conditions of prostate; refers to any condition that affects the prostate. the prostate is an...
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CONDITIONS OF THE PROSTATE
PRESENTED
BY:
ONYEKWUO CHINONYE FESTA
RN, RM, BNSC, PGDE, MSC (IN-VIEW).
AT THE MANDATORY CONTINUING PROFESSIONALDEVELOPNMENT PROGRAMME
(MCPDP)ORGANIZED BY:(N&MCN) AND IMO STATE M. C.
P.D. P IMPLEMENTATION COMMITTEEVENUE: NEWTON HOTEL OWERRI
DATE: 7TH -11Th JULY, 2014
INTRODUCTION
Conditions of prostate; refers to any condition
that affects the prostate.
The prostate is an internal male organ,
Walnut –sized and located between the
bladder and the penis.
The prostate gland serves to usher urine
through the body in a tube called the Urethra.
INTRODUCTION CONTDS;
And also provides seminal
fluid, which helps sperm
develop.
Examples of prostate common
conditions includes; prostatitis,
prostate Cancer, and Benign
Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH).
OBJECTIVESThis paper seeks to;
Review the Anatomy and physiology of the prostate gland
Discuss the concept, causes, pathophysiology and management of patients with;
Prostatitis
Benign Prostatic
hyperplasia (BPH)
Prostate cancer.
Utilize the nursing process/ care plan in the management of these patients.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PROSTATE GLAND
The prostate gland is a
musculo- glanduar organ about the
size and shape of walnut.
It lies just below the neck of the
bladder and surrounds the urethra
posteriorly and laterally.
It is traversed by the ejaculatory
ducts and the continuation of the
vas deferens.
The gland consists of a capsule
and numerous partitions.
The cells lining the partitions
secrete prostatic fluid.
There are 10-20 short ducts that
carry secretion of the prostate
gland to the prostate part of the
urethra.
The prostatic fluid is chemically
and physiologically suitable to the
needs of the spermatozoa in their
passage from the genital glands.
The fluid is a thin milky fluid that
contains calcium, citrate ion,
phosphate ion, a clotting enzyme,
and a profibrinolysin.
During emission, the capsule of the prostate gland contracts simultaneously with the contractions of the vas deferns and the prostate fluid is added to the semen.
The slightly alkaline characteristic of the prostatic fluid helps neuturalize the citric acid from the vas deferns
And therefore is important for protecting the sperm till fertilization of the ovum.
PROSTATITIS
INFLAMMATION OF THE PROSTATE
There are four types of Prostatitis including;
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis
Chronic Pelvic pain Syndrome
(PPS), also called Asymptomatic
protatitis.
In most cases, the causes of
the inflammation are
unknown. However, Prostatitis
can be caused by bacteria.
Bacterial Prostatitis responds
well to anti bacterial drugs
that Concentrate in the
prostate.
Men of any age can be affected.
Condition is marked by pain in the
groin. Sometimes there may be
difficulty in urinating.
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis: This is
usually caused by E.coli, klebsiella or
Chlamydia organisms, symptoms are
similar to a urinary tract infection with
fever, fatigue and body aches.
There may be an increase in the
urgency and frequency of
urination.
Sometimes there is blood in the
urine.
Antibiotics, pain relievers and
bed rest are the usual treatment.
Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis
Is a much milder condition than the acute form
And involves episodes of infections that come
and go.
Treatment recommendation includes
antibiotics,
Pain relievers and soothing treatments such as
sitz bath.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The prostate gland becomes
swellon and painful due to
bacterial infection or any other
inflammatory source.
The prostate surrounds the
urethra, but when inflamed,
It can compress the urethra
and results to urinary
obstruction.
In severe cases, prostate abscess
can occur.
Men with prostatitis mainly
complain of urination problem, such
as difficulty starting the stream
Or the need to strain on urination;
lower back pain, pelvic pain and
perineum pain are the common
symptoms
Also pain during or after
ejaculation may be felt.
The patient with bacterial
prostatitis often complains of
symptoms of urinary tract
infections.
Usually they complain of
urgency, frequency, painful
micturition and haematuria.
Bacteria infections results to
fever, chills and general
weakness.
