a total sample of 406 members of
the VMG communities in the Kenya Coastal region. In addition, 20 consultative meetings
were held with the same communities. Separate consultative meetings were held in each site
for the females, the youths and the elders where necessary to take into consideration the
different views and priorities of these groups. The VMG communities that were studied
included; Munyoyaya, Illwana and Watha in Tana River county, Watha in Kilifi, Kwale, and
Taita Taveta counties, Wakifundi and Wachwaka in Kwale County and the Boni/Aweer and
Saanye in Lamu County. Quantitative data was analysed using the computer software
package SPSS version 20 to produce tables of frequencies and percentages while the
qualitative data from the Focus Group Discussions were analysed manually by examining the
themes emerging from the discussions through content analysis.
Social Assessment Report Page ix
Qualitative data is presented in descriptive textual form and where necessary, verbatim
quotations have been used to illustrate the descriptive texts.
The process of free, prior and informed consultations: In order to meet the requirements
of the free, prior and informed consultations (OP 4.10), the team identified community
stakeholders or key persons who included; village headmen, chiefs, assistant chiefs. These
stakeholders were identified through other government agencies such as the department of
social development, Constituency AIDS offices and civil society organizations such as
Masowat Education and Environment Project and Centre for Minority Development of
Kenya. These stakeholders were informed of the purpose of the consultative meetings and
briefed on issues to be discussed before an appointment was made for the consultative
meetings which were held through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with separate groups in
terms of gender and age. Data was triangulated across group discussions and Key Informant
Interviews (KIIs). This social assessment report was discussed and validated at a workshop
with VMG representatives from the villages where the consultations took place. The VMG
representatives were provided with copies of this report two weeks before they were invited
to the workshop for validation. The invitation letters equally explained to the VMGs the
reasons for the invitation. Based on the validated VMG social assessment report, the draft
VMG plans are supposed to be made and shared with the VMGs in the various villages where
the consultations were done two weeks before they are invited to a planning workshop where
they will be guided on how to prioritize the projects they would wish to be implemented by
KCDP in their villages.
VMG communities representatives at the stakeholder feedback workshop were asked to
suggest names of Community Based Organisations (CBOs) or other institutions that they
would wish KCDP to work with on their behalf during the implementation of the suggested
projects. In order to meet the requirements of OP4.10, the larger community members will be
provided with prior information on priority micro-projects and CBOs that have been
suggested by their representatives at the stakeholders workshop before commencement of
the project. Furthermore, the provisions of the OP 4.10 have been considered together with
the World Banks Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework (IPPF) which describes the types
of programs and sub-projects that are likely to be supported, the need to clearly document the
potential positive and adverse effects of the proposed project on indigenous populations,
institutional arrangements for screening project supported activities, evaluating their effects
on Indigenous Peoples, preparation of Indigenous Peoples Plans (IPPs) and addressing any
grievances and disclosure arrangements for the IPPs.
Description of the data gathered: Data gathered in this social assessment include;
quantitative data obtained during the questionnaire administration to the VMG households.
This data mainly contain quantified information on the socio-economic and socio-
demographic characteristics of the VMGs on the Kenyan coast. Qualitative data was also
obtained in this social assessment during the consultative meetings.
Social Assessment Report Page x
This data contains the views from the various categories of VMGs on the potential impact
that the implementation of the various components of KCDP might have on the VMGs and
suggested mitigation measures and alternative support to their livelihoods. Furthermore, there
is data from observations of the landscape and land use patterns of the VMGs. This data is
presented in the form of pictography.
Socio-demographic profile: The findings of the Social Assessment (SA) for the VMG show
that only 13% of the VMGs are aware of the existence of KCDP. Majority (80%) of the
VMGs had up to primary school education while only 8% had up to secondary school
education in the five counties of Kwale, Kilifi, Taita Taveta, Tana River and Lamu. Majority
(76%) of the VMG communities lived in hut type houses made of mud walls and grass
thatched using makuti. Membership to groups was a main lifestyle in the VMG communities
and most of the groups at the community level are registered with the department of Social
Development. There were gender and age differentiations of roles in the livelihood activities
that the VMGs were engaged in such as engaging in small scale income generating activities
mainly dominated by women and livestock keeping dominated by men. However, many of
the groups did not engage in meaningful income generating activities due to high levels of
poverty and lack of external support. Furthermore, efforts towards conflict resolutions within
the communities as well as within the groups were done mainly using the traditional
structures of the council of elders through the institution of headman which used their cultural
arbitration skills to settle disputes. Such traditional mechanisms were found to be important
in promoting peace and development within the VMG communities. It is anticipated that the
implementation of the KCDP project within its various components might result to some
potential benefits and adverse effects to these communities as described in the results of the
social assessment for the various components:
Potential benefits of KCDP to the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups
The Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP) has four components namely: sustainable
management of fisheries resources, sustainable management of natural resources, support for
alternative livelihoods and capacity building of implementing agencies. The implementation
of these components is likely to have potential impacts both positive and negative - on these
Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups (VMGs) as shown below:
Sustainable Management of Fisheries Resources: The VMG groups who were covered in
this assessment such as the Watha of Dabaso and Baraka Chembe, Wakifundi, the
Boni/Aweer and the Saanye explained that they do not generate adequate money for their
subsistence and to improve fishing activities along the seashore.
Challenges related to fishing equipments and landing beaches: An observation of the fish
landing beaches such as Shimoni, and information obtained during Focus Group Discussions
for Ndununi, Dabaso, Jakaranda and Kizuke revealed that they are underdeveloped and
unhygienic due to lack of resources to maintain cleanliness which could lead to loses for the
fishermen due to lack of storage facilities.
Social Assessment Report Page xi
These communities use traditional fishing equipments such as dugout canoes that are
borrowed from other people within the neighbouring communities as is the case with
Wakifundi in Shimoni Kwale County and the Watha in Baraka Chembe and Dabaso in Kilifi
County. There are cases where these communities can only afford to do crab fishing during
the low tide times of the ocean due to lack of fishing equipments as opposed to fishing for fin
fish.
