as we go through the power point, make sure you are reading through the multiple choice questions...
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The Psychodynamic Model
As we go through the power point, make sure you are reading through the multiple choice questions and answering them
You will need the answers to these questions later!
TASK
Our behaviour is driven by unconscious motives
Childhood is a critical period in development
Psychological disorders are caused by problems in the unconscious mind
These conflicts of the mind originate in childhood
Key Assumptions of the Psychodynamic Approach
The Unconscious Mind
Conscious: The part of the mind we are aware of – everyday thoughts and feelings
Preconscious: Thoughts and memories not accessible at all times, but easily recalled
Unconscious: The deep dark shameful part! Repressed thoughts, memories and feelings
You will be given the letter a, b or c
You need to design a character with the set of traits which match your letter
a) Selfish, seeks pleasure at any cost, can be aggressive, risky
b) Uptight, always follows rules, worries a lot, sensible
c) Considerate, rational and well-balanced, compromise
What job would your character be likely to do?What are their friends like?Would you want to be friends with them?Which character; a, b or c would your character argue the most with?
TASK
Freud believed we had 3 different personality structures in our mind
So we have character a, b and c in our mind all the time!!
Character a = idCharacter b = superegoCharacter c = ego
The Psyche
ID: Animal instincts Works on the pleasure principle Present at birth – baby is completely
selfish It wants to do what it wants and when
it wants to
The Psyche
SUPEREGO:
Moral part of psyche Acts like our conscience Wants to do what is right Develops around age 5
The Psyche
EGO:
Linked with reality (everyday life) It is conscious and rational Based on the reality principle Develops by age 3 – we are aware of
others Negotiates between id and superego
The Psyche
Normally, the id, ego and superego are in balance and the ego is in charge!
Balanced psyche:
Freud believed that an imbalance due to unresolved conflicts causes mental disorders
For example, conflicts between the id, ego and superego cause anxiety
The Psyche and Psychological Disorders
Anxiety is caused when the there is an imbalance and the superego is in control
e.g. anxiety and guilt – which may lead to depression or anxiety disorders
Risky behaviours which focus on pleasure occur when the id is in control
e.g. sex, food, drink and drugs – can be reckless behaviour with no care and lead to Schizophrenia
There are a number of stages of childhood, during which the child seeks pleasure from a different ‘object’
To be psychologically healthy, we must successfully complete each stage
Mental abnormality can occur if a stage is not completed successfully – the person becomes ‘fixated’
Old Age Pensioners Love Guinness!
Psychosexual Stages
Psychosexual Stages ORAL
ANAL
PHALLIC
LATENT
GENITAL
Mouth – sucking & eating
Anus – retaining & expelling
faeces
Genitals - masturbation
Social relationships – no sexual motivation
Genitals – sexual
intercourse
Optimistic Pessimistic
RetentiveExpulsive
MoralityGender identity
No lasting consequences
Must have successful
completion of stages
This occurs during the Phallic stage
According to Freud, the boy wishes to possess his mother and replace his father, who the child views as a rival for the mother's affections.
The stage for girls is known as the Electra complex in which girls feel desire for their fathers and jealousy of their mothers.
This is an important part of forming sexual identity; boys relate to their father and girls relate to their mother
Oedipus & Electra Complex
Boys experience castration anxiety: Freud believed that as the child becomes aware of the physical differences between males and females, he assumes that the female's penis has been removed and that his father will also castrate him as a punishment for desiring his mother.
According to Freud, this occurs when a girl realizes that she has no penis. "Girls hold their mother responsible for their lack of a penis and do not forgive her for their being thus put at a disadvantage,"
Oedipus & Electra Complex
The constant disagreements between the id, the ego and the superego can lead to a lot of anxiety
So the mind develops various methods of defending itself
We all use defence mechanisms on a daily basis They are unconscious – we aren’t aware of what
we’re doing But… if we over use them they can lead to
mental abnormalities – psychosis?
Defence Mechanisms
Displacement: you redirect your feelings to another target
It’s not my fault my marriage is over. It’s the newspapers’. And those women for selling their
stories… And Cheryl’s for not being there enough…
And my mum’s for not breastfeeding me. I hate
them all!
It’s not my fault my marriage is over. It’s the newspapers’. And those women for selling their
stories… And Cheryl’s for not being there enough…
And my mum’s for not breastfeeding me. I hate
them all!
Denial: You completely reject the thought or feeling
My Ashley would never cheat on
me…
My Ashley would never cheat on
me…
DEPRESSIONAggression against the parents turned against
self
ANXIETY
Fear of something (e.g. sex) and this is
projected onto something else
Psychological Disorders and Defence Mechanisms
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