Acute bacterial prostatitis
present with severe
symptoms while symptoms
of non bacterial are usually
mild.
SYMPTOMS OF PROSTATIS INCLUDES;
Difficult and painful urination
Low back pain
Fever
Pain in the genital and pelvic areas
Painful ejaculation
BENIGH PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.
INTRODUCTION;
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia is a
progressive disease that is commonly
associated with lower urinary tract
symptoms (Nwoforame, 2013)
This is a benign enlargement of the
prostate gland.
In many patients above fifty
(50) years of age,
The prostate gland enlarges
extending upwards into the
Bladder and obstruct the
outflow of urine by
encroaching on the vesical
orifice.
It is estimated that 70% of men aged over
6o years and above should have some
prostate enlargement (Wale, 2013.)
Approximately half of these men will
experience symptoms ranging from mild to
severe.
These are due to the enlarging prostate
interfering with the free flow of urine from
the bladder into the urethra.
The prostate gland is usually
small during boyhood.
But between puberty and the
age of about (20) years,
increases roughly five fold in size.
Further enlargement is
increasingly common as the
gland becomes hyperplastic.
AETIOLOGY: Generally idiopathic but factors associated
are as follows;
AGEING: Increases estrogen and Androgens
receptor while testosterone decreases.
DHT: Specific mediator for prostate development
and
Increase in prostate specific androgen growth
i. e increase prostatic DHT and AR in ageing
males
Early castration in life prevents
development of prostate.
May be as a result of inflammatory
process and malignancy.
Decrease testosterone level as men
age
Failure in spermatic venous drainage
Infections like gonorrhea. (Bello,
2013.)
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Benign Prostate hypertropy is the
enlargment of the prostate gland
with hypertrophy and hyperplaxia of
the normal tissue in men over 50
years.
As men age, production of
androgenic hormones decreases
causing an imbalance in androgen
And oestrogen levels and high levels
of dihydrotestosterone (the main
prostatic intracellular androgen)
This results into inflammation and
enlargement of the prostate gland
(hyperplasia) and changes in
periurethral glandular tissue.
Gradually he experiences difficulty
in starting the flow of urine, reduced
urine stream, force and size,
straining.
And a feeling of incomplete
voiding, urgency and
frequent urination with
nocturia.
Incomplete voiding makes
the bladder to refill more
quickly.
In severe cases the bladder
becomes over distended,
Hypertrophy with small
diverticular musculature
that retains urine when the
bladder empties.
The back flow of urine
causes hydroureter or even
hydronephrosis thereby
impairing renal functions.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONObstructive and irritative symptom complex (prostatism) made up of:
Increased frequency of
urination.
Nocturia.
Urinary urgency
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION CONTD;
Hesitancy in starting
urination.
Abdominal straining.
A decrease in size or force of
urinary stream
Interruption of urinary stream
Terminal dribbling
A sensation of incomplete
emptying of the bladder
Acute urinary retention (post
voidal residual volume of more
than 60ml of urine).
Recurrent urinary tract
infections.
Generalized Symptoms.
Fatigue secondary to
nocturia.
Anorexia.
Nausea and vomiting
Epigastric discomfort.
DIAGNOStic PROCESS
History taking Physical examination
Rectal examination for
size and evidence of
tumor
DIAGNOSIS PROCESS CONTDS;
Palpation, percussion,
auscultation.
Cystoscopy
Biopsy of the prostate
gland.
DIAGNOSIS PROCESS continues;
Renal function test.
Serum creatinine analysis
Serum urea and
electrolyte.
Haematologic
investigation.
Urine analysis,
Culture and
sensitivity.
MANGEMENT OF ACUTE URINARY RETENTION
Urethral
Catheterization
Emergency (“blind’)
suprapubic cytostomy,
Open suprapubic
cytostomy
TREATMENT OPTIONS
Watchful waiting (Observation)
Medical Treatment
Transurethral resection of the
prostate (TURP)
Transurethral incision of the
prostate (TUIP)
Open prostatectomy.