Capacity and level of knowledge of Beach Management Units (BMUs) and opportunities for
better management of fisheries resources: There is further evidence from this social
assessment to show that the VMG communities do not have adequate knowledge on the
sustainable management of fisheries resources including leadership and governance of the
fish landing beaches through the Beach Management Units (BMUs). The Beach Management
Units (BMUs) are governing structures composed of elected community members. They are
registered and regulated by the fisheries department. Their main role is to do day to day
management of fishing activities at the beaches among other functions. In fact, interviews
with members of one of the Beach Management Units underscored the need to build their
capacity in leadership and create awareness regarding environmental conservation. The BMU
members equally explained that they are not able to properly manage the beaches due to lack
of enough income generated from the fishing activities.
For sustainable management of fisheries resources, the youths living in these communities
suggested the need to be involved in co-management of fisheries resources in liaison with
fisheries officers to help monitor people using illegal fishing equipments such as spear guns.
Opportunities for increased fish production and diversification of livelihoods: The social
assessment also revealed existing opportunities for increased fish production through fish
farming as was suggested by the various communities which included; Watha of Bombi,
Birikani, Dabaso, Baraka Chembe in Kilifi and Taita Taveta, Munyoyaya and Illwana in Tana
River and the Saanye and Boni in Lamu County. In addition, the VMGs living in close
proximity to the sea and other areas suitable for seaweed farming explained that they could
benefit from such an activity if supported by the project. In addition, the VMGs living in
close proximity to the sea and other areas suitable for seaweed farming explained that they
could benefit from such an activity if supported by the project.
Conclusions on potential benefits to VMGs from sustainable management of fisheries
resources: This social assessment therefore shows that VMG communities can benefit from
KCDP if they are supported to acquire modern fishing and storage equipments. They can also
benefit if the project supports them in capacity building to create awareness on sustainable
management of fisheries resources, skills in beach management including skills related to
group dynamics, leadership, conflict management and fish handling and marketing, since a
number of them have initiated group activities but have no skills of effectively managing the
groups.,. KCDP sub-projects on fish/seaweed farming can potentially benefit the VMGs.
Social Assessment Report Page xii
Sustainable Management of Natural Resources: This social assessment confirmed that the
VMGs have a close attachment to the natural resources which include the forests and the
wildlife. They can therefore potentially benefit from conservation efforts as well as
sustainable management of these natural resources. The VMG communities stand to benefit
from KCDP if they can be supported to rehabilitate, expand or construct cultural sites based
on the existing structures and potentials within their communities. For instance, the
renovation of the Shimoni and the three sisters caves among the Wakifundi and Wachwaka,
as well as the development of Watha cultural centres in Kilibasi including Kilibasi hill,
Maungu, Dabaso and Birikani can help the VMGs to obtain income from the eco-tourist
activities. The project can further benefit the VMGs if they are trained in group dynamics to
be able to sustainably conduct group activities alongside the tourist attraction centres in their
villages. This is because some of the suggested Watha cultural centres are situated next to
game reserves and the communities can benefit from the tourists who come to see the wild
game. The Watha cultural centres can also be used to teach Watha culture to the young
people and visitors so as to preserve their heritage.
The VMGs explained that one of the reasons why they request to be supported to construct
cultural centres is because they can use them to preserve their heritage through teaching their
young ones. They lamented that Watha culture is threatened and is facing extinction.
Support for Alternative Livelihoods: This social assessment has shown that majority of the
VMGs (57.2%) in the five counties are practicing subsistence farming. However, this
proportion is not uniform across these counties. These communities are practicing subsistence
farming with little success due to prevailing climatic conditions. Some of these communities
have attempted to practice horticulture and drip irrigation agriculture below their potential
due to lack of equipments. The communities also practice livestock keeping mainly the
indigenous breeds of goats and chicken. Other livelihood strategies that are practiced by the
community include; small scale businesses (SMEs) such as selling mandaazi, mahamri,
paraffin, manufacturing and selling beads. Most of these small and medium enterprise
activities are carried out by women. Another activity that is carried out by these community
members include bee keeping using the traditional methods. The VMGs practice bee keeping
as a mode of subsistence.
These VMGs communities can potentially benefit from the KCDP if they are supported to
improve farming by obtaining farming equipments and inputs including knowledge on
modern farming techniques. The VMG communities can also benefit from support to keep
improve indigenous breeds of chicken and goats. Such sub-projects of KCDP can enable
farmers to obtain more meat and milk to increase their income. Bee keeping as a sub-project
can potentially benefit the VMG communities if supported through the KCDP project. The
social assessment also showed that the VMG communities have the potential to benefit from
skills on micro-enterprises. This is because members of the VMGs particularly the women
are already engaged in small and medium enterprises within their localities.
Social Assessment Report Page xiii
Other communities such as Wachwaka, Watha in Kikobeni, Kilibasi, Shirango (Kwale
county), Majivuno, Shirango-Bamba, in Kilifi, Hamesa and Sombo in Tana River,
Munyoyaya and Illwana in Tana River and the Boni in Lamu suggested the need to be
supported to start small scale industries for fruit and cassava processing. Such a sub-project
of KCDP can potentially benefit the VMG communities by providing opportunities to
enhance value addition for the fruits and cassava as well as provide employment
opportunities for the youths and additional income to the community. Small grants and loans
from KCDP can benefit such communities as indicated in this section to improve on the
activities that they are already doing. According to this social assessment, the KCDP project
can anchor its sub-projects on the existing livelihood strategies as well as the existing
potentials by such communities as identified by the members of the community themselves.
In this way, the sub-projects of KCDP initiated for the benefit of VMGs shall potentially
benefit them in a culturally appropriate way.
