every measurement we make includes some uncertainty. we can never measure something exactly or know...

Every measurement we make includes some uncertainty. We can never measure something

exactly or know a quantity with absolute certainty.

The numbers (quantity) we use must tell us two things: 1. How large or small 2. How well were you able to measure it

The digits we record in a measurement (certain and uncertain) are called, significant figures (sig. figs).

The greater the # of sig. figs in a measurement, the greater the certainty.

In general, all digits are significant, except zeros that are not measured but are used to position the decimal point (place holders).

• Leading zeroes never count as sig. figs There are only 3 sig. figs in the quantity 0.00275

kg.• Internal zeroes always count as sig.

figs The quantity 1.004 g has 4 sig. figs

• Trailing zeroes count as sig. figs only if the decimal point is written. The quantity 12.40 mL has 4 sig. figs, but the

quantity 250 mL has only 2 sig. figs.

How many sig. figs are in… Answer12.35 g 4 (count all non-zero digits, not

just decimal places)

0.00568 L 3 (leading zeroes never count)

3.007 g 4 (internal zeroes always count)

21.0 °C 3 (trailing zeroes count if decimal is showing)

500 mL 1 (trailing zeroes do NOT count if no decimal is showing –– but don’t leave them out, or it looks like 5 mL!)

0.0250 L 3 (leading zeroes never count, but trailing zero counts if decimal is showing)

Sig. Figs

Sig. Figs

a. 0.103 cm i. 2, 300 g

b. 2.306 in j. 8.10 L

c. 21 k. 2.40603 x 105 µm

d. 0.032 mL l. 0.000200 kg

e. 1000 mL/L m. 144

f. 100. Lbs n. 1001 tons

g. 85 boxes o. 340. lbs

Answers to calculation cannot be more accurate than the information you entered in calculation- but calculators don’t know that.

2 rules when reporting the uncertainty in calculations. Addition and Subtraction Division and Multiplication

When adding or subtracting, round off to the fewest number of decimal places.

22.9898 g 1.00794 g12.011 g47.9982 g84.00694 g, round to 5 sig. figs 84.007

g

Keep the same number of sig. figs. as the measurement with the least number of sig. figs

Example : 1.2m X 2.00m = 2.4 m

The first measurement 1.2 has 2 sig. figs The second measurement has 3 sig. figs. So your answer may only have 2 sig. figs

1.234g + 2.2g + 3.45g =2.2m X 333m =47.0 m 2.2 s =4.257 kg x (1019 m2 – 40 m2) (54.5

s x 31.3 s)

6.9 g7.3 X 102 -You have to change the number to

scientific notation because that is the only way you can have two sig. figs

21 m/s2.44 kg·m2/s2

You’ve observed the changes that occur when you place a piece of Al foil into a blue solution. Lots of observations (avoid jumping to

conclusions) Bubbles form (gas behaves like H2 gas)

You’ve observed the relationship between P and V Best to quantify observations (measured

volumes while applying pressure) PV = constant (1662 Robert Boyle- Boyle’s

Law)

Boyle’s Law describes what gases do, but not why. To answer the “why” we need a model.

Imagine air as a collection of particles (tiny-ping pong balls) bouncing around inside syringe.

Tiny particles = molecules

Every time a molecule hits the syringe wall or plunger, it pushes against surface. The surface pushes back and molecule

bounces off in another direction.

This process is called gas pressure.

Now, let’s say we decrease the volume of the syringe. What happens to the molecules inside the syringe ? They move! Smaller volume = more collisions =

more gas pressure This moving-particles model of gases is

called the kinetic molecular theory of gases.

You bet!

Here are some examples: Inflating a bike tire Inflating a balloon

All gases obey Boyle’s Law and KMT of gases seems to explain gas pressure behavior for all gases.

Absolutely not! Think gas splint test. Example: CO2 extinguishes flame

Different gases= different molecules (particles are always moving and bouncing around, PV relationship is the same)

Now, the question is what happens when different kinds of gases are combined?