WATCHFUL WAITING (OBSERVATION)
Patients with only mild
symptoms with little impact
on quality of life
And with no evidence of
complications can be
managed conservatively
Advice about reducing fluid
intake
And avoiding
caffeinated drinks and
alcohol.
Advice patients under
observation to ask for
further medical
consultation if their
condition deteriorate.
No optional time for follow
up/ intervention.
Regular sexual intercourse
(to relieve prostatic
congestion).
Sitz bath
Prostatic massages. (Bello,
2013.)
MEDICAL TREATMENT Alpha- Adrenegic Antagonists
Inhibiting these receptors relaxes the
muscle and decreases urinary outflow
resistance, thereby improving symptoms.
Phenoxybenzamina- A non selective
alpha blocker(blocks (a- 1 and a-2
receptors)
Prazosin- Relatively selective a- 1 blocker
Terazosin/ doxazosin- Relatively selective
a-1 blockers
Tamsulosin- Superselective blocker for
the a-1A subtype
5-a Reductase Inhibitor
Testosterone is converted to
dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the
enzymes 5-alpha reductase within the
prostate cell. DHT induces BPH by acting
on the prostate tissue.
Finasteride
Dutestaride
Phytotheraphy
Refers to the use of plant
extracts(Saw Palmetto( Sabal
Serrulate)
Thought to act via alpha
receptor blockade, and 5ARI
inhibition & intra-prostatic
androgen blockade
COMMON ADVERSE EFFECTS
Cardiovascular System
•Postural hypotension
•Headache
•Central Nervous
System
•Dizziness
•Asthenia
•Somnolence
Genitourinary System
Abnormal
ejaculation
Anejaculation
TYPES OF PROSTATECTOMIES AND ITS INDICATIONS:
.
TYPES INDICATORS
1. Perineal Prostactectomy -Prostate Cancer-Benign Prostate hypertrophy -If the prostate is too large for transurethral resection-When the patient is no longer sexually active.
2. Supra-Public Prostatectomy -Benign Prostate hypertrophy - If the prostate is too large for transurethral resectionProstate cancer
3. Transurethral resection prostatectomy
-Benign prostate hypertrophy-- Moderately enlarged prostate--Prostate cancer, as a palliative measure to remove obstruction
TYPES OF PROSTATECTOMY AND ITS INDICATIONS contds:
TYPES INDICATIONS
4. Retro pubic prostatectomy
-Benign prostate hypertrophy -If the prostate is too-large for transurethral resection -Prostate cancer- Confirmed Prostate cancer
5. Radical perineal prostatectomy
-when the patient is no longer sexually active.
NURSING CARE PLAN OF A PATIENT UNDERGOING PROSTATECTOMY
PRE-OPERATIVE NURSING CARE PLAN.
NURSING
DIAGNOSI
S
OBJECTIVES NURSING ORDERS SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES/ RATIONALE EVALUATI
ON
Anxiety
related
to fear
of
unknow
n/outco
me of
the
surgery
as
evidenc
ed by
patient
asking
too
many
questio
ns
Patient
anxiety
will be
allayed
within
24hours
of
admissio
n
1.Maintain
rapport wilt
patient.
2.Ressure
patient and
explain
procedures to
him and
promptly attend
to his needs.
3. Permit his
visitors to see
him and allow
him to
participate in
some activitiess
4. Avoid noise
rush, confusion
and impatience
on the part of
members of
staff.
1. Rapport establishes a
therapeutic relationship, which
reduce anxiety.
2. Knowing that something is being
done or is going to be done provides
reassurance and reduces
apprehension.
3. Visitors and participant in activities
keep him interested and occupied.
4. Unfavourable stimulus aggravates
the patient and increases his anxiety.
5. Valium is a sedative, which receives
anxiety and apprehension.
Patient
s
anxiety
was
allayed
as
evidenc
e by his
cheerfu
lness
and
chats
with
the
nurses
and
relation
.
2.
Ineffective
airway
clearance
related
effects of
anaesthesia
evidenced
breath
sound and
shallow
respiration.
Patient will
Maintain
adequate
ventilation
post-
Operatively.
1Placed patient in
supine Position
with head tilt to
one side.