Potential adverse effects to the VMG communities: This social assessment has shown that
the VMGs to a large extent depend on natural resources, particularly the forestry and wildlife
resources for their livelihood. They depend on the forests for honey, fruits, medicinal plants,
firewood and charcoal. These communities also use forests for worship and performance of
rituals. The VMGs therefore are likely to be adversely affected if they are stopped/restricted
from accessing the forests because the forestry resources constitute a significant proportion of
their lives.
Furthermore, the VMGs complained during the social assessment that they are excluded from
the efforts to conserve the natural resources within their communities. They are particularly
worried about the depletion of forests and wildlife despite the fact that the government has
employed additional forest and wildlife officers. The VMG communities further explained
that the conservation of forests and wildlife can benefit from their indigenous knowledge
which has been used to sustainably manage the forests and wildlife resources. Such a
suggestion points to the fact that the indigenous knowledge can be potentially used to
conserve the natural resources when combined with the current efforts by the government
through Kenya Wildlife Services and the Kenya Forest Services. Thus, the adverse effects
that the VMGs are likely to encounter due to the implementation of KCDP would be loss of a
livelihood through the restrictions of the entry of forests and use of forest resources that they
have depended on for a livelihood.
Mitigation of adverse effects: One way of mitigating the adverse effects that might be
experienced by the VMG communities due to implementation of the KCDP project is to
engage the VMG communities using their traditional structures to design mechanisms for co-
management of natural resources, particularly the forest and wildlife resources. Such an
approach would create room for mutual understanding and co-existence of the natural
resources and the VMGs. Such a design should also spell out areas of mutual beneficence
from co-management.
Social Assessment Report Page xiv
The VMG communities that depend on charcoal burning should be supported to start tree
planting projects for diversification of their income sources and also to enhance
environmental conservation in the communities. Another suggested mechanism of mitigating
the adverse effects of the implementation of KCDP would be to promote bee keeping among
the VMGs so that they do not fully depend on the honey from forests for subsistence. They
can be supported to obtain modern bee hives including harvesting and processing
equipments. Promotion of bee keeping as a sub-project would enable the communities to
diversify their income from selling honey besides the use of honey for subsistence.
Construction of cultural centres or conservatoires next to the forests and game reserves will
enable the VMGs to benefit from tourist activities. During the social assessment, the elderly
and the disabled singled out the construction of such sites as one activity that would provide
them with a lifeline and mitigate the adverse effects of restrictions of entry into the forests
and game reserves.
Assessment of Broad Community support to the Project: Despite the previous unfulfilled
promises by both the government and various development organizations, the VMGs were
ready to support the project activities if those activities were going to benefit their
communities. Quantitative data showed low support of project activities among the VMGs
which was attributed to lack of awareness by the VMGs and long standing marginalization
and discrimination of the VMGs by the government implementing agencies. These
sentiments were underscored during the consultative meetings conducted through FGDs in
the villages.
Stakeholder and Institutional Analysis: There are a few external institutions such as A
Rocha Kenya which built the Mida Creek tourist attraction site among the Watta of Dabaso
and The Kenya Red cross who supported horticultural farming among the Watta in Bombi
both in Kilifi county. These were one-off project activities and these NGOs have already left
these communities. The NGOs did not have any interest in these communities according to
the information obtained from the consultative meetings. The National Museums of Kenya
(NMK) have interests in the Shimoni slave cave and the old colonial D.Cs residence in
Shimoni, Kwale County. The involvement of NMK in the management of these tourist sites
is very minimal and the communities are struggling to manage them on their own. However,
KCDP will need to involve the NMK as a stakeholder if they have to carry a project in these
sites since they are historical sites under the NMK. Each of the villages visited during the
consultative meetings had registered CBOs which are all formed in anticipation of donor
support and therefore compete for development funds such as what KCDP would provide. At
the same time, there are other wider CBOs such as Masowat Education and Environmental
Project which claims interest in all issues affecting the lives of Watta people in Kwale county
and Centre for Minority Development of Kenya among the Watta in Kilifi and Taita Taveta
counties which represents the rights of Watta communities in Kilifi and Taita Taveta. These
wider CBOs also have interests in donor funds coming to these communities with the
potential to erect barriers on the implementation path of the project if their interests and those
of the larger communities are not carefully included in the design of the sub-projects.
Social Assessment Report Page xv
There are other indigenous institutions such as the village headman and village elders
council known as Dhuro, Abagaaza among the Watta or gana system among the Saanye.
These institutions possess traditional authority which is much respected among these
communities provide opportunities for addressing emerging conflicts within the different
institutions among the VMGs.
Description of legal and Institutional context pertaining to VMGs: The African
Commission on Human and Minority Peoples Rights has provided the operational definition
of Vulnerable and Marginalized groups to include those minority communities that possess
unique cultural traits, live in isolation next to the natural resources such as forests and rivers
and depend on those resources for their livelihood. The document further explains that these
communities are discriminated against and dominated over by neighbouring communities,
thus making it difficult for them to equitable access and benefit from development resources
in a way that is culturally appropriate to their cultural conditions. Furthermore, the Kenyan
constitution 2010 in article 56(e) recognizes the rights of the minority and marginalized
groups and calls for affirmative action to initiate action programs that can enable reasonable
access by such communities. It is on the basis of this recognition that KCDP has developed
an Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework (IPPF) and engaged consultancy services to
carry out a social assessment of the VMGs and to initiate development plans that are
culturally appropriate to the contexts within which the VMG live at the Kenyan Coast.
Special Measures concerning women and vulnerable groups: The gender differentiation in
the project activities and the proposed sub-projects show that women can benefit through
promotion of subsistence agricultural activities, promotion of poultry keeping, small scale
businesses and artistical activities for entertaining tourists in the proposed cultural sites.
