© copyright 2011, pearson education, inc. all rights reserved. chapter 12 performance-enhancing...
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© Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 12
Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Drug Testing in Sports
© Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Drug-Taking Behaviorin Sports
• The use of performance-enhancing (ergogenic) drugs in athletic competition has a long history, dating from the original Olympic Games in ancient Greece.
• In the modern era, the principal type of performance-enhancing drugs has been anabolic steroids.
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Drug-Taking Behaviorin Sports
• These synthetic drugs are all based on variations of the testosterone molecule.
• Since the late 1980s, anabolic steroids have been popular with body builders as well as competitive athletes.
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Drug-Taking Behaviorin Sports
• This latter group typically takes steroids in enormous quantities and administers them in a largely unsupervised fashion.
• Recently, great concerns have been raised about the use of anabolic steroids, as well as other performance-enhancing drugs, in major league baseball.
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The Hazards ofAnabolic Steroids
• The hazards of steroid use include liver tumors, mood swings, and increased aggressiveness.
• For men, the effects include lower sperm count, enlargement of the breasts, atrophy of the testicles, baldness, and severe acne.
• For women, masculinizing changes occur, only some of which are reversible when steroids are withdrawn.
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Patterns of AnabolicSteroid Abuse
• Since 1990, anabolic steroids have been classified as Schedule III controlled substances, making their possession and sale without a specific medical prescription illegal.
• In 2004, steroid precursors were added to the category of Schedule III controlled substances.
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Patterns of AnabolicSteroid Abuse
• These drugs are now distributed through illicit black market channels.
• About 13 to 18 percent of individuals taking large doses of steroids develop both physical and psychological dependence.
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Nonsteroid Hormones and Performance-Enhancing
Supplements • Human growth hormone (hGH) is a
nonsteroid hormone that has been used for performance-enhancing purposes.
• Two dietary supplements, androstenedione and creatine, have been prominent recently as performanceenhancing aids.
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Nonmedical Use of Stimulant Medication in Baseball
• Although amphetamines were officially banned in major league baseball (MLB) in 2005, for a long time players had been taking amphetamines to stay focused and ward off fatigue.
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Nonmedical Use of Stimulant Medication in Baseball
• In 2007, an unusually large number of MLB players reported taking stimulant medications for ADHD treatment, raising suspicions that this was an effort to circumvent prohibitions against nonmedical stimulant use.
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Current Drug-Testing Procedures and Policies
• Drug-testing procedures, chiefly for those in organized athletics, have become increasingly sophisticated in their ability to detect the presence of banned substances.
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Current Drug-Testing Procedures and Policies
• Two major techniques, based either on urine or on oral-fluid (saliva) samples, are enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
© Copyright 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Current Drug-Testing Procedures and Policies
• The ultimate goal of drug-testing procedures is to make it impossible to yield either a false-negative or false-positive result.
• A sensitive test yields few false negatives, and a specific test yields few false positives.
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