2.Monitor vital
signs closely
3.Encoursge
patient to
coughing deep
breathe and
change positions
as soon as
consciousness is
regained.
4. Sunction PRN
5. Give O2
1. Supine position prevents
obstructions of the airway and
promotes drainage of
secreations and vomitus
2. Helps to asses the progress
of his condition.
3. Coughing, deep breathing
execerise and frequent
position clears secreations,
prevent pulmonary
complication and prevent bed
sore, helps lungs expansion
and drainage of secreations.
Patient
Maintained
adequate
Ventilation as
evidence by
his Respiratory
rate of 20per
minute and
did not
develop
respiratory
Complications
2.
Ineffective
airway
clearance
related
effects of
anaesthesia
evidenced
breath
sound and
shallow
respiration.
Patient will
Maintain
adequate
ventilation
post-
Operatively.
1Placed patient in
supine Position
with head tilt to
one side.
2.Monitor vital
signs closely
3.Encoursge
patient to
coughing deep
breathe and
change positions
as soon as
consciousness is
regained.
4. Sunction PRN
5. Give Oxygen
PRN
1. Supine position prevents
obstructions of the airway and
promotes drainage of
secreations and vomitus
2. Helps to asses the progress
of his condition.
3. Coughing, deep breathing
execerise and frequent
position clears secreations,
prevent pulmonary
complication and prevent bed
sore, helps lungs expansion
and drainage of secreations.
4. Sunctioning clears airway
obstruction
5. Oxygen ensures organ
tissue perfusion.
Patient
Maintained
adequate
Ventilation as
evidence by
his Respiratory
rate of 20per
minute and
did not
develop
respiratory
Complications
Acute pain
related to surgical incision/ Bladder spasms.
Patient will
verbalize reduction
in pain within
48hours post-
operatively
1.keep patient
quiet and
comfortable
during
immediate
post-operative
period.
2.remind the
patient to
avoid trying
to void.
3.maintain
catheter
patency
4.administer
prescribed
antispasamodic
s & analgesic.
1.This prevents episodes
of spasms and
bleeding
2.Trying to void around
the catheter causes
the bladder muscles to
contract causing a
painful bladder spasms
3.Maintenance of
catheter patency
prevents clots.
4.Antipasmodics
decreases painful
bladder spasms by
acting on the smooth
muscles while
Analgesics relieved
incision pains by
blocking the pain
nervous part way
thereby blocking
interpretation of pain
Patient
verbalized
reduction in
pain after
48hous of
post-
operative
care.
Acute pain
related to surgical incision/ Bladder spasms.
Patient will
verbalize reduction
in pain within
48hours post-
operatively
1.keep patient
quiet and
comfortable
during
immediate
post-operative
period.
2.remind the
patient to
avoid trying
to void.
3.maintain
catheter
patency
4.administer
prescribed
antispasamodic
s & analgesic.
1.This prevents episodes
of spasms and
bleeding
2.Trying to void around
the catheter causes
the bladder muscles to
contract causing a
painful bladder spasms
3.Maintenance of
catheter patency
prevents clots.
4.Antipasmodics
decreases painful
bladder spasms by
acting on the smooth
muscles while
Analgesics relieved
incision pains by
blocking the pain
nervous part way
thereby blocking
interpretation of pain
Patient
verbalized
reduction in
pain after
48hous of
post-
operative
care.
COMPLICATIONS
Haemorrhage
Shock
Infection
Thrombosis
Catheter obstruction
Renal failure
PROSTATE CANCER
INTRODUCTION
Prostate cancer is the most common
cancer in men.
It is responsible for 10% of cancer
related deaths in men (ACS, 2003 in
Brunner and Suddarth).
Prostate cancer is a form of cancer that
develops in the prostate, a gland in the
male reproductive system.
Most prostatic cancers are
however slow growing, however,
there are cases of aggressive
prostate cancers.
The cancer cells may metastasize
from the prostate to other parts
of the body particularly the bones
and lymph nodes.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PROSTATE CANCER
PROSTATE CANCER DEVELOPS PRIMARILY IN
MEN OVER 50 YEARS. THE RATES OF PROSTATIC CANCER
VARY WIDELY ACROSS THE WORLD (GLOBAL CANCER STATISTICS, 2011).