Youthful females can benefit from promotion of boardwalk activities as their source of
income. This social assessment further shows that the elderly people and other vulnerable
groups such as the disabled among the VMGs can benefit from the improvement of cultural
sites including the income generating activities around the slave caves. The elderly and
vulnerable groups can also benefit from bee keeping activities if promoted by KCDP.
Capacity building activities for the affected Communities: The social assessment
identified the following as capacity building gaps that if enhanced would enable the VMG
communities to meaningfully benefit from KCDP project activities. Development of
knowledge and skills in entrepreneurship, conflict resolutions ,group dynamics, horticultural
production, leadership and governance as well as fisheries. The VMGs would also benefit
from KCDP if the primary and secondary school leavers are targeted for vocational training.
Social Assessment Report Page xvi
Overall Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions: This social assessment has shown that majority of the VMGs who were visited
in this social assessment can be categorized as poor, with no reliable source of income and
low levels of education. The VMGs who live within the proximity of fish landing beaches do
not receive enough income from the fish harvests due to lack of modern fishing equipments
and knowledge. These communities suggested to be supported to enhance fishing activities.
The VMGs to a large extent depend on natural resources for a livelihood, i.e. fruits, honey,
firewood, charcoal and medicinal plants. They also use forests as places for worship and
performance of rituals. Restrictions into the entry to forests can result in adverse effects on
the livelihoods of such communities. Most VMGs currently practice subsistence farming and
others are involved in small scale businesses but lack capital and skills to profitably engage in
the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs).
The VMG communities can potentially benefit from KCDP if the project supports them to
improve their income from fishing activities, improve their harvests from subsistence farming
and provide support to diversify their income through Small and Medium Enterprises
(SMEs). In addition, KCDP project can potentially benefit the VMGs if it addressed the
problems of unemployment and low levels of education if it provides scholarships targeting
the VMGs.
Recommendations
Recommendations for project design: Based on the information obtained in this social
assessment and the requirements of OP4.10, we recommend that consultative meetings for
the design of the project should be based on prior information provided to the VMG
communities regarding the sub-projects proposed based on this social assessment report after
its validation by the VMG communities themselves and their representatives. Thus the
prioritization of the sub-projects should be carried out at these two stages. The design of the
projects and the validation process should involve the use of the identified institutions and
stakeholders based on the information on stakeholder analysis to address the potential threats,
interests of various institutions and stakeholders as well as properly utilize the opportunities
that are within these institutions for project implementation and initial buy-in. This social
assessment has shown that there are external institutions such as NGOs that worked in the
communities on a one-off basis and do not have running interests in these communities or in
the projects they initiated. There are Community Based Organisations (CBOs) operating at
two levels in the society but which have similar interests in accessing donor funds for
community development and the indigenous institutions such as the village headmen and
council of elders which hold traditional authority and can provide opportunities for vetting
CBOs and other stakeholders in the project. They can also be instrumental in providing a
monitoring and evaluation framework for the community projects.
Social Assessment Report Page xvii
Recommendations for participating in free, prior and informed consultations for
engaging VMGs in the project implementation: Based on the findings of this social
assessment, it is recommended that the process for participating in free, prior and informed
consultations during project implementation should be discussed at a planning workshop
where the experts can provide guidance on how to prioritize the various projects by the VMG
representatives based on the validated contents of the social assessment report. The VMG
representatives should also be guided to suggest the names of the CBOs that they would wish
to work with at the community level. The prioritized VMG plans and the suggested CBOs
should then be subjected to the wider community validation process in the villages where the
consultative processes were done and at the venues that are suggested by the VMG
representatives after consulting other community members. The larger community members
should be provided with prior information regarding the prioritized plans and suggested
CBOs to allow them adequate time to consult amongst themselves and to have more
information regarding the intended activities so as to effectively participate in the community
validation process.
Development of VMG Plans: The development plans for the Vulnerable and Marginalized
Communities should be based on identified activities that the VMGs are involved in, their
suggestions of possible projects that are appropriate to their cultural conditions and an
assessment of the environmental conditions. This would enable the projects proposed for
these VMG communities to be culturally appropriate to their conditions
Implementation of prioritized projects: The implementation of the prioritized projects for
the VMGs should be carried out based on the provisions of the World Bank Operational
policy no. 4.10 and the Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework (IPPF) as described under
the section of free, prior and informed consultations in this report .
Gender and age differentiation : In order to improve and sustain the support of the project
particularly among the VMGs such as those observed during consultation process, it is
recommended that the project should take into consideration the gender and age variations in
the needs and development initiatives based on the opportunities, capabilities and existing
resources for each of the VMGs.
.
Social Assessment Report Page 1
Chapter I Introduction and Background to the consultancy
1.1 Introduction
This report provides the findings and recommendations of the social assessment and forms
the basis upon which the Development of Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Plans for
working with Communities in the Coastal Development Project (KCDP) is designed. The
assignment was undertaken by Natural Resource Management Enterprises (NAREM)
Services within the contract framework for the provision of consultancy services for the
Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP) . This assignment was carried out according the
World Banks Operational Policy OP 4.10 which provides guidelines for social assessment
including the principle of free, prior and informed consultations for projects concerning the
Vulnerable and Marginalized Communities/ groups(Indigenous Peoples). The assignment has
also been carried out according to the provisions of the new Kenyan constitution 2010 on
Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups.
The report is based on both quantitative and qualitative data obtained from the Vulnerable
and Marginalized Communities within five coastal counties namely; Kwale, Kilifi, Taita
Taveta, Tana River and Lamu. This social assessment report for the coastal communities will
lead to the development of Vulnerable and Marginalized peoples plans which will provide
the Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP) with clear mechanisms to sustainably
engage these communities to participate in the project activities.
1.2 Background to the Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP)
The Government of Kenya received financing from the International Development
Association (IDA) and the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) towards the Kenyas Coastal
Development Project (KCDP). The KCDP covers a period of 6 years and its development
objective is to promote environmentally sustainable management of Kenyas coastal and
marine resources by strengthening the capacity of existing relevant government agencies and
rural micro, small and medium sized enterprises in selected coastal communities. The project
is comprised of the following four components:
Component 1: Sustainable Management of Fisheries Resources with the objective of
increasing remote revenue earning potential of GoK through sound monitoring, control and
surveillance and a transparent process of licensing of foreign vessels. Other goals are to
promote research for value addition, market chain analysis, alternatives beyond reef fishing,
aquaculture and overall improvement of fisheries governance;
Social Assessment Report Page 2
Component 2: Sound Management of Natural Resources which aims to improve the sound
management and regeneration of natural resources and biodiversity in the coastal and marine
environment as well as provide assistance to communities in the development of eco-tourism
ventures;
Component 3: Support for Alternative Livelihoods which aims to promote sustainable
livelihood within a sound governance framework that includes spatial planning and land
capability mapping to identify sensitive areas, Integrated Coastal Management (ICM), and
compliance within environmental regulations and safeguards. Within this institutional
framework, the component aims to support community investments and MSMEs and;
Component 4: Capacity Building, Monitoring and Evaluation, Project Management and
Communication and Hazina ya Maendeleo ya Pwani (HMP). This component aims to
promote capacity in the project coordination and implementation teams, promote dialogue
amongst national partners and regional stakeholders as well as develop a communication
strategy for development outreach. Hazina ya Maendeleo ya Pwani is a grant giving sub-
component within component 4 of KCDP which aims at promoting community development
by focusing on natural resources conservation, social wellbeing and provision of community
services among the Coastal communities.
The project is implemented by 7 agencies of the Government of Kenya (GoK), comprising of
Kenya Marine and Fisheries Institute, State Department of Fisheries, Kenya Wildlife
Services, Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Coast Development Authority, Ministry of
Lands (Department of Physical Planning) and the National Environmental Management
Authority (NEMA).
The activities of these agencies, within the KCDP project are coordinated by a centralized
Project Coordinating Unit (PCU) based at the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute
(KMFRI).
1.2.1 Rationale of the Assignment
During project preparation, it became clear that the project may impact on the Vulnerable and
Marginalized Groups as well as other natural resources dependent communities. In order to
ensure that the KCDP Project supports these Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups in the
project areas, it became necessary to undertake a social assessment and develop project
protocols and clear mechanisms for engaging these communities according to the provisions
of World Bank OP4.10.
Although the project is not going to cause displacement of communities in the course of
implementation, some project interventions may call for behavior changes that may not be in
line with the livelihoods of the communities in the project areas.
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In line with the World Bank OP4.12 on the Involuntary Resettlement and in line with Kenya
Government protocols there is a need to have a clear process framework and a plan of action
on the resources management articulated in a very specific manner that shows how the
project is going to introduce these changes in the co-management plans and other natural
resources interventions in these communities. The Process Framework will outline clear
protocols for engagement in benefit sharing as well as for the assessment of impact and the
mitigation measures where communities may be affected by restriction in the use of natural
resources. This will also include the spatial mapping exercise that the project is going to
undertake and how these are likely to impact on the settlements, land use areas and cultural
sites for the vulnerable and marginalized groups.
1.2.2 Objectives of the Assignment
The objectives of this assignment are to:
I. Carry out a comprehensive social assessment for the Vulnerable and Marginalized
Groups in the entire project area (as per the requirement of the social assessment
TOR as indicated in what the report should capture).
II. Develop Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups action plans
III. Provide guidance to the project on how to manage various aspects related to
Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups in the project area
IV. Provide a Process Framework for the co-management of Coastal resources in a
participatory manner involving the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups. Update the
process framework and co-management actions and guidelines on sub projects to be
implemented.
Objective II III and IV will be addressed in a separate and related volume to the
current assignment.
1.2.3 Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Social Assessment and VMG Plans
Key tasks under this report include: Carrying out an inventory/screening and mapping of
Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups (VMGs) in the operation areas that include but not
limited to Watha , Boni/Aweer, Saanye, Malakote/Illwana, Munyoyaya, Wakifundi and
Wachwaka as indicated in the Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework (IPPF) for KCDP;
Consultation with the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups in the project areas especially to
assess their level of participation, awareness and involvement in the project activities and to
determine their perception of the project; Assessing the impacts that project actions may have
on the VMGs both positive and negative and how any adverse impacts may be mitigated;
Carrying out assessment of the livelihoods of the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups
including detailed land use mapping and Development of overall Vulnerable and
Marginalized Groups Action Plans (VMGPs) for sub-projects.
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1.2.3.1 Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups Plans
These plans will contain the following: sub-projects, background and details of how the plan
was prepared including consultations with local communities and other stakeholders. The
plans will elaborate the following: Summary of the proposed sub-project; detailed description
of the participation and consultation process during implementation; description of how the
sub-project will ensure culturally appropriate benefits and avoid or mitigate adverse impacts;
A Grievance and Complaint Handling, Mechanism (GCHM) and a monitoring and evaluation
system for tracking implementation of these plans specifying key responsibilities; and a
budget.
1.3 Deliverables
Key deliverables include the following reports:
Inception Report: Specifying the approach and work plan for undertaking the consultancy
and the proposed structure for the final report to be submitted within the first 14 days after
signing the contract;
Interim Report: This report should contain reports of meetings, focus group discussions
stakeholder consultations and baseline data including any legal materials useful in the social
assessment after 60 working days with a summary of activities undertaken so far. This will be
made available to the PCU in order to ensure quality technical content and ascertain that the
consultancy objectives are addressed;
The Draft Final Report: This report should be close to a final version reflecting the content
of the final report. The consultant will present the draft Social Assessment (SA) and draft
final Vulnerable and Marginalized Peoples Plans following OP4.10 to the project staff and
other key stakeholders (including representatives from local NGOs and academia.