THE RATES ALSO VARY WIDELY BETWEEN CONTINENTS, ACCORDING TO THE AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY,
PROSTATE CANCER IS LEAST COMMON AMONG ASIAN MEN, MOST COMMON AMONG BLACK MEN, WITH FIGURES OF WHITE MEN IN BETWEEN.
IN NIGERIA, 2010 DATA
BASE COMPILED BY (FERLAY
ETAL FOR THE
INTERNATIONAL AGENCY
FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER)
PROVIDES THE
FOLLOWING DATA FOR
PROSTATE CANCER:
ESTIMATED NUMBER OF NEW
CASES PER YEAR: 6,236
ESTIMATED ONE YEAR
PREVALENCE:4,932
ESTIMATED 5 YEARS
PREVALENCE: 16,237
THE BOTTOM LINE IS THAT THE
INCIDENCE OF PROSTATE
CANCER
RISK FACTORS
AGE
FAMILY
HISTORY/GENETICS
DIETARY
FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTS
HIGH ALCOHOL INTAKE
MEDICATION
EXPOSURE
INFECTIONS
OBESITY AND
ELEVATED BLOOD
LEVELS OF
TESTOSTERONE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Cancer of the prostate
usually starts as a nodule in
the perterior lobe of the
gland that is farthest from
the urethra.
If the tumour grows large
enough, it can obstruct
urinary flow and cause
frequency, nocturia and
dysuria.
The malignancy usually
spreads by the bloodstream
and lymphatics to the pelvic
lymph nodes and bones,
particularly the lumber
vertebrae, pelvis and hips.
The first symptoms the patient
usually notices is a back pain
Or a pain down the leg
due to metastasis to the
nerve sheaths.
A patient with these and
other symptoms is often
in the advanced stage of
the disease.
CLINICAL FEATURES THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS ARE:
FREQUENT URINATION
NOCTURIA
DIFFICULTY STARTING AND
MAINTAINING A STEADY
STREAM OF URINE
HAEMATURIA
DYSURIA
OBSTRUCTION OF URINARY FLOW
CAUSING STRAINING ON
VOIDING, REDUCED SIZE AND
FORCE OF URINARY STREAM.
ADVANCED PROSTATE CANCER
CAN SPREAD TO OTHER PARTS OF
THE BODY CAUSING ADDITIONAL
SYMPTOMS, SUCH AS:
BONE PAINS, IF THE VERTEBRAE
(BONES OF THE SPINE), PELVIS OR
RIBS ARE INVOLVED.
PERINEAL AND RECTAL
DISCOMFORTS.
ANAEMIA,WEIGHTLOSS,
WEAKNESS, NAUSEA.
OLIGURIA (FROM URAEMIA)
LOW EXTREMITY OEDEMA
oPROSTATE CANCER IN THE SPINE
CAN ALSO COMPRESS THE
SPINAL CORD CAUSING LEG
WEAKNESS, URINARY AND
FAECAL INCONTINENCE.
PROSTATE CANCER MAY ALSO
CAUSE PROBLEMS WITH SEXUAL
FUNCTIONS
AND PERFORMANCE, SUCH AS
DIFFICULTY ACHIEVING ERECTION
OR PAINFUL EJACULATION.
ASSESMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS
CANDIDATES FOR EARLY DETECTION:
MEN 50 YEARS AND OLDER
MEN 45 YEARS OLD OR OLDER
And WITH A FAMILY HISTORY
OF PROSTATE CANCER IN
AFRICAN AMERICAN
ETHNICITY.
DIAGNOSTIC MEASURES USED IN COMBINATION FOR EARLY DETECTION:
DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION (DRE)
SERUM PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN
(PSA) TEST
PROSTATIC ACID PHOSPHATASE (PAP)
LEVEL
TRANSRECTAL ULTRASOUND NEEDLE
BIOPSY
METASTATIC WORKUP WHICH MAY
INCLUDE:
BONE SCAN
SKELETAL X-RAY
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)
SCAN
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
(MRI) ARE NECESSARY TO
DETECT LOCAL EXTENSION, BONE
AND LYMPH NODE INVOLVEMENT
OR TO RULE OUT METASTASIS.