The Final Report: The final SA and Vulnerable and Marginalized Peoples plans following
OP4.10 with clear mechanisms for engaging the VMG communities to participate in the
implementation of the plans.
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Chapter II: Study Approach and Methods
2.1 Approach
Desk review: The study was started by desktop review and online search for literature on
previous studies, documents, and other publications. This was followed by comprehensive
review of the project documents. The project documents reviewed included; Kenya Coastal
Development Project (KCDP), Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework (IPPF) January,
2010, Process Framework {Draft}, Kenya Coastal Development Project (April, 2010),
Environmental and Social Management Framework & Indigenous Peoples Planning
Framework for the Kenya Coastal Development Project, Interim ESMF Strategy (2012),
Ministry of Devolution and Planning County Development Profile, Strategy on the
Implementation of Spatial Planning Sub-Component of the Kenya Coastal Development
Project (KCDP) (1st draft 2012). A Strategy on the Implementation of Environmental
Governance Sub-Component, Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP) (October 2012)
and Component 1: Sustainable Management of Fisheries Resources Strategy among others.
Other important documents reviewed included; County Development Profiles, Restructuring
Paper on the proposed project Restructuring of the Kenya Coastal Development Project
(Approved On July 27, 2010), Social Impact Assessment Methodology, Tools for
Institutional, Political, and Social Analysis of Policy Reform, Indigenous Peoples Planning
Framework for the Western Kenya Community Driven Development and Flood Mitigation
Project and the natural Resource Management Project (Final Report December 2006),
Process Framework for NRM Project in Mount Elgon and Cherangany Hills (July 2011).
The desktop review was followed by development of instruments of data collection such as
questionnaires and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) guides. Data collection tools were then
submitted to the client for approval. After approval of data collection instruments, the
consultancy team went ahead to recruit the enumerators from each county. A total of sixty
(60) enumerators were recruited to collect baseline data for both the general community and
the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups in all the six counties in the Coastal region.
Recruitment and Training of Field data collection Enumerators: To enhance the accuracy
of the information collected, Research Assistants were recruited from the project areas
particularly from the divisions. These were persons known by communities in the project
area, for example those who work with communities such as with the Community Based
Organizations (CBOs) staff, people identified by project stakeholders and those identified by
the KCDP staff who are implementing project activities in some areas.
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The minimum requirement for selection as a Research Assistant (RA) or an enumerator was
KCSE certificate with a mean grade of C+ and above. Preference was given to university
students with background in the social sciences. The recruited research assistants were fluent
in Kiswahili, local languages and English as well as the culture of the targeted project
beneficiaries. The recruitment of the RAs was both gender and regional disparity sensitivity.
It was intended that the research assistants understand Kiswahili, English and local language
so as not to necessitate questionnaire translation. However, the interviews were conducted in
the local languages to ensure that interviewees gave pertinent information.
Having completed recruitment of enumerators, the consultant went ahead and trained the
Research Assistants on the correct procedures of interview and questionnaire administration
to ensure that respondents understood the questions, felt at ease and gave true accounts. They
were taken through training by the team leader, co-team leader and sampling expert.
During the training, the participants were also taken through the questionnaires and were
challenged to respond to each questionnaire to prove they understood the questions and
finally given the consent to sign. The training sessions were conducted in two phases; the first
phase of the training of the research assistants took place at the Government Training
Institute (GTI) in Mombasa for research assistants who conducted the baseline study in
Mombasa, Kwale, Kilifi and Taita Taveta. This training was conducted between 13/3/2014
and 15/3/2014. The second training session was conducted in Lamu Secondary school on the
Island between 26/3/2014 and 27/3/2013 for research assistants to work in the counties of
Lamu and Tana River.
Out of the ten (10) research assistants per county, three were chosen to collect GIS
information and to map and collect baseline data on VMGs only in each county. The three
research assistants, apart from the normal training, were also trained on recording of
coordinate of physical features such as markets, schools, land, agricultural activities, health
centers, roads among others using Geographical Positioning System (GPS). Each of the three
enumerators was provided with GPS gadget prior to moving to the field.
2.2 Methodology
The data collection process was implemented in two phases. The first phase involved
collection of quantitative data through the administration of questionnaires while the second
phase of data collection involved conducting of Focus Group Discussions with Vulnerable
and Marginalized communities in the Coastal region following the procedure of free, prior
and informed consultations.
Social Assessment Report Page 7
2.2.1 Baseline Quantitative data collection
Thus, upon completion of the training, research assistants accompanied by their supervisors
moved to villages in the five counties namely; Kilifi, Kwale, Taita Taveta, Lamu and Tana
River. Baseline studies were conducted between 16/3/2014 to 5/4/2014. At the village level,
each research assistant carried out face-to-face interviews with the head of household as
shown below.
The enumerators were accompanied by the local administration officials mainly the village
elders who led them to the VMG households for purposes of identification and security. The
actual household visits were commenced after the client (KCDP) informed the local
administration starting from the Governor to the local chief on the same. The purpose of
informing the local administration was for security reasons. The Identified local facilitators
were facilitated for transport and subsistence to accompany and help the research assistants to
identify the appropriate households from which data was collected.
2.2.2 Sampling Frame and Sampling Exercise
The sample design was based on the wards created by Independent Electoral and Boundary
Commission. The sampling process started at the constituency level. Each research assistant
was provided with a list of Enumeration Areas (Ward) within the constituency in project area.
The KCDP Social Assessment sampling was a two stage stratified cluster sample designed in
such a way that individual constituency formed the strata.
At the constituency level, research assistants moved to Wards of the list provided. Within the
constituencies in the six (6) project Counties, the supervisors ensured that all the Wards were
covered. Household heads in the listed Ward were randomly sampled by picking every 5
names in each ward. At least 245 and 105 households from non-marginalized and
marginalized communities respectively were targeted per county depending on the county
size. A total of 525 households were targeted in five counties of Kwale, Kilifi, Taita Taveta,
Tana River and Lamu. Table 1 below shows the sample size for the study among the VMGs.