CLASSIFICATION OF PROSTATE CANCER
An important part of evaluating
prostate cancer is determining the
stage or how far the cancer has spread.
Knowing the stage helps define
prognosis and useful when selecting
therapies.
The most common system is the four
stage TNM System (abbreviated
from tumour/nodes/metastases).
It components include the size of
the tumour,
The number of lymph nodes
involved and the presence of any
other metastases.
The most important distinction made by any staging system is whether or not the cancer is still confined to the prostate.
In the TNM system, clinical T1 and T2 cancers are found only in the prostate,
While T3 and T4 cancers have spread elsewhere.
MANAGEMENT OF PROSTATIC CANCER
Prostate cancer especially
the most common, low grade
forms found in the typically
elderly patient
Often grow so slowly that no
treatment is required at all.
Because of PSA screening,
almost ninety percent of
patients are diagnosed when
the cancer is localized to the
prostate gland
And its removal by surgery or
radiotherapy will in most cases
lead to a cure.
RADIATION THERAPY
HORMONAL THERAPY
CHEMOTHERAPY: High dose of
ketoconazole (HDK) lowers
testosterone through its ability
to decrease both testicular and
endocrine production of
androgen.
Oral chemotherapeutic drugs
like Temozolomide (TMZ).
CRYOSURGERY OF THE
PROSTATE: It is used to ablate
(remove or excise) prostate
cancer in patients who cannot
tolerate surgery and in those
with recurrent prostate cancer.
Chemotherapy agents such as
cyclophosphamide may also be
used.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF PROSTATE CANCER
Surgical Approaches (procedures) are:
TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF
THE PROSTATE (TURP)
SUPRAPUBIC PROSTATECTOMY
LAPAROSCOPIC RADICAL
PROSTATECTOMY
COMPLICATIONS
AFTER TOTAL
PROSTATECTOMY (USUALLY
FOR CANCER) IMPOTENCE
ALMOST ALWAYS RESULTS.
FOR THE PATIENT TO WHOM
THIS IS UNACCEPTABLE,
OPTIONS ARE AVAILABLE TO
PRODUCE ERECTIONS
SUFFICIENT FOR SEXUAL
INTERCOURSE;
PROSTHETIC PENILE IMPLANTS
AND PHARMACOLOGICAL
INTERVENTIONS LIKE
SILDENAFIL (VIAGRA).
COMPLICATIONS MAY ALSO INCLUDE:
HAEMORRHAGECATHETER OBSTRUCTION
INFECTIONWOUND DEHISCENCE
NURSING MANAGEMENT USING NURSING PROCESS
NURSING DIAGNOSIS (1)
KNOWLEDGE DEFICIENT REGARDING
MANAGEMENT / TREATMENT OPTION
ABOUT THE DISEASE CONDITION.
NURSING OBJECTIVE
PATIENT WILL VERBALIZE
UNDERSTANDING AND IMPROVEMENT
IN HIS COPING ABILITY.
PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATIONS
OBTAIN HEALTH HISTORY TO
DETERMINE THE LEVEL OF
UNDERSTANDING OF HIS HEALTH
PROBLEM,
Obtaining health history clarifies
information and facilitates
patient’s understanding and
coping Education about diagnosis
and treatment plan helps
decrease his anxiety and
promotes co-operation.
ASSESS HIS PSYCHOLOGICAL
REACTIONS TO HIS
DIAGNOSIS/PROGNOSIS AND HOW
HE HAS COPED WITH PAST
STRESSES,
Assessment of his psychological reaction provides clues in
determining appropriate measures to facilitate coping.
ENCOURAGE PATIENT TO ASK QUESTIONS AND
ANSWER THE QUESTIONS, Encouraging patient
to ask questions helps to correct
misconceptions and to allay patient’s fears.
EVALUATION
Patient becomes relaxed and verbalizes that
anxiety has been reduced. Demonstrates
understanding of illness. Engages in open
communication with others.
NURSING DIAGNOSIS (2)• Acute Urinary retention related to urethral obstruction secondary
to prostatic enlargement and loss of bladder tone.