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Table 1: Sample Size
County
VMGs
Target Achieved % Achieved
Mombasa
Kilifi 105 107 102%
Kwale 105 79 75%
Taita Taveta 105 80 76%
Tana River 105 47 45%
Lamu 105 93 89%
Total 525 406 77%
2.2.3 Focus Group Discussions
In order to have an overall synthesized perception and group opinions of larger community
and VMGs living within the project area as well as authenticating the data from the sample
households, focused groups discussions were held with various representatives of women,
elders and youths among the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups (VMGs). These
discussions were conducted at village level in each of the five counties namely; Kwale, Kilifi,
Taita Taveta, Tana River and Lamu. The group sessions were conducted between 18/11/2014
to 5/12/2014. The villages were as follows: Shimoni, Fikirini, Kilibasi, Kikobeni and
Shirango in Kwale; Mabuani, Dabaso, Katana (bombi), Chamari (Gigitole), Baraka Chembe,
Majivuno (Tezo), Shirango (Bamba) in Kilifi; Birikani, Bondeni and Matingi (Kasigeu) and
Kajire in Taita Taveta; Madogo, Sombo and Hamesa in Tana River. VMG communities that
were represented in these Focus Group Discussions in the four counties included; Wakifundi,
Wachwaka and Watha in Kwale; Watha in Kilifi and Taita Taveta; Malakote/Wailuana,
Munyoyaya and Watha in Tana River. In Lamu due to security concerns, VMGs from
Bargoni, Kiunga, Pandanguo and Mapenya were assembled at Mokowe government quarters
in Lamu mainland for Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Representatives from the two VMG
communities namely; the Boni/Aweer and Wasaanye living in Lamu County participated in
the Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The group discussions provided a means for validation
of the information given by individual respondents during household survey. At least two (2)
Focus Group Discussions were held in each county.
Before every Focus Group Discussion was held, appropriate introduction about the aim of the
FGD and screening of VMG was done at the start of the meetings; this helped build the
confidence between the community and the study team in order to dispel misplaced
expectations of the participants as well as ensuring the team was holding discussions with
right participants.
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This was followed by disaggregating the participants into youths, Women and Men for
purposes of homogeneity and to provide room for free discussions during the group sessions.
Minutes of the consultation meetings with Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups stakeholders
at the villages and dates are attached in Annex I
FGDs during VMG consultation process
2.2.4 VMG Land use Mapping
A hand held GPS devise was used by a GIS specialist to capture the geographical positions of
the various VMG land uses. Transect walks within the key pathways within the communities
were used to help in the mapping of VMG land use patterns. The transect walks were
conducted jointly by the research team, KCDP team, members of the community and their
representatives to verify the existing land use patterns captured during the survey as well as
discuss the potential land use for the community in case they are supported. The observations
and inquiries as well as photography were used in conjunction with the transect walks and
observations.
2.2.5 Gender Considerations
The consultations also took into account the issues of gender. Specific consultations with
women in the project-affected area were carried to ensure that their concerns are included in
the project design and preparation. The Marginalized communities are a highly patrilineal
society where women and their views are generally not considered. Majority of Marginalized
communities still hold to the traditional misconception that women cannot make decisions
and thus women are under-represented in property ownership, education, and political
leadership among others. This situation is the outcome of the interplay of a myriad of factors
ranging from discriminatory property ownership laws and practices to deep seated cultural
values.
Social Assessment Report Page 10
2.2.6 Data Organization and Analysis
Data Editing: The data editing involved the sorting out of the questionnaire papers visually
and discarding those with obvious anomalies.
Data Coding and Entry: The data from the numbered questionnaires was coded and entered
into the computer for analysis. The data entry exercise was done by the trained data entrants
who were closely supervised by consultants.
Data Analysis: Both qualitative and quantitative data obtained from the field was
disaggregated by gender and analyzed using SPSS and MS Excel. The data was first cleaned
and coded before being entered into the computer. Mostly, the data was analysed
descriptively. With descriptive analysis, averages and percentages were calculated using
Microsoft Excel and SPSS.
2.3 Limitations/Challenges Faced by Consultants and Research Assistants
The key challenges to the consultants and research were: the vast area covered and poor rural
access roads made transport difficult in the six counties, high cost of transport which made
access to VMGs and none marginalized communities rather difficult. Negative attitude
towards the consultants and research assistants due to unfulfilled promises by various
organizations particularly from VMGs, insecurity, difficulty in reaching respondents,
inability to access areas such as Dide Waride and Pandanguo location in Witu Division due to
conflicts and violence which occurred in these areas because of terrorist attacks. Additionally,
there was a general failure by the local community to avail information to outsiders, high
level of illiteracy among the marginalized communities and high dependency syndrome.
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Chapter III: Findings of the Study
3.1 Introduction
This section presents both quantitative and qualitative data on the social assessment of
Vulnerable and Marginalized Communities in the coastal region. The section is divided into
six sections which include; the socio-economic profile of the Vulnerable and Marginalized
Communities, sustainable management of fisheries resources, Sound Management of Natural
Resources, Support for Alternative Livelihoods, conflict resolution mechanisms and Capacity
building needs of the vulnerable and marginalized communities living in the coastal region to
meaningfully participate and benefit from the KCDP project activities in a culturally
appropriate way based on the existing conditions.
3.2 Description of data and information gathered
Quantitative data was obtained through the use of semi-structured questionnaires
mainly to obtain socio-demographic characteristics of the Vulnerable and
Marginalized population. This data which is presented in this report in the form of
percentages and textual data has been used to complement what has been obtained
through qualitative social assessment procedures.