NURSING OBJECTIVE
Patient’s pattern of urinary
elimination will improve within
forty eight hours of hospitalization.
PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
Determine patient’s pattern of urinary
function, Determining patient’s usual
urinary pattern provides a base line
for comparison and goal to work
towards.
Assess for signs and symptoms of
urinary retention e.g. amount and
frequency of urination, supra pubic
distention, complaints of urgency and
discomfort.
Because Voiding 20 to 30 ml
frequently and output less than intake
suggest retention.
Catheterize patient to determine
amount of residual volume,
Catheterization determines amount of
urine remaining in bladder after
voiding.
Monitor catheter function and
maintain sterility of closed system,
Catheter function ensures the bladder
is emptied and also prevents Infection.
Prepare patient for
surgery if indicated,
Surgical removal of
obstruction is necessary
EVALUATION
Patient voids at normal
interval, maintains
balanced intake and
output.
NURSING DIAGNOSIS (3)
Imbalanced nutrition less than
body requirements related to
decreased oral intake because of
anorexia, nausea and vomiting
caused by cancer/ its treatment.
NURSING OBJECTIVE
Patient will maintain optimal
nutritional status.
PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
Assess the amount of food eaten,
Assessment will help determine nutrient
intake.
Weigh patient routinely, Weighing the
patient on the same scale under similar
conditions can help to monitor changes in
weight.
Elicits patient’s explanation of why he is
unable to eat more, His explanations may
present easily corrected practices.
Cater to his individual food
preferences (e.g. avoiding foods
that are too spicy or too cold.) He
will be more likely to consume
larger servings if food is palatable
and appealing
Recognize effect of medication or
radiation therapy on appetite,
Many chemotherapeutic agents
and radiation therapy promotes
anorexia.
Inform patient that alteration in taste
can occur, Ageing and the process can
reduce taste sensitivity.
In addition smell and taste can be
altered as a result of the body’s
absorption of byproducts of cellular
destruction (brought on by malignancy
and its treatment).
Use measures to control nausea and
vomiting; Prevention of nausea and
vomiting can stimulate appetite.
Provide oral hygiene after vomiting episodes.
Provide rest periods after meals, Smaller portion of food are less overwhelming to the patient.
Administer anti- emetics if necessary.
Provide small meals and a comfortable and pleasant environment.
EVALUATION
Responds positively to his
favourite foods.
Reports absence of nausea
and vomiting.
Notes or notices increase
in weight after improved
appetite
CONCLUSION
This is detailed review of the
conditions of the prostate, with
emphasis on modern nursing plan of
care.
It is a fact that most men over the
age of 60 years are prone to have
prostate problem.
We have also establish that
the effective way to control the
increase in cases of prostate,
Is to put in place more check
up centres in urban and rural
health care facilities.
Also, it is necessary we create
awareness and encourage most
men of age, to go for check up
on regular basis.
REFRENCESBello. A.O (2013); Benign prostatic Phyperplasia;
West African college of SurgeonIntegrated Revision CourseIn Surgery Lecture Series, Zaria.
Elaine, N.M and Katja, H (2010): Human
Anatomy and physiology (8 edition) Us person international edition
Mustapha R. O (2008): The easier approach To pharmacology of health professionals (2nd edition) Union Linpincolt, Williams and Wikins Publication
Nwoforame (2013): Benign prostate Hyperplasia, Recent Advances
Nnamdi, Azikiwe University Medical School Nnewi
Roth Rock, JC and Mc Ewen, D.R.
(2007) Alexander’s care of the patient in Surgery (13th edition) Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier.
Smeltzer, S.C and Bare, B. (2011), Brunner and Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing 11th Edition Philadelphia: Lippincot Williams and Wilkins.
Siegel, R. etal (2011) “Cancer Statistics”, 2011: The Impact of Eliminating Socio Economic and Racial Disparities on Premature Cancer Deaths. CA, a Cancer journal for clinicians 61: 212.
Wale, J. (2013) Benign prostate hyperplasiahttp://www. Wikepedia/benign prostatic Hyperplasia. htm.
FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION,
MANY THANKS
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