Qualitative data comprised of the data obtained from the group consultative meetings
based on the activities or the expected activities of the Vulnerable and Marginalized
communities with regard to the various components of the project
Observational data and pictography included the information obtained through
transect walks across the communities in the company of community members and
the photographs that were taken depicting the land use patterns and the existing
farming activities that are being undertaken by the VMGs
The information gathered: socio-demographic, information on the current practices
around fishing beaches, use of mangroves, the challenges faced in fishing activities
including management of fish landing beaches, suggestions on the co-management of
fisheries resources by the Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups and the fisheries
officers. Furthermore, the information gathered included: data on the use of natural
resources such as forests, conservation of wildlife activities and the potential adverse
effects of restrictions on the use of forest resources and wildlife. The VMG
communities also provided information on opportunities for co-management of the
wildlife using a combination of Kenya Wildlife services and the indigenous
conservation knowledge.
Social Assessment Report Page 12
In addition, the VMG communities provided information on the existing livelihood
activities being undertaken and the suggestions on possible alternative livelihoods
activities that they would be willing to undertake if they were supported by KCDP.
3.3 Stakeholders and Institutional Analysis
The social assessment did not find many stakeholders currently working with the VMG
communities. However, there were few NGOs that had worked on a one-off basis among
these communities and do not have current running projects within the VMG communities.
These institutions do not therefore have running interests among the VMGs. These included:
A Rocha Kenya which helped to construct Mida Creek as a tourist attraction site among the
Watha of Dabaso, Watamu Marine Reserve, National Museums of Kenya under which the
Shimoni Slave Cave and the colonial D.Cs residence are managed. The National Museums
of Kenya (NMK) has not however initiated any work or exerted its presence at the Shimoni
slave cave or the colonial D.Cs residence. However, since the slave cave and the colonial
D.Cs residence are registered under the ownership of the NMK, it is a requirement that the
interests of NMK are recognized on any work KCDP might be carried out in these two
historical sites. Another Stakeholder is the Red Cross which sponsored horticultural farming
in Bombi village Chakama location in Kilifi County and has since left. There are other
Community Based Organizations within the VMGs who were consulted. A list of these
Community Based Organisations has been put in the annex one of this report. However, in
terms of stakeholder and institutional analysis, the few NGOs who have worked and left the
VMG communities do not have present interests to pursue and the initiation of sub-projects
within these communities is unlikely to elicit conflicts of interest with these NGOs since they
do not stand to lose anything. This leaves the Community Based Organizations within the
VMGs as winners in the entire situation. However, there other institutions such as the county
governments in the counties where KCDP sub-projects will operate. The county governments
have interests in the development activities in the counties and we advice that such interests
be incorporated into the development plans. Moreso, KCDP should strive to align the
suggested sub-projects with the County Integrated Development Plans (CIDPs) for
sustainability after the KCDP closes down.
3.3.1 Group Formations /Institutions (stakeholder and institutional
analysis)
Group formation and dynamics are important prerequisite for community empowerment in
regards to poverty reduction and wealth creation through benefits that accrue from collective
bargaining. Additionally, group organization can be used as an effective vehicle for project
implementation. This is more so where groups can play the role of local resource
mobilization in relation to micro-financing, for example, formation of village table banking
or as conduit for facilitating the disbursement of donor funds.
Some of the groups/Associations and government agencies identified during VMG
consultation process and their activities are presented in annex I and II: It emerged during the
Social Assessment Report Page 13
consultation process that group formation permeates the lives of the VMGs in the coastal
region and that such groups can be utilized as avenues for implementing development
activities and change in a culturally appropriate way that is also conducive to the lives of the
VMGs. However, these groups need to be fully involved in the process of designing VMG
action plans for them to fully participate in their implementation. The registered groups from
these communities shall be screened and vetted for their suitability to implement projects for
the VMGs through consultations with the clan elders and during community and stakeholders
forums for the finalization of the action plans.
This social assessment has shown that there are different institutions or groupings in each of
the VMGs with interests which might compete for control of resources when KCDP launches
the various sub-projects. These groups are listed at the annex one of this report. In addition to
the community based groups identified during the consultative meetings, there are other
established groupings with wider coverage and special interests in the activities taking place
within the VMGs particularly -the Watta community. For instance, the Masowat Education
and Environmental Project in Kwale and Centre for Minority Development of Kenya among
the Watta in Kilifi and Taita Taveta counties claim to advocate for the rights of the larger
Watta communities at the Coast. These institutions operating at different levels among the
VMG communities can be a potential barrier to successful implementation of the sub-projects
and a source of conflicts at community level. This scenario needs to be carefully evaluated at
the planning stage of the sub-activities through a careful consultation at community level to
eliminate any source of conflict between these two groupings. On the other hand, these two
groupings if carefully consulted and included in the design of the sub-projects can provide
better opportunities for initial project buy-in at community level and successful
implementation of the KCDP sub-projects with proper participation of the local institutions.
The use of traditional structures among the VMGs can be useful in moderating the operations
of these different institutions. An important constraint noted in all these local institutions is
inadequate capacity in conflict resolutions and group dynamics.
The design considerations for sub-projects with the involvement of these institutions can
therefore be promoted through a careful validation of the choices of these institutions at the
community levels where their operations and membership are well known, the integration of
the traditional structures of authority within the project design and the training of the different
stakeholders within these institutions and the traditional authority in conflict resolutions and
group dynamics. This integrated approach to the project design should also be used for
training in the monitoring and evaluation of the project activities involving these institutions
in a culturally appropriate way.
Social Assessment Report Page 14
3.4 Process of free, prior, and informed consultation with the affected and
informed consultation with the affected VMGs
The consultative meetings were conducted following the process of free, prior and informed
consultations with VMGs representative in five counties according to OP4.10. This process
began with screening of the VMGs before the firm identified VMG community members in
each village and informed them of the impending data collection process and the consultative
meetings to be held in their communities.
The process of screening was also based on the information already documented in the
communities and their areas of residence. The process of screening was started before
commencement of the VMG household survey. Furthermore, the provisions of the OP 4.10
have been considered together with the World Ba
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